Presentation of pediatric infectious diseases. Where do diseases come from
Immunoprophylaxis is a system of measures taken to prevent, limit the spread and eliminate infectious diseases through preventive vaccinations.
Vaccination and revaccination Vaccination is: single (measles, mumps, tuberculosis) multiple (poliomyelitis, DTP). The multiplicity indicates how many times it is necessary to receive a vaccine for the formation of immunity. Revaccination is an event aimed at maintaining immunity. Usually done a few years after vaccination.
FEDERAL LAW On the Immunoprophylaxis of Infectious Diseases (as amended on December 29, 2004) This Federal Law establishes the legal basis for the state policy in the field of immunoprophylaxis of infectious diseases, carried out in order to protect health and ensure the sanitary and epidemiological welfare of the population Russian Federation.
National calendar preventive vaccinations - a regulatory legal act that establishes the terms and procedure for carrying out preventive vaccinations for citizens
BCG Hepatitis B* DPT/HIB IPV/OPV MMR *** Influenza* 1 First 24 hours + + 3 -7 days 1 month + 3 months + IPV 4, 5 months. + IPV 6 months + + OPV From 6 months. 12 months + 18 months + OPV 20 months OPV 6 years + 7 years + ADS-M 14 years ADS-M * * OPVVaccination calendar of Russia order of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation No. 51 N dated January 31, 2011 * Children from a contact according to the scheme 0 -1 -2 -12, vaccinations are carried out earlier not vaccinated up to 55 years old ** then every 10 years ** * adults are vaccinated against measles up to 35 years old, against rubella up to 25 * 1 annually for risk groups, schoolchildren and people over 55 years old
Vaccination and human rights This issue is resolved in the Federal Law "On Immunoprophylaxis of Infectious Diseases", which gives citizens the right to refuse vaccinations (including their children), while they must give a written receipt. But the society also has the right to protect itself from the consequences of the actions of such persons, so that the Law provides, for example, the exclusion of unvaccinated citizens from certain types of work, as well as the exclusion of an unvaccinated child from Kindergarten, educational or sanatorium institution in the event of a special epidemiological situation. Before refusing to vaccinate their child, parents must realize that by doing so they violate the child's right to health, and in some cases, to life. Every year, about three million children's lives are saved by immunization, but another three million children die worldwide from infections that could have been prevented by vaccination.
Article 5. Rights and obligations of citizens in the implementation of immunoprophylaxis 2. The absence of preventive vaccinations entails: a ban for citizens to travel to countries where, in accordance with international health regulations or international treaties of the Russian Federation, specific preventive vaccinations are required; temporary refusal to admit citizens to educational and health-improving institutions in the event of mass infectious diseases or the threat of epidemics; refusal to hire citizens for work or removal of citizens from work, the performance of which is associated with a high risk of contracting infectious diseases.
When entering school, the child experiences significant stress Pedagogical stress (poor sleep, child's appetite, his tearfulness for no reason); Limited time stress (one of the most severe, accumulates over 2 weeks without rest); Inconsistency of teaching methods with the age characteristics of students (reading with a stopwatch, the requirement for a reading speed of 120 words per minute, with the possible perception of information at a speed of no more than 80-90 words per minute); lack of systematic comprehensive work on the formation of the value of health and a healthy lifestyle; insufficient qualifications of teachers in matters of age physiology, psychology, health protection of schoolchildren Due to stress, a decrease in immunity and an increase in susceptibility to infections
School and health during schooling 70% of functional disorders formed in the primary grades develop into chronic organic ones: morbidity of the organs of vision increases 4-5 times; more than 2 times diseases of cardio-vascular system Only 10% of high school students are healthy, 50% have chronic diseases and 40% are at risk
Measures to improve the health of the child before school daily routine and strict adherence to rational nutrition hygienic skills (washing hands with soap) hardening intake of vitamins reducing the use of antibiotics in the treatment of acute respiratory viral infections (preventing the development of antibiotic resistance) immunization (scheduled in accordance with the calendar and additional)
About preventive vaccinations Why are parents afraid of vaccinations? Vaccination has long been recognized worldwide as a way to prevent infectious diseases, but some parents have misconceptions associated with vaccination nothing will happen to a child, which does not correspond to reality, the belief that there are other ways to protect against infections - the hope for homeopathy, folk or alternative medicine, the effectiveness of which has not been proven the opinion that it is better to get sick - not all diseases, no one can predict, which of the children the disease will cause complications fear of complications after vaccination - after most vaccinations there are no complications, especially from high-quality modern distrust of official, "traditional" medicine religious views - vaccinations do not contradict the official position of confessions (www.opvr.ru)
What do children REALLY need to be vaccinated against before school? varicella: - Once if you have not had chickenpox before or have not been vaccinated pneumococcal infection: - Once for children who are often ill, children with chronic diseases (respiratory system, cardiovascular system, liver, kidneys, spleen, immunodeficiencies, diabetes, asthma and tp) Haemophilus influenzae (HIB) infection: - Once for all children under 5 years of age (if not vaccinated in the first year of life), especially for frequently ill children, children with chronic diseases of the nasopharynx, asthma influenza: - annually, to avoid complications, common in children (pneumonia, otitis, hospitalization)
Chickenpox A mild illness? chicken pox, an acute infectious disease caused by a virus, is often transmitted to childhood quite easy - very easily transmitted from person to person - by contact the probability of infection is higher than 90% bronchial asthma there is a severe course - few people know that after even easily transferred in childhood chicken pox 1 quarter of patients develop another disease with age - herpes zoster (other names - shingles or herpes zoster) - you can die from complicated chickenpox
Complications of chickenpox The most common complication (more than 50% of cases) is the addition of a bacterial infection of the skin, which leads to the formation of ulcers, leaves scars, increases the severity of the disease in second place (in 20%), neurological disorders: (varicella encephalitis, varicella meningitis, lesions of the facial nerve, postherpetic neuralgia) herpes zoster as a reactivation of the varicella zoster virus ophthalmic complications (eye damage) lesions of internal organs
Chickenpox treatment Antivirals(acyclovir is used) - not effective in severe forms and complications Symptomatic treatment(pain relief, temperature reduction) Local disinfectants (brilliant green) are not recommended, their use does not reduce the risk of bacterial skin complications Introduction of immunoglobulin - not used in Russia Prevention of disease more effectively
Vaccination against varicella is recommended for all age groups, starting from 12 months in case of contact with a patient - during the first 3 days the vaccine is administered once immunity is created for several decades the vaccine does not cause disease the immunity that is created after vaccination is absolutely the same as after chickenpox, but without possible negative consequences (herpes zoster and possible complications)
pneumococcal infection bacterial infection causes pneumonia and meningitis 60% of children and 30% of adults are carriers transmitted by airborne droplets Risk factors: - children's age - attendance at pre-school institutions, summer camps - chronic diseases - weakened immunity If the child has colds 5-6 times a year He is at risk!
Pneumococcus: route of transmission Pneumococcus carriers: : 60%60% of preschool children and 30%30% of schoolchildren and adults Nasopharynx Trachea. Airborne route Patient with pneumococcal infection Asymptomatic carrier External environment Nasal cavity
Diseases caused by pneumococcus otitis (more than 700,000 cases per year) pneumonia - pneumonia (more than 30,000 per year) bacteremia and meningitis Pneumococcal meningitis: - mortality in children - up to 30% - mortality in the elderly and debilitated - up to 55% - consequences : hearing loss, vision loss, paralysis - developmental delays of the child - disability
Children attending institutions Risk of pneumonia and otitis in the first 2-3 months. visits increases by 2, 3 times and depends on the number of children in the group and the length of stay of children in the institution The risk is high for adults aged 18-64 years who are in contact with children attending institutions 59% of children in kindergartens are carriers of penicillin-resistant strains of pneumococcus
Problems of pneumococcal infection Prevalence Severity of many strains of pneumococcus: - this means that after the disease, immunity is formed only to the pathogen that caused the disease at the moment, and not to the rest. Resistance of some to antibiotics But prevention is possible! 23-valent polysaccharide pneumococcal vaccine
Indications for vaccination against pneumococcus frequently ill children children with bronchial asthma, other chronic diseases children with weakened immunity children from children's groups Vaccination is carried out: - once, from 2 years of age (for some children with serious illnesses again after 3-5 years) - the vaccine cannot cause disease - the vaccine protects against 23 types of pneumococcus, which are the most common throughout the world, including Russia - not only children, but also adults who are in contact with the child (especially the elderly) need to be vaccinated
Influenza Usually, with influenza, the death rate is low, but in general, in the world, thousands of patients die from this disease, especially children and the elderly, which is explained by the mass nature of the disease. Influenza very often leads to various complications, especially chronic cardiovascular and pulmonary diseases, which often end in the death of the patient. After 1918, there was no such high mortality rate as during the Spanish Flu, mainly due to preventive measures. However, even in the US, an average of 20,000 and sometimes up to 40,000 people die from the flu every year. Every year, 20-30% of children, 5-10% of adults are sick, the incidence of schoolchildren and preschoolers is 30-40% (3-4 times higher than adults). 250-500 thousand people in the world die from complications.
Main clinical manifestations influenza Fever Intoxication Acute cardiovascular failure Acute respiratory failure Pneumonia Decreased immunity Hypertoxic forms of influenza in children leading to death CNS damage - meningitis, encephalitis Hemorrhagic syndrome- hemorrhages in various organs, including the brain Reye's syndrome - toxic liver damage Gasser's syndrome - HUS Kish's syndrome - acute coronary insufficiency
Influenza is not always a mild illness, even in healthy children Influenza-related death (estimates range from 0.2-0.8 per 100,000 cases) Acute otitis media is the most common complication: in 40% of children with influenza under 3 years of age ; in 20% of children aged 3-6 years Often the addition of bronchiolitis and rhinosinusitis Associated with the subsequent development of pneumococcal pneumonia Extrapulmonary complications: myositis, myocarditis, encephalitis, febrile convulsions, Reye's syndrome
Features of the influenza virus Immunity developed to a certain serotype of the virus is quite persistent and, it would seem, should reliably protect the body. However, the external proteins of the flu change rapidly, and the antigenic activity of the virus changes with them. Therefore, the immunity acquired during one influenza epidemic is useless during the other type A virus has the greatest antigenic variability, type B virus has less antigenic variability, and type C virus does not change at all. Vaccination- The best way prevention and reduction of disease severity. Seasonal vaccination is currently considered as a necessary method of preventing influenza (included in the National vaccination calendar from 6 months of age).
Vaccination against influenza vaccine is effective and safe there is a special dosage of 0.25 ml for children from 6 months to 3 years of age preventive efficacy 70-90%, the incidence of acute respiratory infections is reduced by 30-50% mass vaccination against influenza reduces the risk of pandemics children need to be vaccinated annually up to 9 years old, vaccinated against influenza for the first time in their lives, to form adequate protective immunity, 2 vaccinations at least a month apart must be administered
GARDASIL is a vaccine (injectable) that helps protect against the following diseases caused by human papillomavirus (HPV) b, 11, 16, and 18 types: Cervical cancer (cancer lower section uterus) Pathological and precancerous changes in the cervix (i.e., such changes in the cells of the cervix, in which there is a risk of their transformation into tumors), detected using the Papanicolaou test. Genital warts (condylomas) Cancer of the vagina and cancer of the vulva (vulva). papilloma virus infection
Scroll medical contraindications to preventive vaccinations Vaccine Contraindications All vaccines Severe reaction or complication to a previous dose** All live vaccines Primary immunodeficiency. Immunosuppression. Malignant diseases. Pregnancy. BCG vaccine Child weight less than 2000 g, colloidal scar after previous dose of OPV Absolute contraindications no DTP A progressive disease of the nervous system. History of afebrile convulsions (administered ADS instead of DTP) ADS, ADS-M No absolute contraindications Vaccines for measles, mumps, rubella Severe reactions to aminoglycosides. Anaphylactic reactions to chicken egg white (foreign trivaccines)
Conditions that are not a contraindication to vaccination Condition History indications for: Prematurity Intestinal dysbacteriosis Enlarged thymus shadow Perinatal encephalopathy Stable neurological conditions Breast-feeding Congenital malformations Allergies, asthma, eczema Homeopathic treatment Topical steroid treatment Maintenance therapy for chronic diseases Prematurity Perinatal encephalopathy Neonatal jaundice Neonatal sepsis Allergy in relatives Epilepsy in relatives Complication of vaccination in relatives Sudden death child in the family
Comparative data on the frequency of complications in case of falling ill with certain target infections and in case of vaccination against them Vaccines Types of complications Complications In case of illness (per 100,000 cases) In case of vaccination (per 100,000 cases) BCG Disseminated tuberculosis 0.1 Osteitis (osteomyelitis) 0.1 -30 Purulent lymphadenitis 100 -4300 DTP Persistent cerebral disorders (whooping cough) 600 -2000 0.2 -0.6 Encephalitis (encephalopathy) 900 -4000 0.1 -3.0 Convulsions 100 -8000 0.3 -90.0 Shock 0.5 -30.0 Lethal outcome 100 -4000 0.0
To use the preview of presentations, create a Google account (account) and sign in: https://accounts.google.com
Slides captions:
Childhood diseases. Completed by: Yakovleva Marina Vladimirovna, teacher of GBDOU No. 19
Every child gets sick at least once in their life. There are a great many diseases and the reasons for their occurrence are very different - from improper ecology to infection due to contact with an infection carrier. The problem of diagnosing a particular disease is the similarity of their symptoms. Due to this, it is sometimes difficult even for a specialist to visually make a diagnosis. Diseases in children require an immediate examination by a specialist, as they may indicate serious disorders in the body. Introduction:
Skin diseases in children of an infectious nature.
Measles. The source of infection is a person with measles from the moment the first signs of the disease appear until the fifth day from the onset of the rash. In the case of infection, after contact with the patient, it takes from 7 to 17 days before the disease manifests itself (incubation period). Measles is an airborne infection. The virus enters the body through the mucous membranes of the upper respiratory tract and eyes from a person with measles, who spreads it through breathing, talking, sneezing and coughing. The disease begins acutely: the child complains of a severe headache, weakness, the temperature can rise to 40ºC, there is no appetite. Soon there is a runny nose, a cough - usually dry, painful, or barking - with laryngitis. The child's throat is red, swollen, the cervical lymph nodes are enlarged. The inflammation of the mucous membrane of the eyes is characteristic - conjunctivitis. Its manifestations in measles are pronounced: the eyes turn red, lacrimation appears, photophobia, and subsequently a purulent discharge appears. On the second or third day of illness, pink dotted rashes (enanthema) appear on the palate, and tiny whitish spots characteristic of measles (Belsky-Filatov-Koplik spots) appear on the mucous membrane of the cheeks, gums and lips. Both can be seen before the rash appears on the body.
Angina. Symptoms of angina - fever up to 38-39 ° C - sharp pain in the throat when swallowing and eating food; - general malaise, weakness; - ache in the joints; - swollen lymph nodes; - palatine arches, uvula, tonsils, and sometimes the soft palate in the early days of a bright red color; - there may be pustules or areas of accumulation of pus on the tonsils. The symptoms are very similar to common cold, but angina is more difficult to tolerate, sore throat is more acute, the duration of the disease is longer, usually from 5-7 days. It is important to recognize the disease in time and begin immediate treatment.
Rubella. Incubation period The disease lasts about three weeks, after which the first signs of rubella begin to appear. A sick child begins to torment headache and mild catarrhal symptoms. Then a rash appears, the temperature rises, a slight fever occurs, as a result of which the child becomes lethargic and capricious. The first rashes appear on the face, behind the ears, under the hair, after which they spread to the arms, body and lower limbs. A typical manifestation of the disease is a rash that rapidly forms and spreads. The maximum number of such rashes is noted a day after the appearance of the first spot. The rubella rash is oval or round in shape, each of its elements does not exceed 3 mm and does not rise above the skin. The spread of rashes occurs jerkily, they are mainly localized on the buttocks, back and extensor surface of the arms, slightly less spots are located in the face and neck.
Chicken pox. The infection usually presents with mild fever and mild malaise. A day later, small red spots appear on the face, body, arms and legs, which swell, thicken and fill with liquid. Such signs of chickenpox in children may be accompanied by intense itching, increased cervical lymph nodes, irritability and sleep disturbance. Parents should constantly ensure that the child does not comb the affected areas, otherwise the infection may reattach. The fluid in the blisters is highly contagious, as it contains a live chickenpox virus, so in the first week of the disease, skin rashes can appear in several stages, each of which is accompanied by a rise in temperature. Around day 10, the blisters crust over, the temperature subsides, and the child becomes non-infectious.
Scarlet fever. Scarlet fever has symptoms similar to angina, acute respiratory infections and acute respiratory viral infections. However, the disease is more serious and can lead to undesirable consequences: damage to the kidneys, the skeletal system, the development of sinusitis. Most characteristics scarlet fever in children: skin rash, often accompanied by severe itching that bothers the child; an increase in temperature to a level of 38 degrees; white coating on the tongue; nausea, loss of appetite, upset stool, vomiting, indicating a strong intoxication of the body with the products of streptococcus activity; sore throat; swollen lymph nodes in the neck, convulsions (in very severe cases); headache; pain in the intestines; redness of the face.
Infectious erythema The incubation period lasts from 4 to 14 days. The main manifestations of the disease, in addition to manifestations from the skin, are: fever, general malaise, lethargy, and sometimes a runny nose. When the rash appears, clinical picture the course of the disease is accompanied by nausea, cough, diarrhea, fever. Arthralgia is rare. Possible development skin itching. The rash in nature resembles "slapped cheeks". On the trunk and limbs of the child, the rash merges into a mesh or lacy pattern. Extremely rarely, the rash resembles a morbilliform rash, which makes it difficult to differentiate the diagnosis. A rash in the form of slapped cheeks is a characteristic diagnostic sign, after 1-4 days it disappears. After that, a lacy rash forms on the skin of the child, which is localized on the neck and extensor surfaces of the limbs.
Baby roseola. Roseola baby, whose symptoms usually begin acutely, has 2 main signs: 1) Fever. The rise in temperature with roseola is quite sharp: it almost immediately jumps to 39-40.5 ° C. Wherein characteristic feature is that the baby does not have any other symptoms indicating an infectious process. The fever persists for just over 3 days and usually resolves on its own without the use of antipyretic medications. 2) Rash. Approximately 10-20 hours after the restoration of normal temperature, an abundant rash spreads over the child's body in the form of pink spots with uneven edges, slightly rising above the surface of the skin. These skin formations persist for several hours or days, after which they disappear, leaving no trace of their stay. In addition to the above signs of childhood roseola, its symptoms can be supplemented by an increase in lymph nodes in the cervical region and behind the ears, the appearance of lethargy, as well as irritability, tearfulness, and appetite disorders. Sometimes there is an increase in the spleen and liver.
Pustular skin diseases in children
Furunculosis. Furunculosis manifests itself by the appearance on the skin of various parts of the body of boils at different stages of maturation. The furuncle goes through a certain cycle of development: at first it appears painful pimple(pustule), then comes the stage of infiltration, when the pustule and the surrounding tissue are compacted. At the next stage hair follicle undergoes purulent melting. A purulent-necrotic focus is formed in the pustule, in the center of which there is a dense rod. Then the necrotic tissues are shed, the wound is cleaned, the process ends with scarring. Small boils pass without a trace, scars may remain at the site of deep tissue damage.
Folliculitis The disease begins with redness and penetration into the tissues and the accumulation of unusual cellular elements in them in the places of the hair follicle. Then a purulent putrefactive vesicle with pus in the central part, penetrated by fluffy hair of a conical shape, appears. After it opens and gets rid of the purulent discharge, a small small ulcer appears, covered with a bloody-purulent crust. With the defeat of the entire follicle, after the crust falls off, increased skin pigmentation or scar tissue remains on the dermis. Superficial folliculitis can disappear without a trace. The process of progression and disappearance of the inflammatory phenomenon of 1 follicle takes up to 7 days. The disease is predominantly multiple in nature. Its elements are usually localized on the hairy areas of the dermis: in the face, head, armpits, groin, on lower limbs(mainly in females, lower leg and thigh). Elements of the rash occur simultaneously with pain and itching of different levels of severity. If there is no proper therapy and hygiene, the disease is complicated by the growth of a boil, acute purulent-necrotic inflammation, excessive sweating, ulcers, purulent inflammation of the fiber
Impetigo. Impetigo usually begins with blisters and red, sometimes confluent patches on the face, most often around the mouth and nose. The blisters quickly burst, pus is released from them, drying out in the form of yellowish crusts. When the crusts fall off, red marks remain in their place, healing without scarring. Impetigo can be itchy but not painful. The temperature very rarely rises, even in children, but nearby ones may increase. The lymph nodes. The disease is very contagious, so you can not comb the affected areas - you can bring the infection to other areas of the skin. Impetigo can occur in the form of ecthyma - a severe form of skin infection that affects its deeper layer - the dermis. Ecthyma is manifested by deep, suppurating ulcers, usually on the legs, feet. Discharge from ulcers dries up in the form of a thick, grayish-yellow crust. In place of ulcers, ugly scars may remain. Ecthyma also causes inflammation of the regional lymph nodes.
Streptoderma. Streptoderma in children of different ages develops due to damage by various strains of the common microbial agent streptococcus and a decrease in the effectiveness of immune defense. It is characterized by the appearance of typical blisters on the skin (less often mucous membranes), filled with purulent contents. In the absence of the necessary complex treatment streptoderma in a child progresses, spreading to new, previously healthy areas of the skin. The disease does not tend to disappear spontaneously; in especially advanced cases, blood poisoning and the death of the child may develop.
The most common allergic diseases. Today, the number of children suffering from allergic diseases is constantly increasing. This phenomenon is explained by many factors: poor ecology, widespread use of household chemicals, the use of all kinds of medicines, as well as the use of products containing artificial additives. In addition, frequent colds greatly weaken the work immune system, because of which allergic diseases in children develop faster.
Atopic dermatitis Symptoms: skin itching, redness of the skin, the appearance of crusts in the affected area. Usually, atopic dermatitis affects the face, neck, limbs and anterior surface of the abdomen of the child. In children of the first year of life, atopic dermatitis is associated mainly with an allergy to food components, and can also be observed with intestinal dysbacteriosis.
neurodermatitis Symptoms: severely itchy areas of the skin (always in those places where the patient can reach out to scratch or in places where the skin is constantly rubbed, for example, under a watch or a ring), which very quickly become coarse, become rough and covered with small tubercles. As the skin recovers, the itching subsides. Relapses of neurodermatitis can occur quite often (on the same or new areas of the skin). Often the cause of exacerbation of neurodermatitis is stress. Itching with neurodermatitis often intensifies at night. Patients with neurodermatitis often experience exacerbations of the disease and, as a rule, suffer from itching for many years.
Hives. Symptoms: skin itching with redness and swelling, on well-defined areas of the skin (most often on the abdomen, in the area of large joints, on the back of the hands). Distinctive feature urticaria is the short duration of its manifestations: as a rule, skin symptoms of urticaria exist for no more than a day. Other manifestation allergic reaction may be Quincke's edema or anaphylactic shock. Both of these dangerous conditions at the beginning are manifested by widespread itching.
psoriasis. Chronic inflammatory disease skin, the exact cause of which is currently unknown. Symptoms: the appearance on the skin of well-defined areas with redness and whitish scales (from small to large) on the surface. Areas of pruritus may extend beyond these areas. Psoriasis is characterized by a chronic course and with periods of exacerbation and remission of the disease.
Children's diseases of the sebaceous and sweat glands. Seborrhea. Seborrhea, or a disorder of sebum formation, which consists in a change chemical composition sebum and is accompanied by increased or decreased function sebaceous glands, usually manifests itself during puberty, as well as with improper nutrition, hygiene, and various diseases.
Acne Acne vulgaris, or acne, is most often a logical development of seborrhea and has a chronic purulent-inflammatory nature of inflammation of the sebaceous glands. The mechanism of their occurrence lies in the blockage of the ducts of the sebaceous glands, as a result of which the stagnant fat begins to decompose and nourish various, mainly coccal bacteria, forming purple-cyanotic nodes with black dots.
Prickly heat Prickly heat, occurs when the sweat glands are hyperfunctioned, overheated or due to improper hygiene and manifests itself in a rash of pink-red millimeter nodules and spots on the neck, upper chest, lower abdomen and in natural skin folds. In general, a harmless disease cured by eliminating hygiene defects with potassium permanganate, talc with zinc, infusions medicinal herbs, but with a protracted nature, it can serve as a favorable basis for staphylococcal and streptococcal infections.
Conclusion: Even if one of the described diseases seemed to you as similar as possible and you, faced with such a problem as skin diseases in children and photographs thoroughly studied - you should not self-medicate. Consult a doctor, otherwise you risk transferring the disease to a new, advanced stage.
The presentation on the topic "Children's infections" can be downloaded absolutely free of charge on our website. Project subject: Medicine. Colorful slides and illustrations will help you keep your classmates or audience interested. To view the content, use the player, or if you want to download the report, click on the appropriate text under the player. The presentation contains 11 slide(s).
Presentation slides
slide 1
Children's infections
There are a number of infectious diseases that are commonly called children's, as they are ill mainly in childhood. Moreover, as a rule, this happens once, and strong immunity lasts for life. Childhood infections include: measles, rubella, chickenpox (chickenpox), scarlet fever, whooping cough, and mumps (mumps). The main manifestation of measles, rubella, chickenpox and scarlet fever is a skin rash, the nature and sequence of which varies depending on the specific disease. The appearance of a rash is almost always preceded by fever, weakness, headache. Infectious parotitis (mumps) is characterized by an increase and soreness of one or two parotid glands - while the patient's face acquires a characteristic pear-shaped shape. The main manifestation of whooping cough is typical bouts of spasmodic coughing. In a spasmodic attack, a wheezing breath is followed by a series of short convulsive coughing shocks that follow each other without stopping for one exhalation. Some of these diseases (chickenpox, rubella) are relatively mild in childhood, while others can cause complications and have the most serious consequences. However, childhood infections are most severe and prolonged in people who become ill with them in adulthood. If you suspect such infections in children or adults, you should consult a doctor (pediatrician or therapist), who will establish an accurate diagnosis and prescribe treatment.
slide 2
Chickenpox (chickenpox)
Chickenpox (chicken pox) is a highly contagious acute infectious disease that occurs with a characteristic blistering rash. Children who attend kindergarten or school are more likely to get sick - places with a large crowd of people. The disease is caused by one of the herpes viruses. Chickenpox is a highly contagious disease. The virus is transmitted from a sick person to a healthy person by airborne droplets (when talking, staying in one small room). Infection can also occur from a patient with shingles (caused by the same type of herpes virus). A person with chickenpox becomes contagious two days before the rash appears, and remains contagious for the first 5 to 7 days after the rash appears. The incubation period for chickenpox is 7-21 days. The virus enters the human body through the mucous membranes of the nose, mouth and pharynx. Then the virus spreads throughout the body by lymph and blood, penetrates the skin and mucous membranes, where it multiplies.
slide 3
Rubella
Rubella is a highly contagious acute infectious disease caused by the rubella virus. Most often, unvaccinated children aged 2-9 years are sick. Rubella is especially dangerous in the first 3 months of pregnancy - this often develops severe birth defects development of the child, intrauterine fetal death is possible. In general, rubella is more severe in adults than in children. The source of infection is a person with a clinically expressed or erased form of rubella. Ways of transmission - airborne (when talking with the patient, kissing) and vertical (from mother to fetus). A contact route of infection is also possible - through children's toys. The patient becomes contagious 1 week before the onset of the rash and continues to shed virus for 5 to 7 days after the onset of the rash. A child with congenital rubella excretes the pathogen more than long time(up to 21-20 months).
slide 4
Measles is an infectious disease caused by the measles virus. The probability of infecting a person who has not been ill with measles through contact with a sick person is close to 100%. Most often, children of preschool and school age are ill. The source of infection is a sick person. The patient is contagious 4-6 days before the onset of the rash and in the first 4 days of the rash. The infection is transmitted by airborne droplets - when coughing, sneezing, talking and even breathing. It is also possible vertical transmission of measles - from a pregnant woman to the fetus.
slide 5
Whooping cough is an acute infectious disease accompanied by inflammation in the upper respiratory tract and paroxysmal spasmodic cough. Most often, unvaccinated children under the age of 5 become infected, and whooping cough is especially dangerous for children in the first year of life. At an older age, this infection is much easier. Whooping cough is caused by a specific bacterium called Bordetella pertussis. The microbe is transmitted by airborne droplets (when coughing, sneezing, talking) in close contact with a sick person. The disease is highly contagious. However, the contact (for example, through toys) route of infection transmission is impossible, since the bacterium quickly dies in the external environment. Immunity after an illness is developed very persistent and usually lasts for life. Relapses can occur in old age. However, as a rule, doctors take it for a cold - the disease is so easy.
slide 6
Scarlet fever
Scarlet fever is an acute infectious disease characterized by fever, intoxication, sore throat and profuse punctate rash. Most often, children 2-10 years old get sick. The causative agent of scarlet fever is group A streptococcus, which can also cause kidney damage (glomerulunophritis), tonsillitis, chronic tonsillitis, rheumatism and other diseases. Scarlet fever occurs if at the time of infection with streptococcus there is no immunity to it. The source of infection is a patient with scarlet fever, tonsillitis or a "healthy" carrier of stereptococci. The incubation period usually lasts from 1 to 10 days. The child is considered contagious the day before the onset of the first symptoms and for the next 2-3 weeks. The infection is transmitted by airborne droplets (when sneezing, kissing, etc.). In addition, you can get infected with scarlet fever through food, shared utensils, clothes, or simply by holding on to the door handle, which was previously opened by a completely healthy-looking carrier of the infection.
Slide 7
mumps (mumps)
Mumps (Latin parotitis epidemica: mumps, mumps) is an acute benign infectious disease, with non-purulent lesions of the glandular organs (salivary glands, pancreas, testes) and the central nervous system, caused by paramyxovirus. The name "mumps" is considered obsolete. Now this disease is more often called "mumps". In Latin, the parotid salivary gland is called glandula parotidea, and its inflammation is parotitis; => hence the name of the disease. Children aged 3 to 15 years are most often affected. Infection occurs by airborne droplets (when coughing, sneezing, talking) from a sick person who is infected up to 9 days. There are also several mutations of the virus that are sexually transmitted because of this, the disease is sometimes classified as a venereal disease. After suffering mumps, strong immunity remains.
Slide 8
Diphtheria
An acute infectious disease that occurs with the phenomena of membranous inflammation at the site of the introduction of the pathogen. Diphtheria is caused by a special microbe - a diphtheria bacillus, discovered only in the last century. Diphtheria bacillus is resistant to cold, drying; can be stored for several weeks on objects, things. Under the influence sun rays dies after a few hours; very sensitive to disinfectants. If the trouble has not passed your house, boil things and the bed of a sick child, dishes and his toys (pour at least boiling water); door handles, faucets, toilet seat, wash and treat with chloramine. The disease is transmitted by airborne droplets, through objects and things that the patient used. The place of introduction is the mucous membrane. Diphtheria bacillus, getting on the mucous membrane of the throat, nose, larynx, feels very comfortable. It multiplies at lightning speed, producing a poison that poisons the body. The toxin affects the heart muscle, nervous system, liver, kidneys. Protection - vaccination.
Slide 9
specific prevention of infectious diseases
Vaccination is an active immunization, which consists in introducing specific antigens into the body, to which it actively responds with the development of immunity. From time to time there is an unfavorable situation with infectious diseases associated with unreasonable medical challenges to vaccination, parents' refusal to vaccinate their children. As a result of the decrease in immunoprophylaxis, the incidence of measles, whooping cough, mumps infection, etc. is increasing. Today, no one has any doubts that vaccination is the most effective method the fight against infectious pathology, which currently has no alternative. At the same time, it should be rightly noted that vaccination coverage has increased one and a half times in recent years. Modern vaccination is based on the principle of re-introduction of the antigen, which makes it possible to achieve a higher level and longer retention of antibodies in the blood, as well as a pronounced immunological memory. It has been established that the optimal interval between the first and second administration of the vaccine is from 1 to 2 months. With an earlier re-injection, vaccine antigens may be eliminated due to the high levels of antibodies induced by the first injection. Lengthening the interval between injections does not reduce the effectiveness of immunization, but leads to an increase in the non-immune layer.
Slide 10
Keep me immune
Almost any disease, especially an infectious one, leads to a weakening of immunity and the emergence of a state of immune deficiency: surgery and anesthesia; overwork and chronic stress, malnutrition, a number of hormonal drugs and antibiotics. There is such a rule: the stronger and wider the action of an antibiotic, the more it reduces immunity. Antibiotics are fungal yeast, but candidiasis (thrush) can often occur as a complication. In this case, the rehabilitation course should include antifungal drugs. Real immune therapy is quite complicated, and so far only Cordyceps can be considered a universal remedy for improving immunity, which stimulates the reproduction of T-lymphocytes, which in turn regulate the level of immunity. Only the diagnosis of the immune status allows the doctor to judge the presence of an immunodeficiency state. And a person just needs to lead a healthy lifestyle and leave his immunity alone.
slide 11
The immunity of the child is in the hands of the parents!!!
The immunity of the child is laid even during fetal development. Therefore, if your baby is often sick, then smoking during pregnancy, drinking alcohol could be the culprit. Sometimes the formation of a child's immunity can be adversely affected by infectious diseases transferred by the mother during pregnancy. Malfunctions of organs can also be the cause of poor immunity. gastrointestinal tract baby or lack of vitamins. If your baby has dysbacteriosis or rickets, then, most likely, he will have problems with immunity later. Therefore, do not delay a visit to the doctor if you observe signs of these diseases in your baby. There are frequent problems with immunity in babies born prematurely. very negatively affect the child's immunity and serious illnesses or surgical interventions. After any infectious disease The baby's immune system is weakened. Viral diseases such as influenza or chickenpox also disrupt your baby's immune system. For some time after the illness, the baby will be very susceptible to various diseases and can even go into the category of frequently ill children. factors that also affect the state of immunity are the diet of the baby and his lifestyle. If your baby eats only sweets and does not eat animal food or vegetables at all, then, of course, his menu will lack the necessary substances, which cannot but affect immunity. A sedentary lifestyle, rare and short walks in the air, prolonged sitting in front of a TV or computer monitor can also adversely affect. Passive smoking is very harmful to babies. Take care of your baby's health!
Download presentation "Prevention of ARVI and influenza" (1.63 Mb.)
Comments on the presentation "Prevention of ARVI and influenza"
slide 1What are colds? Under the term "cold" - as they are often called in everyday life, in medicine there is the concept of SARS and acute respiratory infections.
The term "acute respiratory disease"(ARI) or" acute respiratory viral infection "(ARVI) covers a large number of diseases that are manifested by similar symptoms: fever, sore throat, cough and headache. And another similarity is that all these diseases are caused by viruses.
Flu caused directly by the influenza virus. Influenza is an extremely contagious infectious disease, dangerous for its complications: damage to the cardiovascular system, central nervous system and respiratory organs.
slide 2
The source of infection in all viral infections is a sick person.
We become infected by inhaling the air with the smallest droplets of saliva and sputum secreted by patients when coughing and sneezing - airborne transmission route.
And also when in contact with patients when shaking hands, exchanging personal hygiene items (handkerchief, towel) and other household items (dishes, telephone, pencils, toys, etc.) - household contact route of transmission.
slide 3
With all colds from infection, that is, from the penetration of the virus into the body, several days (1-14 days) pass before the development of the disease - this period is called the incubation period. At this time, the virus circulates in the blood and poisons the body with its waste products, which is manifested by characteristic symptoms: high temperature, weakness, cough, headache, runny nose or nasal congestion.
slide 4
Now let's talk about what symptoms distinguish the flu from other colds. Often, the word "flu" in everyday life refers to any acute respiratory disease, which is erroneous, since in addition to influenza, more than 200 types of other respiratory viruses (adenoviruses, rhinoviruses, respiratory syncytial viruses, etc.) have been described to date that cause influenza-like diseases in humans. .
The flu has an abrupt onset: body temperature rises to 39 ° C and above, weakness occurs, a person has chills, suffers from headaches and muscle pain.
For influenza, unlike other viral infections, symptoms such as cough and runny nose do not appear immediately, but a few days after the onset of the disease.
SARS can begin both acutely and gradually, body temperature rarely rises above 38? Symptoms such as sneezing, dry cough, sore throat, hoarseness appear immediately at the onset of the disease.
slide 5
Today it has already been proven that the main method of specific prevention of influenza is vaccination, or as we call it, vaccination, which stimulates the body to produce protective antibodies that prevent the reproduction of viruses. Due to this, the disease is prevented even before its onset. It is best to vaccinate in the fall (September-November), as flu cases begin to be recorded, as a rule, between November and March.
After vaccination, immunity is developed within two weeks, so vaccination begins in advance.
You must be healthy at the time of the vaccination. After a preventive vaccination for several days, you should protect yourself from both hypothermia and overheating and limit visits to public places.
slide 6
Everyone should prepare their body not only for the “meeting” with the flu virus, but also with other viruses that cause colds. In the period from December to March, it is necessary to pay attention to non-specific prophylaxis.
To reduce diseases, the implementation of sanitary and hygienic standards is very important:
- comfortable temperature conditions of the premises;
- regular ventilation;
- daily wet cleaning of premises with the help of detergents.
- hypothermia reduces immunity, so you need to dress according to the weather.
Slide 7
Personal preventive measures are of no small importance:
- cover your mouth and nose when sneezing and coughing with a handkerchief (napkin), it is advisable to use disposable ones, which must be thrown into the trash after use.
- avoid touching your mouth, nose, eyes.
- keep a "distance" when communicating, the distance between people when talking should be at least 1 meter (arm's length distance).
Slide 8
Compliance with the rules of personal hygiene, namely hand washing is very important in prevention. Wash your hands thoroughly and often with soap or dry them disinfectants. It would seem that such an everyday activity as washing hands is extremely simple, but there are some rules.
How to wash your hands properly? Proper handwashing technique includes using plenty of soap and rinsing under running water:
- it is necessary to moisten the hands under running water;
- lather soap on the palm of your hand and lather well;
- at least 10 seconds you need to treat your hands with soapy foam, because. the effectiveness of detergents depends on their exposure time;
- you need to rub all the fingers, palms and the surface of the hands well, clean the nails; at this moment, you do not need to keep your hands under running water;
- Rinse soap from hands under running water for at least 10 seconds.
- when washing hands, avoid splashing water;
- hands need to be dried - disposable paper towels are best suited for this.
- the faucet must be closed with a paper towel, as it is always touched with dirty hands before washing, therefore, microbes can be on the tap.
- the used paper towel should be thrown into the bin without touching the bin with your hands.
Slide 9
During epidemics of influenza and colds, it is necessary:
- avoid close contact with sick people;
- limit visits to cultural events, reduce the time spent in crowded places.
Slide 10
Prevention of acute respiratory viral infections and influenza consists in general improvement and strengthening defensive forces organism, for this it is necessary to lead a healthy lifestyle:
- sufficient sleep, it is useful to sleep with the window open, but avoid drafts;
- proper nutrition - the daily use of fresh vegetables and fruits in the diet will increase overall immunity to viral diseases. In addition, it is necessary to take ascorbic acid (vitamin C), which helps to increase the body's resistance. It should be noted that the largest amount of vitamin C is found in juice. sauerkraut, as well as citrus fruits: lemons, kiwi, tangerines, oranges, grapefruits.
- For prevention during epidemics of influenza and colds, it is necessary to consume garlic and onions daily. It is enough to chew a clove of garlic for several minutes to completely cleanse the oral cavity of bacteria;
- walk more on fresh air, do sport.
At the first sign of a cold, it is necessary to carry out emergency prophylaxis with interferon, gripferon, rimantadine, arbidol.
slide 11
Proper use of a medical mask will help protect yourself from infection viral infections.
A disposable mask can be purchased at pharmacies, a cotton-gauze mask is easy to make with your own hands. Unlike a disposable mask, which can be worn for no more than 2 hours, a cotton-gauze bandage can be worn for up to 4 hours, washed and reused.
Mask rules. The World Health Organization makes the following recommendations regarding the use of masks:
- the mask must be carefully fixed, tightly close the mouth and nose, leaving no gaps;
- try not to touch the fixed mask. After removing the mask, wash your hands thoroughly with soap or alcohol;
- wet or damp mask should be changed to a new, dry one;
- do not reuse a disposable mask;
- The used disposable mask should be immediately discarded.
Features of using a mask. It is important that a sick person wears a mask, as well as a healthy person when communicating (care) for the sick.
slide 12
I got sick. What to do?
- Minimize contact with other people, do not attend mass events, try to use public transport as little as possible, avoid close contact with healthy people.
- Observe bed rest - folk wisdom says: "the flu loves to be aged" and medicine agrees with this. To avoid complications all the days of illness, you must not only be at home, but be sure to observe bed rest.
- Follow the rules of personal hygiene, use a mask.
- Drink plenty of liquid - mineral water, fruit drinks, etc.
slide 13
If in the patient's home it is necessary:
- place the patient in a separate room or fence him off with a screen;
- allocate separate items of care, dishes, bed linen for the patient;
- the room where the patient is located should be ventilated several times a day and be warm (comfort temperature - 20-21 ° C); daily wet cleaning with the use of disinfectants;
- when caring for the sick, use a mask, wash your hands often.
Thank you for your attention! Be healthy!
At the end of the lesson, you can conduct a survey of students and ask them the question: “What should I do to not get sick?” (Summarize: lead a healthy lifestyle, get vaccinated, wash your hands thoroughly, use a mask, etc.)
"Children and Health" - Material Support. Corrective work. Material support of physical culture and health-improving work. Complex diagnostics. 3. A complex of psychohygienic measures: Corrective work with children who are prone to the formation of a violation of posture; Corrective work with children with flat feet and a tendency to flat feet, with a poorly formed foot.
"Health of adolescents" - Ecology, state environment. Factors determining the likelihood of adolescent health disorders. The problems of a teenager often carry very serious consequences. Gastritis. Psychological health. high levels stress can cause a teenager to apply for medical care. conditions and lifestyle.
"Healthy children in a healthy family" - Works of children. Project stages. hardening procedures. Physical minutes. Advice for parents. The desire of parents to use motor activity. Acupressure for children. Parents. diagnostic direction. Doctor's consultation. November. Healthy child. Parents' work. Healthy child.
"Healthy child" - Healthy sleep. Children fall asleep differently. Proper nutrition. Proper nutrition. Walk. Hockey. For the child to be healthy. The health of our children. Parent meeting Topic: We wish you and your children HEALTH! Put your baby to bed at the same time every day. Z a k a l i v a n i e. Playing sports.
"Healthy family - healthy child" - Classification of family values. Capabilities. Raise a lucky man. Evolution. Associations. Many specialists. Great happiness. The Constitution of the Russian Federation. Education Act". Car. Healthy children. OK. Proper nutrition. Sun in the morning. healthy image life. Parent. Decisive person. Commissioner under the President of the Russian Federation.
"Good Children of the World" - From the Pacific to the Baltic, the ideas of the Movement found a warm and interested response. The uniqueness of the Movement: Wishes to the children of the movement! International youth "GOOD GAMES" holidays of sports, strength, health! May the spiritual connection of times never be interrupted! Let the great traditions of the creators of Russia be passed on from generation to generation!
In total there are 19 presentations in the topic