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Conditions for the full development of the circulatory system. Ecology. 8th grade.

The movement of blood ensures the interconnection of all cells of the body. Blood circulation depends on the work of the heart and blood vessels. The normal functioning of all organs and tissues depends on the work of the heart. As the body grows, so does the heart. (newborn heart stroke volume 1 ml, adult 70-100 ml, athlete 150-200 ml) A change in the volume of blood ejected by the heart in one contraction entails a change in heart rate. In schoolchildren 70-80 (bpm), in adults 70-75 (bpm)

An active lifestyle leads to an enlarged heart and a decrease in heart rate. If in childhood movements were limited due to illness or a sedentary lifestyle, then the heart rate remains high.

Changes occur not only in the heart but also in the vessels: arteries, veins, capillaries. The arteries in children are wider, and the veins are narrower than those in adults. Therefore, the blood cycle in children is faster than in adults. The high speed of the blood circulation better ensures the supply of nutrients to the growing organs and tissues and the removal of metabolic products. In addition to blood vessels and their lumen, wall thickness and elasticity also change. All this affects the greatness of blood pressure, it is unnecessary to be afraid if your arterial pressure slightly above the norm is juvenile hypertension. Its manifestation is associated with an increase in the activity of the endocrine glands, as a result of which the growth of the heart outstrips the growth of blood vessels. During this period of life, it is especially important to dose physical activity in order to avoid disturbances in the circulatory system. Muscular activity leads to an increase in the number of capillaries per unit of muscle area, to an increase in the elasticity of blood vessels.

Factors that worsen cardiovascular activity One of the factors, in addition to those listed, negatively affecting cardiovascular system, is hypodynamia.

Laboratory work. The response of the cardiovascular system to physical activity. Progress of work 1. Count the pulse in a calm state in a sitting position for 10 s (PE 1) 2. Within 90 s, do 20 downward bends with lowering of the arms. 3. Count the pulse in the sitting position immediately after doing the inclinations for 10 s (NP 2) 4. Count the pulse in the sitting position after a few minutes of doing the inclinations for 10 s (NP 3). 5. Calculate the indicator of the response of the cardiovascular system to physical activity (PR): PR = PR1 + PR2 + PR3-33 10 6 . Compare the research results with the results of the table: 7. Make a conclusion about the state of your cardiovascular system. Indicator of the response of the cardiovascular system to physical activity O score 0-0.3 0.31-0.6 0.61-0.9 0.91-1.2 More than 1.2 Heart in excellent condition Heart in good condition Heart in an average condition Heart in a mediocre condition See a doctor

Homework. fill in the table, essay "Sport in my family." Factors deteriorating health Ways of exposure to the body Possible health hazard Measures to prevent harmful effects 1. 2. 3.

On the topic: methodological developments, presentations and notes

lesson in biology "Prevention of diseases of the cardiovascular system."

Type of lesson: Combined Teaching methods: explanatory and illustrative (conversation, story), Forms of organization of educational work: frontal, individual, performance ...

Presentation on ecology Grade 8 "Conditions for the correct formation of the musculoskeletal system"

Presentation for the lesson on the textbook “Human Ecology. Culture of health”, authors M.Z. Fedorova, V.S. Kuchmenko...

The influence of various factors on the human cardiovascular system

What are the causes of cardiovascular disease? What factors affect the functioning of the cardiovascular system? How can you strengthen your cardiovascular system?

Ecologists "cardiovascular catastrophes".

Statistics 1 million 300 thousand people die every year from diseases of the cardiovascular system, and this figure is increasing from year to year. Among the total mortality in Russia, cardiovascular diseases account for 57%. About 85% of all diseases of modern man are associated with adverse environmental conditions that arise through his own fault.

Influence of the consequences of human activity on the work of the cardiovascular system It is impossible to find a place on the globe where pollutants would not be present in one or another concentration. Even in the ice of Antarctica, where there are no industrial facilities, and people live only at small scientific stations, scientists have found toxic (poisonous) substances of modern industries. They are brought here by atmospheric flows from other continents.

Influence of human activity on the work of the cardiovascular system Human economic activity is the main source of pollution of the biosphere. Gaseous, liquid and solid production wastes enter the natural environment. Various chemicals in the waste, getting into the soil, air or water, pass through the ecological links from one chain to another, eventually getting into the human body.

90% of CVS defects in children in unfavorable ecological zones Lack of oxygen in the atmosphere causes hypoxia, heart rate changes Stress, noise, fast pace of life deplete the heart muscle Factors that negatively affect the cardiovascular system Environmental pollution by industrial waste leads to developmental pathology cardiovascular system in children Increased background radiation leads to irreversible changes in hematopoietic tissue In areas with polluted air In people, high blood pressure

Cardiologists In Russia, out of 100,000 people, 330 men and 154 women die annually from myocardial infarction, 250 men and 230 women from strokes. The structure of mortality from cardiovascular diseases in Russia

The main risk factors leading to the development of cardiovascular diseases are: high blood pressure; age: men over 40 years old, women over 50 years old; psycho-emotional stress; cardiovascular disease in close relatives; diabetes; obesity; total cholesterol over 5.5 mmol/l; smoking.

Heart disease congenital heart defects rheumatic diseases coronary artery disease hypertension disease valvular infections primary lesion of the heart muscle

Excess weight contributes to high blood pressure High cholesterol levels lead to loss of elasticity of blood vessels Pathogenic microorganisms cause infectious diseases of the heart Sedentary lifestyle leads to flabbiness of all body systems Heredity increases the likelihood of developing diseases Factors that negatively affect the cardiovascular system Frequent use of drugs poisons the heart muscle develops heart failure

UDC 574.2:616.1

ENVIRONMENT AND CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES

E. D. Bazdyrev and O. L. Barbarash

Research Institute of Complex Problems of Cardiovascular Diseases of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Kemerovo State Medical Academy, Kemerovo

According to experts from the World Health Organization (WHO), the state of health of the population is determined by 49-53% by their lifestyle (smoking, drinking alcohol and drugs, diet, working conditions, physical inactivity, material and living conditions, marital status, etc.), by 18-22% - by genetic and biological factors, by 17-20% - by the state of the environment (natural and climatic factors, the quality of environmental objects) and only by 8-10% - by the level of healthcare development (timeliness and quality medical care, the effectiveness of preventive measures).

The high rates of urbanization observed in recent years with a decrease in the number of the rural population, a significant increase in mobile sources of pollution (motor transport), the mismatch of treatment facilities at many industrial enterprises with the requirements of sanitary and hygienic standards, etc. have clearly identified the problem of the impact of ecology on the state of public health.

Clean air is essential for human health and well-being. Air pollution continues to be a significant threat to human health around the world, despite the introduction of cleaner technologies in industry, energy and transport. Intensive air pollution is typical for large cities. The level of most polluting agents, and there are hundreds of them in the city, as a rule, exceeds the maximum permissible level, and their combined effect is even more significant.

Atmospheric air pollution is the cause of increased mortality of the population and, accordingly, a reduction in life expectancy. Thus, according to the WHO European Bureau, in Europe this risk factor led to a reduction in life expectancy by 8 months, and in the most polluted areas - by 13 months. In Russia, an increased level of atmospheric air pollution leads to an annual additional death rate of up to 40,000 people.

According to the federal information center Fund for Social and Hygienic Monitoring, in Russia in the period from 2006 to 2010, the leading pollutants of atmospheric air, exceeding hygiene standards by five or more times, were: formaldehyde, 3,4-benz(a)pyrene, ethylbenzene, phenol, nitrogen dioxide, suspended solids, carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, lead and its inorganic compounds. Russia ranks 4th in the world in terms of carbon dioxide emissions after the US, China and EU countries.

Today, environmental pollution remains a significant problem throughout the world, is the cause of increased mortality and, in turn, a factor in the reduction of life expectancy. It is generally recognized that the influence of the environment, namely the pollution of the atmospheric basin with aeropollutants, causes mainly the development of diseases of the respiratory system. However, the impact on the body of various pollutants is not limited to changes in the bronchopulmonary system. In recent years, studies have appeared that prove the relationship between the level and type of air pollution and diseases of the digestive and endocrine systems. In the last decade, convincing data have been obtained on the adverse effects of air pollutants on the cardiovascular system. This review analyzes information both on the relationship of various diseases of the cardiovascular system with the impact of air pollutants, and on their possible pathogenetic relationships. Keywords: ecology, air pollutants, diseases of the cardiovascular system

In Russia, up to 50 million people live under the influence of harmful substances that exceed hygienic standards by five or more times. Despite the fact that since 2004 there has been a tendency to reduce the proportion of atmospheric air samples exceeding the hygienic standards of the average for Russian Federation, as before, this share remains high in the Siberian and Ural Federal Districts.

To date, it is generally recognized that the influence of the environment, namely the pollution of the atmospheric basin with aeropollutants, is the cause of the development of mainly diseases of the respiratory system, since most of all pollutants enter the body mainly through the respiratory organs. It has been proven that the effect of air pollutants on the respiratory organs is manifested by the suppression of the local defense system, the damaging effect on the respiratory epithelium with the formation of acute and chronic inflammation. It is known that ozone, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides cause bronchoconstriction, bronchial hyperreactivity due to the release of neuropeptides from C-fibers and the development of neurogenic inflammation. It has been established that the average and maximum concentrations of nitrogen dioxide and the maximum concentrations of sulfur dioxide contribute to the development bronchial asthma.

However, the impact on the body of various pollutants is not limited to changes in the bronchopulmonary system. So, according to a study conducted in Ufa, as a result of an eight-year observation (2000-2008), it was shown that in the adult population there is a significant correlation between the level of formaldehyde air pollution and diseases of the endocrine system, the content of gasoline in the atmospheric air and general morbidity, including diseases of the digestive system.

In the last decade, convincing data have appeared on the adverse effects of air pollutants on the cardiovascular system (CVS). The first reports linking chemical pollutants to one of the significant factors risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) - atherogenic dyslipidemia - were published in the 80s of the last century. The reason for looking for associations was an even earlier study that showed an increase in mortality from coronary disease heart disease (CHD) almost 2 times in men with more than 10 years of experience exposed to carbon disulfide at work.

B. M. Stolbunov and co-authors found that in persons living near chemical enterprises, the incidence rate of the circulatory system was 2-4 times higher. A number of studies have examined the impact of chemical pollutants on the likelihood of not only

chronic, but acute forms ischemic heart disease. So, A. Sergeev et al. analyzed the incidence of myocardial infarction (MI) in people living near sources of organic pollutants, where the incidence of hospitalization was 20% higher than the frequency of hospitalizations of people not exposed to organic pollutants. In another study, it was found that the highest degree of “chemical contamination” of the body with toxic elements was noted in patients with MI who worked for more than 10 years in contact with industrial xenobiotics.

When conducting a five-year medical and environmental monitoring in the Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug, a relationship was shown between the incidence of CVD and the level of air pollutants. Thus, the researchers drew a parallel between the frequency of hospitalizations for angina pectoris and an increase in the average monthly concentration of carbon monoxide and phenol. In addition, increased levels of phenol and formaldehyde in the atmosphere were associated with increased hospital admissions for MI and hypertension. Along with this, the minimum frequency of decompensation of chronic coronary insufficiency corresponded to a decrease in the concentration of nitrogen dioxide in the atmospheric air, the minimum average monthly concentrations of carbon monoxide and phenol.

Published in 2012, the results of studies conducted by A R. Hampel et al. and R. Devlin et al. showed an acute effect of ozone on the violation of myocardial repolarization according to ECG data. A study in London illustrated that an increase in the amount of pollutants in the atmosphere, especially with a sulfite component in patients with an implanted cardioverter-defibrillator, led to an increase in the number of ventricular extrasystoles, flutter and atrial fibrillation.

Undoubtedly, one of the most informative and objective criteria characterizing the state of health of the population is the mortality rate. Its value largely characterizes the sanitary and epidemiological well-being of the entire population. Thus, according to the American Heart Association, an increase in the level of dust particles with a size of less than 2.5 microns for several hours a week can be the cause of death in patients with CVD, as well as the cause of hospitalization for acute myocardial infarction and decompensation of heart failure. Similar data obtained in a study conducted in California, and in a twelve-year observation in China, showed that long-term exposure to dust particles, nitric oxide was not only a risk of developing coronary artery disease, stroke, but also a predictor of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular mortality.

A striking example of the relationship between CVD mortality and the level of air pollutants was the result of an analysis of the mortality structure of the population of Moscow during the anomalous summer of 2011. The increase in the concentration of pollutants in the atmosphere of the city had two peaks - on July 29 and August 7, 2011, reaching 160 mg/m3 and 800 mg/m3, respectively. At the same time, suspended particles with a diameter of more than 10 microns prevailed in the air. The concentration of particles with a diameter of 2.0-2.5 microns was especially high on June 29th. When comparing the dynamics of mortality with indicators of air pollution, there was a complete coincidence of the peaks in the number of deaths with an increase in the concentration of particles with a diameter of 10 microns.

Along with the negative impact of various pollutants, there are publications on their positive impact on the CCC. So, for example, the level of carbon monoxide in high concentrations has a cardiotoxic effect - by increasing the level of carboxyhemoglobin, but in small doses - cardioprotective against heart failure.

Due to the paucity of studies on the possible mechanisms of the negative impact of environmental pollution on CVS, it is difficult to draw a convincing conclusion. However, according to available publications, this interaction may be due to the development and progression of subclinical atherosclerosis, coagulopathy with a tendency to thrombosis, as well as oxidative stress and inflammation.

According to a number of experimental studies, the pathological relationship between lipophilic xenobiotics and IHD is realized through the initiation of lipid metabolism disorders with the development of persistent hypercholesterolemia and hypertriglyceridemia, which underlie arterial atherosclerosis. Thus, a study in Belgium showed that non-smoking patients with diabetes each doubling of distance from major highways was associated with a decrease in low-density lipoprotein levels.

According to other studies, xenobiotics themselves can directly damage vascular wall with the development of a generalized immuno-inflammatory reaction that triggers the proliferation of smooth muscle cells, muscular-elastic hyperplasia of the intima and fibrous plaque, mainly in small and medium-sized vessels. These vascular changes are called arteriosclerosis, emphasizing that the primary cause of the disorders is sclerosis, and not the accumulation of lipids.

In addition, a number of xenobiotics cause lability of vascular tone and initiate thrombus formation. A similar conclusion was reached by scientists from Denmark, who showed that an increase in the level of suspended particles in the atmosphere is associated with an increased risk of thrombosis.

As another pathogenetic mechanism underlying the development of CVD, the processes of free radical oxidation in areas of ecological trouble are being actively studied. The development of oxidative stress is a natural response of the body to the effects of xenobiotics, regardless of their nature. It has been proven that peroxidation products are responsible for initiating damage to the genome of vascular endothelial cells, which underlies the development of the cardiovascular continuum.

A study conducted in Los Angeles and Germany proved that long-term exposure to dust particles is associated with thickening of the intima/media complex as a sign of the development of subclinical atherosclerosis and an increase in blood pressure levels.

Currently, there are publications that testify to the relationship between genetic predisposition, inflammation, on the one hand, and cardiovascular risk, on the other. Thus, the high polymorphism of glutathione S-transferases, which accumulate under the influence of pollutants or smoking, increases the risk of a decrease in lung function over the course of life, the development of dyspnea and inflammation. Developed pulmonary oxidative stress and inflammation induce the development of systemic inflammation, which, in turn, increases cardiovascular risk.

Thus, it is possible that one of the possible pathogenetic links in the influence of environmental pollution on the formation of CVD is the activation of inflammation. This fact is also interesting in that in recent years, new data have appeared on the association of laboratory markers of inflammation with an unfavorable prognosis both in healthy individuals and in patients with CVD.

It is now generally accepted that the main cause of most types of respiratory pathology is inflammation. In recent years, data have been obtained indicating that an increase in the blood content of a number of non-specific markers of inflammation is associated with an increased risk of developing coronary artery disease, and with an already existing disease, with an unfavorable prognosis.

The fact of inflammation plays a major role in the development of atherosclerosis as one of the leading causes of coronary artery disease. It has been found that MI is more common among people with high levels of various inflammatory proteins in blood plasma, and decreased lung function is associated with increased levels of fibrinogen, C-reactive protein (CRP) and leukocytes.

Both in lung pathology (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease has been well studied in this regard), and in many CVDs (IHD, MI, atherosclerosis), there is an increase in the level of CRP,

interleukins-1p, 6, 8, as well as tumor necrosis factor alpha, and pro-inflammatory cytokines increase the expression of metalloproteinases.

Thus, according to the presented analysis of publications on the problem of the influence of environmental pollution on the occurrence and development of cardiovascular pathology, their relationship has been confirmed, but its mechanisms have not been fully studied, which should be the subject of further research.

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ECOLOGY AND CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES

E. D. Bazdyrev, O. L. Barbarash

Research Institute for Complex Issues of Cardiovascular Diseases Siberian Branch RAMS, Kemerovo Kemerovo State Medical Academy, Kemerovo, Russia

Currently around the world, environmental pollution remains a significant problem causing increased mortality rates and a factor of reduced life expectancy. Admittedly, influence of the environment that is pollution of the atmosphere with air pollutants, results in preferential development of the respiratory system diseases. However, effects of different pollutants on human bodies are not limited to bronchopulmonary only

changes. Recently, a number of studies were conducted and proved a relation between levels and types of atmospheric air pollution and diseases of the digestive and endocrine systems. Earnest data about harmful effects of air pollutants on the cardiovascular system was obtained in the recent decade. In the review, there has been analyzed information both about the relation between different cardiovascular diseases and the aeropollutants" effects and their possible pathogenetic interrelations.

Keywords: ecology, air pollutants, cardiovascular diseases

Bazdyrev Evgeny Dmitrievich - candidate medical sciences, Senior Researcher, Department of Multifocal Atherosclerosis, Federal State Budgetary Institution "Research Institute for Complex Problems of Cardiovascular Diseases" of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Assistant of the Department of Faculty Therapy, Occupational Diseases and Endocrinology, Kemerovo State Medical Academy of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation

Address: 650002, Kemerovo, Sosnovy Boulevard, 6 E-mail: [email protected]

2.2.5. The influence of environmental factors on the prevalence of certain diseases

A large number of scientific studies have been devoted to the study of the relationship between environmental factors and various types of diseases, a huge number of articles and monographs have been published. We will try to give a very short analysis of only the main directions of research on this problem.

When analyzing cause-and-effect relationships between health indicators and the state of the environment, researchers, first of all, pay attention to the dependence of health indicators on the state of individual components of the environment: air, water, soil, food, etc. 2.13 provides an indicative list of environmental factors and their influence on the development of various pathologies.

As we can see, atmospheric air pollution is considered one of the main causes of diseases of the circulatory system, congenital anomalies and pathologies of pregnancy, neoplasms of the mouth, nasopharynx, upper respiratory tract, trachea, bronchi, lungs and other respiratory organs, neoplasms of the genitourinary system.

Among the causes of these diseases, air pollution is in the first place. Among the causes of other diseases, air pollution is on the 2nd, 3rd and 4th places.

Table 2.13

Indicative list of environmental factors in relation to their

possible impact on prevalence

some classes and groups of diseases

	Pathology
	Diseases of the circulatory system	1. Air pollution with sulfur oxides, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, phenol, benzene, ammonia, sulfur compounds, hydrogen sulfide, ethylene, propylene, butylene, fatty acids, mercury, etc. 3. Living conditions 4. Electromagnetic fields 5. Composition of drinking water: nitrates, chlorides, nitrites, water hardness 6. Biogeochemical features of the area: lack or excess of calcium, magnesium, vanadium, cadmium, zinc, lithium, chromium, manganese, cobalt, barium, copper, strontium, iron in the environment 7. Pollution of the environment with pesticides and pesticides 8. Natural and climatic conditions: the speed of weather change, humidity, barometric pressure, insolation level, wind strength and direction
	Diseases of the skin and subcutaneous tissue	1. Insolation level 3. Air pollution
	Diseases nervous system and sense organs. Mental disorders	1. Natural and climatic conditions: the speed of weather change, humidity, barometric pressure, temperature factor 2. Biogeochemical features: high mineralization of soil and water 3. Living conditions 4. Air pollution with sulfur oxides, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, chromium, hydrogen sulfide, silicon dioxide, formaldehyde, mercury, etc. 6. Electromagnetic fields 7. Organochlorine, organophosphorus and other pesticides
	Respiratory diseases	1. Natural and climatic conditions: the speed of weather change, humidity 2. Living conditions 3. Air pollution: dust, sulfur oxides, nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, phenol, ammonia, hydrocarbons, silicon dioxide, chlorine, acrolein, photooxidants, mercury, etc. 4. Organochlorine, organophosphorus and other pesticides
	Diseases of the digestive system	1. Pollution of the environment with pesticides and pesticides 2. Lack or excess of trace elements in the external environment 3. Living conditions 4. Air pollution with carbon disulfide, hydrogen sulfide, dust, nitrogen oxides, chlorine, phenol, silicon dioxide, fluorine, etc. 6. Composition of drinking water, water hardness

Continuation of the table. 2.13

	blood diseases and hematopoietic organs	1. Biogeochemical features: lack or excess of chromium, cobalt, rare earth metals in the environment 2. Air pollution by sulfur oxides, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, hydrocarbons, hydrazoic acid, ethylene, propylene, amylene, hydrogen sulfide, etc. 3. Electromagnetic fields 4. Nitrites and nitrates in drinking water 5. Pollution of the environment with pesticides and pesticides.
	congenital anomalies	4. Electromagnetic fields
	Diseases of the endocrine system, eating disorders, metabolic disorders	1. Insolation level 2. Excess or deficiency of lead, iodine, boron, calcium, vanadium, bromine, chromium, manganese, cobalt, zinc, lithium, copper, barium, strontium, iron, urochrome, molybdenum in the environment 3. Air pollution 5. Electromagnetic fields 6. Drinking water hardness
	Diseases of the urinary organs	1. Lack or excess of zinc, lead, iodine, calcium, manganese, cobalt, copper, iron in the environment 2. Air pollution with carbon disulfide, carbon dioxide, hydrocarbons, hydrogen sulfide, ethylene, sulfur oxide, butylene, amylene, carbon monoxide 3. Drinking water hardness
	Including: pathology of pregnancy	1. Air pollution 2. Electromagnetic fields 3. Pollution of the environment with pesticides and pesticides 4. Lack or excess of trace elements in the external environment
	Neoplasms of the mouth, nasopharynx, upper respiratory tract, trachea, bronchi, lungs and other respiratory organs	1. Air pollution 2. Humidity, insolation level, temperature factor, number of days with dry winds and dust storms, barometric pressure

Continuation of the table. 2.13

	Neoplasms of the esophagus, stomach and other digestive organs	1. Pollution of the environment with pesticides and pesticides 2. Air pollution with carcinogens, acrolein and other photooxidants (nitrogen oxides, ozone, surfactants, formaldehyde, free radicals, organic peroxides, fine aerosols). 3. Biogeochemical features of the area: lack or excess of magnesium, manganese, cobalt, zinc, rare earth metals, copper, high soil mineralization 4. Composition of drinking water: chlorides, sulfates. Hardness of water
	Neoplasms of the genitourinary organs	1. Air pollution by carbon disulfide, carbon dioxide, hydrocarbon, hydrogen sulfide, ethylene, butylene, amylene, sulfur oxides, carbon monoxide 2. Pollution of the environment with pesticides 3. Lack or excess of magnesium, manganese, zinc, cobalt, molybdenum, copper in the environment 4. Chlorides in drinking water

The second in terms of the degree of influence on morbidity due to environmental reasons, in most cases, can be considered a lack or excess of microelements in the external environment. For neoplasms of the esophagus, stomach and other digestive organs, this is manifested in the biogeochemical features of the area: lack or excess of magnesium, manganese, cobalt, zinc, rare earth metals, copper, high soil mineralization. For diseases of the endocrine system, eating disorders, metabolic disorders - this is an excess or deficiency of lead, iodine, boron, calcium, vanadium, bromine, chromium, manganese, cobalt, zinc, lithium, copper, barium, strontium, iron, urochrome, molybdenum in external environment, etc.

Table data. 2.13 show that chemicals, dust and mineral fibers that cause cancer, usually act selectively, affecting certain organs. Majority cancer under the action of chemicals, dust and mineral fibers is obviously associated with professional activities. However, as risk studies have shown, the population living in areas affected by hazardous chemical industries (for example, in the city of Chapaevsk) is also affected. In these areas, elevated levels of cancer have been identified. Arsenic and its compounds, as well as dioxins, affect the entire population due to their high prevalence. Household habits and foods naturally affect the entire population.

The work of many Russian and foreign scientists is devoted to the study of the possibility of toxic substances entering simultaneously in several ways and their complex impact on public health (Avaliani S.L., 1995; Vinokur I.L., Gildenskiold R.S., Ershova T.N. et al. ., 1996; Gildenskiold R. S., Korolev A. A., Suvorov G. A. et al., 1996; Kasyanenko A. A., Zhuravleva E. A., Platonov A. G. et al., 2001; Ott W.R., 1985).

One of the most dangerous chemical compounds are persistent organic pollutants (POPs), which enter the environment during the production of chlorine-containing substances, the burning of household and medical waste, and the use of pesticides. These substances include eight pesticides (DDT, aldrin, dieldrin, endrin, heptachlor, chlordane, toxaphene, mirex), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), dioxins, furans, hexachlorobenzene (Revich B.A., 2001). These substances pose a danger to human health, regardless of the ways in which they enter the body. In table. Table 2.14 shows the exposure characteristics of the listed eight pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls.

As you can see, these substances also affect reproductive functions, and are the cause of cancer, lead to disorders of the nervous and immune systems, and other no less dangerous effects.

Table 2.14

Health effects of POPs (short list): empirical findings

(Revich B.A., 2001)

Substances	Impact
	Damage to reproductive function in wildlife, especially the thinning of eggshells in birds
	DDE, a metabolite of LCT, is possibly associated with breast cancer (M.S, Wolff, P.G. Toniolo, 1995), but results are mixed (N. Krieger et al., 1994; D.J. Hunter et al., 1997)
	High doses lead to disorders of the nervous system (convulsions, tremors, muscle weakness) (R. Carson, 1962)
Aldrin, dil-drin, endrin	These substances have a similar pattern of action, but endrin is the most toxic of them.
	Association with suppression of the immune system (T. Colborn, S. Clement, 1992)
	Nervous system disorders (convulsions), effects on liver function at high exposure levels (R. Carson, 1962)
Aldrin, dil-drin, endrin	Dieldrin - effects on reproductive function and behavior (S. Wiktelius, C.A. Edwards, 1997)
	Possible human carcinogen; in high concentrations, probably contributes to the occurrence of breast tumors (K. Nomata et al., 1996)
Heptachlor	Effects on progesterone and estrogen levels in laboratory rats (J.A. Oduma et al., 1995)
	Disorders of the nervous system and liver function (EPA, 1990)
Hexachlorben- zol (GHB)
	Damages DNA in human liver cells (R. Canonero et al., 1997)
	Changes in the functions of white blood cells during industrial exposure (M.L. Queirox et al., 1997)
	Changes in steroid formation (W.G. Foster et al., 1995)
	high levels exposure is associated with porphyrinuria. metabolic liver disease (I.M. Rietjens et al., 1997)
	Thyroid enlargement, scarring and arthritis appear in the offspring of randomly exposed females (T. Colborn, C. Clement, 1992)
	Probable human carcinogen
	Causes suppression of the immune system (T. Colborn, S. Clement, 1992)
	In rats, it has fetal toxicity, including cataract formation (WHO, Environmental Health Criteria 44: Mirex, 1984)
	Liver hypertrophy due to long-term low-dose exposure in rats (WHO, 1984)

Continuation of table 2.14

Polychlorinated dibenzo- p- dioxins - PCDD and polychlorinated dibenzofurans - PCDF	Toxic effects on development, endocrine, immune system; human reproductive function
	2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-para-dioxin (TCDC) is a human carcinogen (IARC, 1997)
	Toxic effects on development and the immune system in animals, especially rodents (A. Schecter, 1994)
	Changes in hormone levels - estrogen, progesterone, testosterone and thyroid - in some individuals; decreased serum testosterone levels in exposed individuals (A. Schecter, 1994)
	Interferes with estrogen action in some individuals; decrease in fecundity, litter size and uterus weight in mice, rats, primates (A. Schecter, 1994)
	Chloracne as a response to high dose due to dermal or systemic exposure (A. Schecter, 1994)
	Rash acne due to skin contact (H.A. Tilson et al., 1990)
	Estrogenic effects on wildlife (J.M. Bergeron et al., 1994)
Toxaphene	Possible human carcinogen, causes reproductive and developmental disorders in mammals
	Shows estrogenic activity (S.F. Arnold et al., 1997)
Polychlorinated biphenyls - PCBs	Impact on the fetus, as a result of which changes in the nervous system and development of the child are observed, a decrease in his psychomotor functions, short-term memory and cognitive functions, a long-term effect on intelligence (N.A. Tilson et al.. 1990; Jacobson et al., 1990; J.L. Jacobson, S. W. Jacobson, 1996)

In the 20th century, environmental diseases first arose, that is, diseases that occur only due to exposure to specific chemicals (Table 2.15). Among them, the most well-known and well-studied diseases associated with exposure to mercury are Minamata disease; cadmium - Itai-Itai disease; arsenic - "black foot"; polychlorinated biphenyls - Yu-Sho and Yu-Cheng (Revich B.A., 2001).

Table 2.15

Pollutants and environmental diseases of the population

Pollutants	environmental diseases
Arsenic in food and water	Skin cancer - the province of Cordoba (Argentina), "black foot" - the island of Taiwan. Chile
Methylmercury in water, fish	Minamata disease. 1956, Niigata, 1968 - Japan
Methylmercury in food	Deaths - 495 people, poisoning - 6,500 people - Iraq, 1961
Cadmium in water and rice	Itai-Itai disease - Japan, 1946
Contamination of rice with oil containing PCBs	Yu-Sho disease - Japan, 1968; Yu-Cheng disease - Taiwan Island, 1978-1979

When studying cancers in the population associated with exposure to various chemicals, it is useful to know which substances are recognized as responsible for the disease of certain organs (Table 2.16).

Table 2.16

Proven human carcinogens (IARC Group 1)

(V. Khudoley, 1999;Revich B.A., 2001)

	Factor name		target organs		Population group
1. Chemical compounds
	4-Aminobiphenyl		Bladder
	benzidine		Bladder
			Hematopoietic system
	Beryllium and its compounds
	Bis(chloromethyl)ether and technical chloromethyl ether
	Vinyl chloride		Liver, blood vessels(brain, lungs, lymphatic system)
	Mustard gas (sulfur mustard)		Throat, larynx, lungs
	Cadmium and its compounds		Lungs, prostate
	coal tar pitches		skin, lungs, bladder(larynx, oral cavity)
	coal tar		Skin, lungs (bladder)
	Mineral oils (unrefined)		Skin (lungs, bladder)
	Arsenic and its compounds		Lungs, skin		General populations
	2-Naphthylamine		Bladder (lungs)
	Nickel and its compounds		nasal cavity, lungs
	Shale oils		Skin ( gastrointestinal tract)
	Dioxins		Lungs ( subcutaneous tissue, lymphatic system)		Workers, general populations
	Chrome Hexavalent		Lungs (nasal cavity)
	Ethylene oxide		Hematopoietic and lymphatic system
2. Household habits
		Alcoholic drinks		Pharynx, esophagus, liver, larynx, oral cavity (mammary gland)		General populations
		Chewing betel with tobacco		Mouth, pharynx, esophagus		General populations
		Tobacco (smoking, tobacco smoke)		Lungs, bladder, esophagus, larynx, pancreas		General populations
		Tobacco products, smokeless		Mouth, pharynx, esophagus		General populations
3. Dust and mineral fibers
			Lungs, pleura, peritoneum (gastrointestinal tract, larynx)
	wood dust		Nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses
	Silicon crystalline
			Skin, lungs
			Pleura, peritoneum

Continuation of table 2.16

A number of pollutants and ionizing radiation have a negative impact on reproductive health - see table. 2.17 - (Revich B.A., 2001).

Table 2.17

Pollutants and Reproductive Health Disorders

(Priority Health Conditions, 1993;T. Aldrich, J. Griffith, 1993)

Substance	Violations
ionizing radiation	Infertility, microcephaly, chromosomal abnormalities, childhood cancer
	Menstrual irregularities, spontaneous abortions, blindness, deafness, mental retardation
	Infertility, spontaneous abortions, congenital malformations, low birth weight, sperm disorders
	Low weight newborns
Manganese	Infertility
	Spontaneous abortions, weight loss of newborns, congenital malformations
Polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs)	Decreased fertility
Dibromochloropropane	Infertility, sperm changes
	Spontaneous abortions, low birth weight, congenital malformations, infertility
1,2-dibromo-3-chloro-propane	Sperm disorders, sterility
	birth defects development (eyes, ears, mouth), disorders of the central nervous system, perinatal mortality
dichloroethylene	Congenital malformations (heart)
Dieldrin	Spontaneous abortions, premature births
Hexachlorocyclohexane	Hormonal disorders, spontaneous abortions, premature births
	Spontaneous abortions, low birth weight, birth defects menstrual cycle, ovarian atrophy
carbon disulfide	Menstrual disorders, spermatogenesis disorders
organic solvents	Congenital malformations, cancer in children
Anesthetics	Infertility, spontaneous abortions, low birth weight, fetal tumors

Since 1995, Russia began to introduce a methodology for assessing the risk to public health caused by environmental pollution, developed by the US Environmental Protection Agency (USA EPA). In a number of cities (Perm, Volgograd, Voronezh, Veliky Novgorod, Volgograd, Novokuznetsk, Krasnouralsk, Angarsk, Nizhny Tagil), with the support of the Agency for International Development and the US Environmental Protection Agency, projects were carried out to assess and manage the risk to public health caused by pollution air and drinking water (Risk Management, 1999; Risk Methodology, 1997). A great merit in conducting these studies, organizing work and implementing scientific results belongs to the outstanding Russian scientists G.G. Onishchenko, S.L. Avaliani, K.A. Bushtueva, Yu.A. Rakhmanin, S.M. Novikov, A.V. Kiselev and others.

Control questions and tasks

1. Analyze and characterize environmental factors on various diseases(see table 2.13).

2. What diseases are caused by exposure to persistent organic pollutants?

3. List the most famous diseases that appeared in the 20th century, what substances caused them and how did they manifest themselves?

4. What substances are classified as proven carcinogens and diseases of which human organs do they cause?

5. What substances cause reproductive health problems?

6. Analyze and characterize the influence of environmental factors on various types of pathologies in accordance with Table 2.14.

Previous

It is impossible to completely avoid the negative factors that cause malfunctions in the heart. However influence our way of life on the cardiovascular system is decisive. Eliminating bad habits and taking care of your body every day brings very good results and is the main way to prevent diseases of the heart and blood vessels.

The effect of smoking on the cardiovascular system

Smoking is the leading cause of coronary heart disease, which causes the largest number of deaths worldwide. pernicious the effect of smoking on the cardiovascular system associated with the inhalation of carbon monoxide, which increases the risk of atherosclerosis. At the same time, nicotine itself also contributes to the formation of blood clots. And in the process of smoking a cigarette, the heart must work in an enhanced mode, since oxygen starvation sets in.

As a result effects of smoking on the cardiovascular system the risk of developing heart disease increases by 1.5 times. And we are talking about active and passive smoking equally.

The effect of alcohol on the cardiovascular system

Alcoholic drinks act in two phases: first they expand the vessels, and then they narrow them greatly. Such the effect of alcohol on the cardiovascular system affects the rhythm of heart contractions, disrupts blood circulation and contributes to poor vascular patency. The most common consequence of alcohol consumption is cardiomyopathy (structural and functional changes in the heart muscle). For example, beer leads to a "bull" heart - an increase and weakening of the myocardium.

The effect of exercise on the cardiovascular system

hypodynamia (absence physical activity) is one of the causes of heart disease. However, not every workout will be beneficial. Miscellaneous influence exercise on the cardiovascular system related to the choice of the correct load. It is best to stay on a sparing fitness option, training no more than 45 minutes, walking on fresh air, cycling, running, visiting the pool. And most importantly, exercise regularly, because rare and intense workouts in the gym (especially with weight lifting) wear out the heart muscle, and do not strengthen it.

Negative effects on the cardiovascular system of other factors

Among the common reasons for the development of cardiovascular diseases are often called the wrong diet (an abundance of fatty foods and salt), obesity, and stress. Nutritional adjustment significantly reduces the harmful effect on the cardiovascular system and helps to avoid not only the appearance of sclerotic plaques, but also overweight which puts a strain on the heart.