What are the disinfectants and how to choose the right one for you - we will tell you in the new issue of the "Deslikbez" section.

TYPES OF DISINFECTANTS
Disinfectants are divided into the following groups:

concentrates
Dilute with water to obtain a working solution

Ready solutions (sprays)
No preparation required, can be used immediately

Disinfectant wipes
Used for surface treatment and equipment

Antiseptics
Used to destroy the pathogen on the surface of the human body (skin, mucous membranes, wound surfaces). We will talk about them in the next issue.

THE DOCUMENTS

All disinfectants must have documents:

• state registration certificate
• declaration of conformity
• instructions for use

If the seller did not provide a set of documents along with the product, then you have the right to ask to send them to your post office or bring them with the next delivery.

What does it mean?

• Not dangerous for humans and animals - disinfection can be carried out in the presence of people;
• Does not require the use of additional protective equipment (respirator or mask)
• Does not require rinsing
• The room after cleaning can not be ventilated

There are also products on the market with the third (moderately dangerous) and second (dangerous) classes. Before starting work, carefully study the instructions and find out what class your disinfectant belongs to, whether it will be dangerous to your health and the health of your customers.

CONCENTRATES

Concentrates are diluted with water according to the instructions, in proportions depending on the selected mode and the desired exposure time. A diluted aqueous solution is called a working solution. About how to properly prepare working solutions from concentrates, we.

What characteristics you need to pay attention to when choosing a disinfectant:

Detergent and disinfectant properties
When working with such concentrates, it is not necessary to add detergents. With such a product, you can carry out routine or general cleaning, disinfect tools and wash clothes.

Anti-corrosion property
Corrosion inhibitors in the composition of the product will reduce the aggressive effect of water on the tool, and it will last longer.

Working solution expiration date
This is the period during which the solution retains its properties. The higher it is, the more profitable it is to use the tool. The concentrates "Chistodez" and "Estilodez" have a working solution shelf life of 14 days. However, the solution must be replaced earlier if flakes appear in it or the color changes.

short exposure
One of the important advantages of "Chistodez" and "Estilodez" is the ability to disinfect surfaces and tools with a short exposure in all modes (antiviral, antifungal, bacterial).

The short exposure time is 5 minutes. After this time, you can proceed to the next stage of tool processing. A short exposure time saves your instrument, because the less metal in contact with water, the better.

economy
When choosing the most economical disinfectant, it is not enough to know its price per liter, it is necessary to calculate the cost of the working solution and the exposure time.

To help beauty industry workers, the Chistovye company calculated the cost of ready-made solutions for those disinfectants that are in our assortment.

No fixing action
Do not use alcohol when disinfecting instruments. Why? Because if blood or other biological fluids remain on the instrument, alcohol will react with them, and during sterilization, a “lid” will appear in this place, under which microbes will continue to develop. Professional disinfectants do not “seal” microbes and come into contact with them to form a protective shell.

To control the concentration of working solutions developed test strips. It is important to know that indicator strips will be different for each disinfectant. Since disinfectants have different compositions and concentrations, it is unacceptable to test the working solution of one brand using indicator strips of another brand. The result in this case will be incorrect.

SPRAYS FOR DISINFECTION

Now let's talk about ready-made disinfectants that do not require the preparation of working solutions. Such products are presented in the form of sprays and are intended for emergency disinfection of work surfaces.

The impregnating composition does not fix organic pollution; has good washing properties, does not spoil or discolor the processed objects. Retains properties after freezing and thawing. After surface treatment, ventilation of the room is not required.

IMPORTANT! We are often asked how to properly handle tools with napkins. Correct answer: none.

We have analyzed what disinfectants approved for use in the beauty industry can be, according to sanitary rules, what are their differences and what you should pay attention to when choosing.

Choose and use disinfectant products correctly! Don't try to make your solutions according to your concentrations, in the hope that the more you pour the disinfectant, the better it will do the disinfection. No need to keep the tools for days in a bath with a working solution, otherwise they will rust and deteriorate. Only the correct use of disinfectants, according to the instructions from the manufacturer, is a guarantee of the health of you and your customers!

For a detailed story about all disinfectants, see our video.

Disinfectants for healthcare facilities are used to kill pathogens.

These are highly active and aggressive chemicals, therefore they pose a certain danger to humans, objects of the hospital environment and the ecological situation.

↯ More articles in the journal

The main thing in the article

The article discusses modern disinfectants based on active chlorine and oxygen, cationic surfactants, aldehydes, alcohols, phenols, acids and alkalis.

Additionally, the features of the use of disinfectants depending on the chemical group are described.

Many manufacturing companies are trying to present their products as universal and multifunctional.

However, practice shows that there are still some restrictions on their use - some drugs are more effective in certain situations, the latter have a greater degree of aggressive effect on the surface, and still others can harm human health.

Chlorine compounds

Compounds based on active chlorine are divided into:

• inorganic (calcium hypochlorite, bleach, etc.);
• organic (chloramines, derivatives of hydantoin and cyanuronic acids);
• chlorinated derivatives of isocyanuronic acid (DCCC, TCCC, etc.);
• hydantoin derivatives (dichlorodimethylhydantoin).

Preparations using active chlorine are active against all forms and types of pathogens - bacteria (including Mycobacterium tuberculosis), viruses, fungi and their spores.

These disinfectants are extremely effective, and therefore are used to destroy pathogens especially dangerous infections(e.g. anthrax spores).

In addition, chlorine-active disinfectants have bleaching and deodorizing properties, and also have a homogenizing effect on the organic substrate.

The disadvantages of chlorine-based drugs include:

1. Cutting bad smell.
2. Irritant effect on the upper respiratory tract and mucous membranes of the eyes.
3. The damaging effect on various materials - metal, some types of fabrics, etc.
4. Weak degree of solubility in water (for bleach and calcium hopochlorite).
5. Poor storage stability.

Due to the irritating properties of chloractive compounds, it is recommended that all work with them be carried out using personal protective equipment - goggles, rubber gloves, respirators.

• processing of non-residential premises, cesspools, garbage collection sites, outbuildings;
• disinfection of biological substances, laboratory glassware, food debris, plumbing, medical waste, cleaning equipment;
• general cleaning and final disinfection.

In order to reduce the harmful effect of chlorine on the human body and give the preparations additional properties, composite preparations are created in safer and more hygienic forms - gels, tablets, granules.



List of chlorine disinfectants for medical facilities

Most often, granules and tablets are used in medical institutions using sodium salt dichloroisocyanuric acid:

These preparations differ in a lesser degree on the human body at the time of preparation of the working solution in comparison with the usual means with an active substance - chlorine.

Chloramines and combinations of chlorine with surfactants and other components are also common:

• "Sporox";
• "Domestos";
• "Clorilli";
• preparations of the "Sulfochlorantine" series.

Oxygen-active compounds

The most common drugs based on active oxygen are:

• hydrogen peroxide;
• chlorine dioxide;
• perborates;
• persulfates;
• perphosphates;
• percarbonates;
• potassium fluoride peroxohydrate.

These compounds have a wide spectrum of antimicrobial activity. However, most of them show it only at high concentrations of the active ingredient, even in relation to low-resistant microorganisms.

Preparations that use active oxygen are safe for the environment and humans (due to rapid decomposition into water and oxygen), do not irritate Airways. For this reason, their use is permissible for the treatment of objects surrounding the patient (up to maximum permissible concentrations_.

Among the minuses can be noted:

• intense irritant effect on the skin and mucous membranes;
• low stability;
• inconvenience of application (most of the funds are in liquid form);
• aggressive effect on the treated surfaces.

The introduction of corrosion inhibitors, activators and other additives into the composition of such disinfectants increases their antimicrobial effectiveness, makes them more stable and reduces toxicity and aggressiveness for humans and treated surfaces.

Names of oxygen-active disinfectants

The list of disinfectants for medical institutions, to which active oxygen is used as an active ingredient, includes the following items:

The first two items have a liquid form of release, the rest are solid.

When active oxygen is combined with acids, peracids are obtained, the most common of which is peracetic (PAA). It has a high degree of activity against all forms and types of pathogens.

However, its disadvantages are low stability, aggressiveness to some materials, a pungent odor and a strong irritant effect on mucous membranes, skin and upper respiratory tract. These effects are eliminated by introducing special additives into the formulation of the drug.

Products containing NAA and products based on hydrogen peroxide have similar qualities. They are used for the processing and sterilization of medical devices, including endoscopes and their accessories. However, NAA is undesirable for surface disinfection.

Cationic Surfactants

Cationic surfactants include:

• quaternary ammonium compounds (QAC);
• guanidine derivatives (PGMG-x, PGMG-f);
• tertiary amines.

Advantages of cationic surfactants:

• maintain stability for a long time;
• dissolve well in water;
• do not damage surfaces;
• have good cleansing properties.

QAS and guanidine derivatives are active against gram-negative and gram-positive microorganisms, but show little activity against tubercle bacillus, viruses that do not have an envelope and spores.

Tertiary amines are highly active against Mycobacterium tuberculosis and various viruses, however, like other cationic surfactants, they do not have a sporicidal effect.

Preparations containing QAC as the main component retain their properties on surfaces from several hours to several months, depending on the type and concentration of the chemical compound.

Cationic surfactants are not volatile, are not poisonous when inhaled, do not have a strong odor, so they do not need to be washed off from the treated objects and aired. Their good washing properties allow combining disinfection and cleaning, as well as disinfection and pre-sterilization cleaning of medical devices.

CPAV: list of disinfectants

Names of disinfectants for medical institutions based on cationic surfactants:

• "Katamine AB";
• "Dezin";
• "Septabic".

They are used for surface treatment in rooms, sanitary ware, dishes, patient care items.

Combinations of cationic surfactants with alcohols, aldehydes and some other components are more widely used:

These drugs are used for disinfection and pre-sterilization cleaning of medical devices and various materials, including endoscopes and dental instruments.

Aldehydes

Aldehydes are:

• formaldehyde;
• orthophthalic;
• glutaric, etc.

They are active against all forms and types of pathogens and are compatible with most materials. Aldehydes are used for disinfection (including high level) and sterilization of medical devices, including endoscopes and instruments for them.

Names of disinfectants with aldehydes

The list of disinfectants for medical institutions based on aldehydes includes such preparations as:

1. "Glutaral";
2. "Glutaral N";
3. "Sydex";
4. "Steranios 20%", etc.

Aldehydes have a strong fixing effect, so medical devices are washed in running water before processing.

Aldehydes are very toxic and have fixing properties, therefore they are not recommended for processing linen, dishes and indoor surfaces. In addition, they are absorbed by surface materials and then released into the atmosphere over time.

Therefore, after exposure, long-term ventilation of the room and thorough washing of surfaces and other objects with clean water is required.

More widely used products contain, in addition to aldehydes, QAS, nonionic surfactants, guanidines and other components:

• "Alaminol";
• "Bianol";
• "Lysoformin 3000";
• Deconex 50FF.

The combination of various components in these preparations is mutually enhanced, due to which it is possible to reduce the concentration of the active substance in the working solution. In addition, additives contribute to the appearance of detergent qualities in the products and a decrease in the sorbing and fixing effect.

Alcohols

Most often, ethyl and isopropyl alcohols are used in medical institutions. In high concentrations (60-95%) they are active against bacteria, viruses, fungi and Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

However, alcohols are ineffective against spores, and isopropyl alcohol is also ineffective against hydrophilic viruses. The most effective are 70% alcohols.

Disadvantages of alcohols:

1. Aggressive to surfaces made of organic glass, rubber, linoleum and surfaces covered with paint or varnish.
2. They fix organic substances, as a result of which antimicrobial activity is reduced and subsequent cleaning of the surface is difficult.
3. They are combustible and flammable, as a result of which they are allowed to process a small surface area (no more than 1/10 of a part).

Due to the pronounced fixing properties, alcohols are used only for surface treatment without visible contamination.

As a rule, alcohols are used in the form of sprays, in combination with cationic surfactants or other components that enhance the antimicrobial properties of the drug. They are also used as an impregnation of antibacterial wipes for the treatment of small surfaces.

Phenols

Phenol drugs include:

• orthophenylphenol;
• orthobenzyl parachlorophenol.

They are active against bacteria (including tubercle bacillus), fungi, viruses. Some phenol-containing preparations are not active against resistant non-enveloped viruses. In addition, phenols are ineffective at killing spores and have no detergency.

Phenols are poisonous and are not used for treatment in childcare facilities and neonatal departments in maternity hospitals.

Porous surfaces absorb phenol-containing preparations, as a result of which they acquire a persistent unpleasant odor. Due to toxicity and the need to wash surfaces for a long time and thoroughly with clean water after disinfection with these disinfectants, they are extremely rarely used in Russian medical institutions.

Acids and alkalis

Preparations based on acids and alkalis have weak antimicrobial properties, but severely damage surface materials, and therefore are used in strict accordance with the manufacturer's recommendations - most often as part of household chemicals and for treating specific objects.

For example, acids are used to remove limescale from plumbing fixtures, and alkalis are used to remove grease from kitchen equipment. After use, these funds must be neutralized, and the object is thoroughly washed from its residues.

The use of disinfectants depending on the chemical group

The areas of application of disinfectants, depending on the chemical group, are presented in the table below:

Disinfectants or disinfectants(from the Latin word - Des - destruction, removal + lat. Infectio - infection) are substances that allow you to get rid of pathogenic microorganisms or turn them into inert ones, especially when processing objects in order to destroy or reduce the number of pathogens. For this purpose, solutions of disinfecting chemicals are used (see Disinfection), which are subject to the following basic requirements:

• pronounced effectiveness against various types of microorganisms;
• low toxicity and allergenicity for humans;
• environmental safety;
• good solubility in water;
• harmlessness in relation to objects that are processed;
• ease of use;
• the duration of the storage period without significant loss of activity and additional requirements - the possibility of their use without protective equipment;
• the presence of detergent properties;
• ability to clean and bleach.

The factors influencing the antimicrobial activity of solutions of medical disinfectants are:

• reachability of bacteria - there must be contact of the disinfectant with microorganisms;
• temperature - the activity of all disinfectants increases with increasing temperature;
• concentration - should not be lower than recommended;
• volume - at the same concentration, the antimicrobial effectiveness of the disinfectant is higher, the larger its volume;
• pH - some disinfectants are sensitive to changes in pH, for example, substances based on glutaraldehyde are active only in an alkaline environment;
• time - under the same conditions, gram-positive bacteria die faster than gram-negative ones.

• Peramine
• Grilen
• Pemos-1

AT recent times, due to these properties, wide distribution and application have received disinfectants from the South African group. As independent disinfectants, ampholytic and cationic South Africa are used; anionic and nonionic are used as potentiating additives in composite disinfectants. Disinfectants have bactericidal, fungicidal, virucidal properties and such positive qualities as good solubility in water, washing, anticorrosive and protistatic action, storage stability. Disinfectants include Dezeffekt, Deconex, Korzolex AF, lysoformin, ampholan.

Peracetic acid preparations are highly effective disinfectants

A wide spectrum of action and high antimicrobial activity have compounds based on 5-6% solutions of peracetic acid - deoxon, which exhibit pronounced bactericidal, virucidal, tuberculocidal, sporicidal and fungicidal properties. Deoxon (Deoxon-0, Deoxon-4, Delaxon, Odoxon) have one drawback - a strong smell of vinegar, which hinders their widespread use.

Medical disinfectants derived from aldehydes

From the group of aldehydes, glutaraldehyde, formaldehyde and disinfectants based on them are used. The use of formaldehyde as a separate disinfectant is currently limited due to its carcinogenic and irritating properties; glutaraldehyde has become more widespread and is part of such disinfectants as lysoformin 3000, dezoform, glutaral, etc.

Among the alcohols that are used as independent medical disinfectants and substances that enhance the bactericidal activity of other disinfectants, propyl, ethyl, and isopropyl alcohols are most widely used. Modern alcohol-based disinfectants include composite preparations "Decosept", "Deconex", "Hospidermin", "Lizetol", "Microcid", "Octeniderm", "Sagrosept" and others.

photo from bt-dez.ru

The chemical method of disinfection is most often used to combat hospital infections. Appropriate drugs are available in the form of soluble granules, tablets, powders, concentrates, emulsions, pastes, aerosols. The active compounds included in the composition remove and devitalize most of the pathogenic microorganisms, bringing their number to an acceptable level.

There are several types of agents (depending on which chemical is used as the main disinfectant agent).

1. Halogen-containing, iodine, bromine. They have a diverse spectrum of antimicrobial activity, but they have a strong irritating effect on the respiratory system and eyes, are toxic, if not properly disposed of, are harmful to the environment, provoke corrosion, and have a persistent odor. Despite a number of disadvantages, the means of this group (Chloramine, Chloreffect, DP-2T, Monochloramine, Chlorine, Calcium Hypochlorite) are often used in medical organizations. They are available, effective, but require strict adherence to the rules of use and disposal.

2. Preparations based on oxygen (as well as hydrogen peroxide, ozone, perborates) are low toxic, safe for the natural environment, have no specific odor, and are active against most pathogenic microorganisms and pathogens. Their main disadvantage is high corrosivity, so they are not suitable for processing metal tools and equipment. Means of this group are often used in neonatal departments and obstetric hospitals.

3. Disinfectants based on aldehydes (formaldehyde, glyoxal, glutaric and orthophtholaldehyde). They have a complex bactericidal, sporicidal, virucidal effect, have high antimicrobial activity against all types of microorganisms, but they irritate the respiratory system and cannot be used in the presence of people. Suitable for disinfection of equipment, including those with a complex configuration (for example,). This group of drugs includes Glutaral, Bianol, Lysoformin.

4. Preparations based on alcohols (ethanol, isopropanol, propanol) are effective against most microorganisms. At a sufficient concentration (at least 60%), they provide a rapid fungicidal, virucidal, bactericidal and bacteriostatic effect. However, they are helpless against spores and vegetative forms of microorganisms. Suitable for sanitation, scissors, rectal. Alcohol treatment of endoscopes, surgical materials, instruments is not effective enough and creates a threat of spreading infections. Alcohols are often found in aerosols in combination with aldehydes. Like aldehydes, alcohols fix blood, mucus, and other organic contaminants, so before using them, a thorough preliminary cleaning of inventory with detergents is necessary.

5. Cationic surfactants (Biodez-extra, Veltolen, Vapusan) act due to their constituent quaternary ammonium compounds, amines, ampholytic surfactants. They do not have a pungent odor, are inert to metals, but are effective only against a limited number of pathogens. Sometimes provoke the emergence of resistant strains. Due to its high detergent properties, this group is successfully used at the stages of pre-sterilization cleaning in combination with primary disinfection. HAS and tertiary amines do not damage equipment, have low toxicity, do not irritate mucous membranes and the respiratory system, and can be used in the presence of patients and personnel.

6. Guanidine-containing preparations based on polyhexamethyleneguanidine and chlorhexidine (Polysept, Demos, Bior) also have a narrow spectrum of bactericidal activity and a fixing effect. Their characteristic feature is a long period of action due to the formation of a bactericidal film on the treated surfaces. Combining low toxicity and a sparing effect on inventory, they are among the most promising drugs.

7. Disinfectants based on phenols (Amocid, etc.) are used as antimicrobial agents, however, are useless in the fight against viruses and spore forms of bacteria.

8. Organic acids are used in medical facilities for disinfection of hemodialysis machines. Currently, scientists are studying the antimicrobial properties of peroxy acids - at low concentrations, preparations based on them exhibit high bactericidal properties.

Today there are no complex universal solutions for chemical disinfection. Each group of tools is a combination of strengths and weaknesses that must be considered and correlated with the intended scope.

All the objects around us, the air and even the surface of our own bodies are inhabited by microscopic organisms. Despite their small size, they can be harmful to health and life. For example, pathogenic bacteria, viruses and fungi cause most of the. The most popular way to fight is disinfection, with which we are able to reduce the number of germs to a safe level. This article lists the types and methods of antiseptics, and also provides a classification of disinfectants.

Depending on the time of carrying out, the following types of disinfection are distinguished:

Disinfection methods

There are several methods by which we can get rid of harmful microorganisms:

• Mechanical. Involves the disposal of a contaminated item or part of it. It is often used to disinfect the soil by removing its top layer.
• Physical. Microbes are affected by boiling objects and food, irradiating premises with UV lamps, autoclaving, etc.
• Biological. To combat pathogenic microbes, their natural enemies are used. This method is often used for wastewater treatment.
• Chemical. This is the most popular and effective way to get rid of pathogens. For this, various groups of disinfectants are used, which are capable of destroying the walls of bacteria and viruses, as well as neutralizing biotoxins.

Today, it is customary to use several methods of disinfection at the same time in order to increase its effectiveness. Wet cleaning can be combined with subsequent UV irradiation of the room; mechanical methods (filtration), physical (boiling) and chemical (chlorination) are used simultaneously for water purification.

The choice of disinfection method depends on the material of the disinfected object, on the number and type of microorganisms to be destroyed, the risk of infection of the patient and personnel.

Disinfectants are physical or chemical agents that include a disinfectant agent - the active substance.

Disinfection is the destruction (killing or removal from the object) on (in) objects environment pathogenic or opportunistic microorganisms.

Disinfectants must have bactericidal, virucidal (ability to act on viruses), fungicidal (ability to act on fungi), sporicidal (ability to act on spores of certain microorganisms) action. It is not allowed to use for the purposes of disinfection products that have only a bacteriostatic effect (i.e. inhibit the growth of microorganisms).

Chemical disinfectants must meet the following requirements: have a wide range of antimicrobial activity, be highly effective (use of low concentrations, achieve an effect in a short time); have residual antimicrobial activity; must not be corrosive; it is desirable to have side positive properties, in particular detergents, deodorants, bleaching, cleaning, etc.

They are produced in the form of tablets, granules, powders, liquid concentrates (solutions, emulsions, pastes, creams, etc.), gases, ready-made forms (napkins, varnishes, paints, aerosol cans, etc.).

Halogen-containing disinfectants contain as active substances chlorine, iodine, bromine. They have a wide spectrum of antimicrobial activity, but irritate the respiratory tract and mucous membranes of the eyes, have a persistent odor, and are corrosive. Assortment: Sodium hypochloride, Calcium hypochlorite, Chloramine B, Belizna-3, Domes-tos, DP-2T, DP-2, Chloreffect, etc.

In oxygenated disinfectants active ingredients are oxygen, hydrogen peroxide, peracids, perborates, ozone. They have a wide spectrum of antimicrobial activity, are odorless, but are not corrosive. Assortment: "Virkon", hydrogen peroxide, etc.

Aldehyde-containing disinfectants contain the following active ingredients: fomaldehyde, glutaraldehyde, orthophtholaldehyde, succinic acid aldehyde, glyoxal. They have a wide spectrum of antimicrobial activity, but irritate the respiratory tract. Assortment: Bianol, Glutaral, Lysoformin, etc.

In surfactants (surfactants) the active component is quaternary ammonium compounds (QAC), amines, ampholytic surfactants. They have a narrow spectrum of antimicrobial action, are odorless, do not corrode metals, and have a washing effect. Assortment: Biodez-extra, Vapusan, Veltolen, etc.

To the group of guanidine-containing disinfectants includes preparations containing active active ingredients: polyhexamethylene guanidine phosphate, chlorhexidine bigluconate, etc. A feature of this group of disinfectants is the formation of a film on the treated surfaces, which provides a long-term residual bactericidal effect, have a narrow spectrum of antimicrobial activity. Assortment: BIOR, Dezin, Demos, Polisept, etc.

In the group of alcohol-containing disinfectants the main active substance is alcohols: ethanol, propanol, etc. The range of such products is completely foreign-made, for example, Lisetol AF (Germany), Optisept (Belarus), Rotagerm (France), etc.

For disinfection, acids of various origins are used, i.e. inorganic and organic. However, inorganic acids are not currently used in medical institutions. There are several foreign-made acids of organic origin in the assortment, for example, Diasteril (Germany) (for disinfection of hemodialysis machines).

Range of basic disinfectants:

Monochloramine (brands B and HB) - powder, contains about 24% active chlorine, 1% solution is used;

Bleach - powder, contains about 25% chlorine (consists of hypochlorite and calcium chloride - caustic lime);

Basic calcium hypochlorite - powder, contains 50% chlorine;

Chloramine B - powder;

Dichlor-1 - powder, contains 7% chlorine;

Chlordezin - powder, contains 1-11% chlorine;

Sulfanol - powder, a mixture of anionic surfactants in combination with substances containing chlorine;

Desmol - powder, mixture of substances;

"Modesi" - powder, mixture of substances.

In recent years, in our country and abroad, one of the important areas for finding new misinformation. means was the study of the group of peroxyacids, which have a high antimicrobial property. Their solutions are bactericidal at a concentration of hundredths of a percent: Deoxon-1, C-3, C-4 system (Pervomur), etc.

Also, an adequate replacement for chloramine is provided by compositions based on organic chlorine compounds - chlorine derivatives of cyanurates and hydantoin, for example, DP-2.

DP-2 (based on trichloroisocyanuric acid) is produced in the form of a powder with an active chlorine content of 30-40%, it is highly soluble in water, it is recommended at a concentration of 0.1-0.2%; stable during storage for 3 years.

Disinfectants, antiseptics, preservatives - chemicals that can kill microbial cells or inhibit their growth, i.e. having a bactericidal or bacteriostatic effect on microorganisms.
. Disinfectants - used to treat premises, products or materials.
. Antiseptics - used to treat human skin and mucous membranes, so they should not be toxic in the concentrations used.
Factors that determine the choice of antimicrobial agent:
1. Properties of a chemical: the effectiveness of an antimicrobial agent is determined by its chemical nature, concentration, temperature, pH, duration of contact with an infected object.
2. The nature of the microbiota: the sensitivity of the microorganism to the substance and the level of microbial contamination determine the effectiveness of its action.
3. Influence of environmental factors: - water ensures the penetration of antimicrobial substances into the cell - organic substances reduce the activity of antimicrobial agents due to adsorption, inactivation - some polymeric materials (fabrics, rubber) adsorb antimicrobial agents, reducing their concentration
Requirements for chemical disinfectants and antiseptics
. Good solubility or miscibility with water to form stable mixtures;
. Low toxicity and no irritating effect on the skin and mucous membranes of personnel; Posted on site site
. A wide range of antimicrobial activity, its manifestation in the shortest possible time;
. The ability to wet objects well and not have a corrosive or other destructive effect on them;
. Ability to remove traces of substances from the object;
. Stability during storage;
. Availability of permission to use the substance as a disinfectant in the chemical and pharmaceutical industry.

The main groups of disinfectants

The main groups of antiseptics
.Alcohols: ethanol, propanol, isopropanol;
.Biguanidine derivatives: chlorhexidine bigluconate;
.Oxidants: hydrogen peroxide, potassium permanganate;
.Phenolic compounds: carbolic acid;
.Halogens: iodine;
.Nitrofuran derivatives: furatsilin;
.Dyes: brilliant green, methylene blue

Mechanism and targets of action of disinfectants and antiseptics. Combined disinfectants and antiseptics: purpose of creation, examples.

Combinations of antimicrobial agents
Reason for creation: there is no ideal antimicrobial agent that combines a wide range of antimicrobial activity, low toxicity, stability, and compatibility with other substances.
Combinations make it possible to improve the properties of disinfectants and antiseptics through their combined use.
Most commonly used combinations:
. Alcohols + biguanidine derivatives + surfactants + halogenated substances
.surfactants (quaternary ammonium compounds - QAC) + phenols + aldehydes
Examples of combined antimicrobial agents produced by the domestic industry
I Disinfectants:
.Polydez: contains benzalkonium chloride, a water-soluble polymer based on guanidine derivatives, a surfactant.
It has bactericidal (including mycobacterium tuberculosis), fungicidal, virucidal activity.
.Combined surface disinfectant (KDP): contains surfactant (QAS), glutaraldehyde and isopropyl alcohol. Shows a pronounced bactericidal (including mycobacterium tuberculosis), fungicidal, virucidal, sporicidal activity.
I Antiseptics:
. Septocide-Synergy: contains ethanol, cosmocyl. It has a pronounced bactericidal, fungicidal, virucidal effect.
. Septocide R Plus: contains three alcohols - isopropanol, butanediol, ethanol. It has a pronounced bactericidal, fungicidal, virucidal effect.,
The mechanism of action of disinfectants and antiseptics
Vital activity constants of microorganisms: temperature, osmotic pressure, ionic balance. Antiseptic and disinfectant substances change these constants and thereby disrupt the metabolic processes in the microbial cell, providing a bacteriostatic effect - a temporary suppression of the ability of microorganisms to reproduce in the body.
If an antiseptic or disinfectant penetrates into the protoplasm of a microbial cell and leads to the coagulation of its proteins, the death of the microbial cell occurs, which is referred to as a bactericidal action.
The targets of action of antiseptics and disinfectants are in:
. Cell wall (aldehydes, formalin, phenols disrupt the structure of the cell wall)
. Membrane - violation of the membrane potential (phenols) - inhibition of enzymes associated with the membrane, which leads to a violation of metabolic processes (chlorhexidine and ethylene oxide inhibit membrane ATPase) - violation of membrane permeability, which is accompanied by leakage of the cytoplasm (surfactants, alcohols, phenols)
. Cytoplasm - the cytoplasm itself (chlorhexidine, phenol)
- ribosomes (hydrogen peroxide)
- DNA (acridine dyes)
- proteins (halogens, formaldehyde, glutaric
aldehyde).

Methods for determining the antimicrobial activity of disinfectants and antiseptics

Qualitative and quantitative tests, determination of the effect of bioburden, test with culture on a carrier, in vivo test.

Methods for testing the antimicrobial activity of antiseptics and disinfectants
1. Qualitative test: a suspension of a microorganism is introduced into a solution of an antimicrobial drug. After a certain exposure (2 - 60 min.), an aliquot (0.1 ml) is added to a test tube with a neutralizer and inoculated onto an agar medium to determine the viability of the test culture.
2. Quantitative test: a suspension of the microorganism is added to the antimicrobial solution. After a certain exposure (2 - 60 min.), an aliquot (0.1 ml) is added to a test tube with a neutralizer and inoculated onto an agar medium, followed by counting the grown colonies. Control - the same suspension of a microorganism that has not been exposed to an antimicrobial substance. Antimicrobial activity is determined by the formula:
MA = logN c - logN d
Where: N c - the number of colonies that grew when inoculating the control suspension N d - the number of colonies that grew when inoculated from the suspension with an antimicrobial agent
3. Determination of the effect of bioburden: - a certain amount of microbial suspension is added to the antimicrobial substance solution and kept for a certain time - seeding is done and the number of grown colonies is determined - after 10 minutes. a new dose of the microorganism is added to the same solution and kept for a certain time - seeding is done and the number of grown colonies is determined - the operation is repeated after another 10 minutes.
The method allows to determine the ability of an antimicrobial agent to maintain activity in the presence of an increasing microbial load, as well as the time it takes to maintain antimicrobial activity.
4. Qualitative test with a culture on a carrier (cloth, filter paper, etc.): allows you to evaluate the effectiveness of the drug when disinfecting surfaces and materials.
- standard carrier samples are placed in a microbial suspension, dried - added to an antimicrobial solution and incubated for 10 minutes.
- placed in a neutralizing solution
- transferred to a nutrient broth and visually determine the viability of the microorganism.
5. Determination of antimicrobial activity in soft and solid forms: carried out on a dense nutrient medium inoculated with a test culture.
- biocide samples are placed on the surface of the nutrient medium or in wells, incubated
- measure the diameter of the zones of growth inhibition in comparison with the standard preparation.
6. Test close to the conditions of practical use (for antiseptics): carried out on human volunteers.
- a suspension of a microorganism (E. coli) is applied to the skin of the hands, dried for 3 minutes in air
- wipe the skin with the tested antiseptic solution
- make a wash from the hands with a liquid nutrient medium
- determine the number of viable cells in washings
Similarly, a microbial suspension is applied to the surface of the equipment, walls, floor of the room, followed by processing and determining the number of viable cells.

Resistance of microorganisms to the action of disinfectants and antiseptics. Natural and acquired resistance. Factors determining the development of resistance of microorganisms to the action of disinfectants and antiseptics.

Resistance of microorganisms to the action of disinfectants and antiseptics
According to the level of resistance to the action of antimicrobial drugs, microorganisms are distributed as follows (in descending order):
. prions
. Prokaryotic spores
. Mycobacteria
. Protozoan cysts
. Viruses
. Gram-negative bacteria, fungi
. Gram-positive bacteria
Types of resistance:
. Natural resistance
. Acquired resistance
Natural resistance - natural structural features of the microbial cell: the presence of protective covers, the ability to form biofilms;
- metabolism: the ability to enzymatically degrade biocides.
.Mechanism of spore resistance: - the structure of the cell membrane, which prevents the penetration of biocides into the cell.
.Resistance mechanism of Gram-negative bacteria:
- the presence of a cell wall
- the ability to adhere to surfaces with the formation of biofilms.
Biofilm is an organized community of cells united by a mass of exopolysaccharide - glycocalyx. Cells living inside the biofilm are limited in access to nutrients, grow slowly, which increases their resistance to adverse conditions.
The role of the glycocalyx in resistance:
- the upper layers of the glycocalyx protect the interior from the penetration of antimicrobial;
- extracellular enzymes of bacteria are located on the surface of the glycocalyx, which take part in metabolism, incl. can destroy antimicrobial substances present in the environment
Acquired resistance - appears as a result of changes in the genetic apparatus and the emergence of resistant variants of microorganisms in an environment containing biocides.
Causes (sources) of acquired resistance:
. Mutations that modify the target of the antimicrobial agent or change the permeability of the membrane;
. Propagation of resistance genes using plasmids and transposons.
Factors determining the development of resistance of microorganisms to the action of antimicrobial drugs (disinfectants and antiseptics):
.Using drug solutions with a concentration lower than recommended;
.Violation of biocide storage periods, which leads to a decrease in the content of active substances;
.Prolonged use of any antimicrobial agent;
.Phase of development and rate of cell reproduction (slow-growing cells are less sensitive to the action of biocides than fast-growing ones);
.Composition of the medium, temperature, time of cell cultivation.
For the effective implementation of all activities that ensure aseptic working conditions, rotation of antimicrobial drugs is carried out, i.e. use several chemicals, applying them in a specific order.

Products containing chlorine, bromine, iodine as disinfectants (halogenated compounds):Dibromantin, Aquabor, Javel, Sporox, Aquatabs, Javelion, Presept, Purzhavel, Clorsept, Dechlor, etc.

A group of drugs whose active ingredient is oxygen (oxygen-containing): Farmadez, Virkon, Piroximed, Hirosan, Saydex, Desoxon, Absolucid 1000, etc.

A group of drugs whose active ingredient is glutaric, orthophthalic or succinic aldehydes (aldehde-containing): Glutaral, Dulbak, Coldspor, Lysoformin - 3000, Desoform, Sekusept-forte, Incidur, Melzept, Microcid, Aldesol, Bianol.

Surfactants (surfactants):Blanisol, Dezeffekt, Samarovka, etc. Flaws:

Most of them are ineffective against resistant species and forms of microorganisms;

Rapid and frequent formation of resistance to them;

They have an irritating effect on the skin and mucous membranes of the eyes;

Form a hard-to-remove film.

Means, the active substance of which are complex organic compounds (guanidines): Dezin, Bior, Desofran, Slavin and others. Effective against gram-positive and gram-negative microorganisms, but do not show activity against viruses, fungi, spores.

Alcohols- a group of drugs based on ethanol, propanol, isopropanol. Efficacy against vegetative microorganisms, fungi, mycobacteria.

Disinfectants are produced in the following forms:

Solid (tablets, granules, powders);

Liquid concentrates (solutions, emulsions, pastes, creams, etc.);

Ready-made forms of application (working solutions, bactericidal wipes, varnishes, paints, aerosol cans).

According to toxicity, all disinfectants are divided into 4 classes:

I. Means of class 1 are extremely dangerous - chemicals of this group are not allowed for use in the field of medical disinfection.

II. Means of class 2 - highly hazardous - this group in terms of inhalation exposure (intake in the form of vapors, gases or aerosol or combined intake - vapors + aerosol) includes well-known chemicals: chlorine-active, some aldehydes, hydrogen peroxide, etc. Work with such agents should be , using means of protection of respiratory organs, eyes, skin and in the absence of patients.

III. Means of hazard class 3 - moderately hazardous - this group includes the largest number of chemicals used in the field of disinfection. Working with these disinfectants in the presence of patients is allowed, but protective equipment must be used.

IV. Means of hazard class 4 - low-hazard - among them: Septabik (Israel) - powder, Perform (Germany) - powder, Veltolen (Russia) - solution, Samarovka (Russia) - concentrate, etc. You can work with these disinfectants in the presence of people, including in children's institutions. When working, protect your hands with rubber gloves.

All disinfectants must be tested for activity against a new strain - mycobacterium Terra (Mycobacterium terrae).

(R 4.2.2643 - 10 "Methods laboratory research and testing of disinfectants to evaluate their effectiveness and safety”).

Disinfectants may be bactericidal or bacteriostatic. Bactericidal disinfectants kill bacteria, while bacteriostatic disinfectants inhibit the growth of bacteria (for example, quaternary ammonium compounds (QAC) and ampholytes).

Ways to use disinfectants:

Rubbing

Irrigation using spray equipment

Spraying with an aerosol generator

Immersion in solutions

falling asleep

Use of ultrasonic units

Chemical disinfectants

The chemical method is the treatment of hairdressing tools and accessories with alcohol, chloramine solution, incrasept, triacid, etc. Disinfection is carried out by soaking, immersing, wiping disinfection objects.

The use and preparation of solutions of disinfectants is carried out in accordance with the guidelines for their use.

Disinfectants include: chloramine, formalin, ethyl alcohol, carbolic acid, phenol. The choice of agent and its concentration depend on the material from which the instrument is made and a number of other conditions.

Chloramine is a white crystalline powder with a pungent odor, soluble in water. Use a 0.5% aqueous solution, which should be in a special vessel on the desktop. Disinfect plastic tools by immersing in the solution for 10-15 minutes. (Changes daily.)

Formalin is a colorless, transparent liquid with a sharp specific odor. Used as a 4% aqueous solution when disinfecting shaving or coloring brushes. For wet disinfection of the premises, formalin is not used because of the irritating odor; it is used for disinfection mainly in the gaseous state or for processing things in the cells.

Ethyl alcohol - use only technical 70% to disinfect metal instruments when placed in a solution or rubbed with a cotton swab. After finishing work, the alcohol is filtered. (Replace every three days.)

Phenol (carbolic acid) - 40% formaldehyde aqueous solution. A clear, colorless liquid with a characteristic odor. A 5% solution is also used to disinfect metal tools and combs.

Carboxylic acid is a crystalline substance with a pungent odor, its crystals are colorless but turn pink when exposed to air.

Hydrogen peroxide - for sterilization, a 1.6% solution of hydrogen peroxide is used, which kills microbes and their spores. At 18°C, a holding time of 6 hours is recommended, and at 50°C, 3 hours.

Alcoholic iodine solution (tincture of iodine) - contains active iodine. It is widely used as an antiseptic in the form of 5% solutions for the treatment of instruments.

Chloric lime - for processing objects, 0.5, 0.2, 0.05% working solutions are used, prepared from the main 10% solution of bleach or bleach. Processing is carried out by wiping, soaking, immersion.

As the best option it is worth choosing the means a wide range actions that do not have a strong, poorly weathered odor and do not leave marks on work surfaces.

Basic requirements for disinfectants. Must destroy all types of microbes. Must not damage instruments. Should not irritate or color the skin. Should not have a strong odor.

Physical disinfectants

The physical method includes boiling in distilled water for 30 minutes from the moment of boiling; boiling in distilled water with the addition of 2% sodium bicarbonate for 15 minutes from the moment of boiling; exposure to saturated water steam under pressure in a steam sterilizer at t-110°C for 20 minutes; exposure to dry hot air in an air sterilizer at t-120°C for 45 minutes. Metal tools are disinfected by burning. At the same time, the cutting part is immersed in alcohol and carried over the flame.

Disinfection by physical methods has a number of limitations - boiling leads to metal corrosion, sharp surfaces quickly become dull.

From physical methods disinfection in a hairdressing salon is used by boiling and burning metal tools; from chemicals - chloramine, alcohol and formalin.

The most reliable disinfection of metal instruments is achieved by boiling in a sterilizer, which is a rectangular metal box with two; handles and a tight-fitting lid. Inside the sterilizer there is a metal mesh with handles on the sides, on which instruments are placed, poured cold water and boil for 10-15 minutes from the moment of boiling water. Boiled storage tools are placed in a jar of alcohol. Alcohol quickly absorbs remaining water, protects instruments from rust and microbes from the air. Care must be taken that the cutting surface of the tools is completely immersed in alcohol. It is necessary to boil tools at the beginning of the working day and after serving each visitor. Hairdressing staff must have at least two sets of tools for alternate disinfection.

It is allowed to serve visitors only with disinfected tools.

Sterilizers are of 2 types:

• 1. Ultraviolet sterilizers (app.3)
• 2. Crystal sterilizers (app.4)

Sterilization is the complete destruction of all microbes. The difference between the concepts is primarily that not everyone perishes during disinfection. And just by the number of survivors, it is divided into 3 levels, and the 4th, at which the disinfection coefficient is 10 to the minus sixth power, otherwise 0.000001, is already called sterilization. For example, if we take a million contaminated cutters or nippers and subject them to a treatment that results in microbes being found on only one tool, then the process is called sterilization. And if, for example, out of the same number of treated instruments, viruses, bacteria, etc. are present on five, one hundred, etc., then here we are talking about disinfection. The effectiveness of sterilization depends on many factors, the main of which are temperature, duration of exposure, the concentration of the sterilizing agent, the initial number of microbes on the instrument.

Sterilization is carried out in order to kill all pathogenic and non-pathogenic microorganisms on them, including their spore forms.

Especially if the procedures that are carried out in the salon or medical center are associated with a violation of the integrity of the skin (various injections, abrasion, some types of manicure and pedicure, rejuvenation systems, etc.), then we must also deal with sterilization. There are several ways to ensure that all harmful things are killed - physical and chemical.

The choice of an adequate sterilization method depends on the characteristics of the products to be sterilized and on the decision of the salon administration. Consider all the common methods of sterilization used in the salon business.

The sterilizer for hairdressing and manicure tools of these types is best suited for sterilizing tweezers, nail clippers, tweezers, scissors and other indispensable tools in a beauty salon.

During the glasperlene sterilizer, glass beads are heated to 200-250 degrees, which destroy all microbes and viruses. It takes 20-30 seconds to process