Questions. Treatment and symptoms of chlamydia, ureaplasmosis and mycoplasmosis Treatment of a combination of chlamydia, mycoplasmosis, ureaplasmosis

Infectious diseases trichomoniasis and chlamydia are very similar, but at the same time they have slightly different clinical manifestations and features of therapy. This article will tell you what trichomoniasis and chlamydia are and how to treat them.

Characteristics of diseases

Trichomoniasis is a very common acute infectious disease. The main route of infection is unprotected sexual intercourse (traditional sex) with a carrier of the infection. As for the transmission of the disease through oral or anal sex, this is unlikely.

Important! Trichomoniasis is sexually transmitted infection. For this reason, it cannot be transmitted through shaking hands, sharing utensils, or kissing.

Despite this, there is a small risk of transmitting the disease when using someone else's underwear, using a damp washcloth, towels, or visiting a bathhouse. This is justified by the fact that Trichomonas is able to actively live in a humid environment for several more hours.

In the event that infection with this disease occurs by everyday means, then, as a rule, a person does not even know about it and finds out during a routine diagnosis. In most cases, the infection then becomes chronic.

After Trichomonas penetrates the human body, the incubation period begins. It lasts for 2-3 weeks. At this time, pathogenic bacteria adapt to the new environment, after which they begin to actively make themselves felt.

During the incubation period of the bacteria, the patient does not feel any signs of illness.

As for chlamydia, it is also infectious sexually transmitted pathology. It is characteristic that the causative agents of this infection - chlamydia - can affect not only the genital organs (vagina, cervix), but also the rectum, urethra in men and eyes.

Carefully! Chlamydia is considered an extremely common disease.

According to research, it is observed in 10% of people under thirty who are sexually active.

Those people who are most susceptible to this infection are those who often change sexual partners and practice sex without barrier contraception (condom).

You should know that most often infection with chlamydia occurs during intimate intercourse (traditional or anal, it does not make much difference, since the probability of transmission of infection is equally high in both cases).

In addition, chlamydia can also be transmitted from mother to newborn baby through sexual intercourse. In this condition, the baby has a high risk of developing pneumonia and eye diseases.

The domestic route of transmission of such an infection is not excluded, but it is unlikely. This is justified by the fact that these pathogenic bacteria die very quickly when they find themselves outside the human body.

Moreover, for a full infection to occur, it is necessary for the body to penetrate a large number of active chlamydia. Otherwise, infection will not occur.

After chlamydia enters the body, the incubation period begins. It may take one to three weeks for the first symptoms to develop.

Symptoms of trichomoniasis

The manifestations and general symptoms of trichomoniasis are not much different from traditional pathologies of the genitourinary system. Moreover, very often this infection is confused with gonorrhea, since the signs of these pathologies are also quite similar.

Reference! The form of its course plays a very important role in the characteristics of the manifestation of trichomoniasis. Thus, a person can have an acute infection, a chronic infection, or a condition such as carriage, when a man or woman does not get sick themselves, but can infect other people.

The acute type of infection is manifested by pronounced symptoms.

Women may experience the following symptoms:

In men there is an acute form of this disease can provoke the following symptoms:

Weakness and pain when urinating.
Decreased sexual desire and prostate problems.
Burning during intimate intercourse.
The appearance of unpleasant discharge from the urethra, which most often occurs in the morning.
Fever and increased body temperature occur when the immune system is weakened, when infections are very easy to infect the body.

In the chronic form of trichomoniasis, it has the same symptoms as in the acute form, but they are mild and a person may not even pay attention to them.

As a rule, the chronic form of such a disease is detected only when it begins to cause dangerous complications. That is why infectious disease specialists strongly recommend regularly taking a preventive test for trichomoniasis, even if a person, at first glance, is not bothered by any signs of pathology.

In the event that a person is only a carrier of such a disease, then the least harm is caused to his body. Thanks to a strong immune system, he will not suffer from the consequences of trichomoniasis, however, in the event of a sharp decrease in immunity, the disease can again acquire an acute form.

Symptoms and signs of chlamydia

Chlamydia (trichomoniasis, its symptoms are very similar to this disease) is characterized by a sluggish course, so most patients find out that they are infected by accident.

This infection can occur in acute and chronic forms, each of which has its own symptoms.

During an acute course, men may develop the following signs of the disease:

Hyperemia urethra and its severe inflammation.
Swelling of the glans penis.
The appearance of unpleasant mucous or purulent discharge from the urethra.
Pain when urinating.
General deterioration of health and fever.
Weakness.

Attention! In its advanced form, chronic chlamydia in men will not cause acute symptoms, however, it can provoke the development of prostatitis, proctitis and urethritis.

In women, chlamydia is acute form usually manifests itself with the following symptoms:

Discomfort during sexual intercourse and pain during urination.
Inflammation of the genital organs.
Drawing pain in the lower abdomen.
The appearance of vaginal discharge of a specific nature.

Carefully! Untreated chlamydia, in both men and women, can cause very dangerous complication in the form of infertility.

That is why it is important to respond to its manifestations in a timely manner and treat this disease.

It should also be noted that sometimes such an infection may not manifest itself at all for a long time, that is, it may proceed without symptoms. For this reason, every six months both sexual partners need to undergo a preventive test.

Treatment of chlamydia

Treatment for detecting chlamydia largely depends on the form of the disease, its neglect, symptoms and the presence of concomitant pathologies in a person. Thus, therapy is selected for each patient individually.

Treatment of chlamydia is aimed at suppressing the activity of chlamydia and preventing the development of dangerous complications.

It is worth remembering that chlamydia itself is highly resistant to many drugs, so therapy must be monitored by a doctor and the drug replaced with another if it is not effective enough.

The following drugs can be used to eliminate chlamydia:

Medicines Doxycycline and Azithromycin. They are most often used for treatment of chlamydia. Usually, they are prescribed in combination and used for several weeks.
Macrolide antibiotics (Rifampicin) are considered very effective. Duration of their administration at acute infection must be at least two weeks. When chronic disease A person needs to take such drugs in courses.
For general support of the body, the patient must be prescribed immunomodulatory drugs.
Additional drugs that can be prescribed for chlamydia are: Claditz, Metacycline, Lomefloxacin. The dosage and method of administration are selected separately for each patient.

You cannot self-medicate the disease.

Important! It is recommended that the second sexual partner also be tested for chlamydia and, if necessary, undergo treatment.

Treatment of trichomoniasis

The following drugs are commonly used to treat trichomoniasis:

The regimen for taking these drugs and the duration of treatment is selected individually for each patient.

Also, as a supplement, local and symptomatic therapy can be carried out.

Conclusion

Chlamydia and trichomoniasis, the treatment of which must be supervised by a doctor, requires maximum endurance and patience from the patient, since general therapy is often lengthy and complex.

Symptoms and methods of treating trichomoniasis and chlamydia at the same time

Back in the twenty-first century, research conducted by American scientists proved the fact that diseases such as trichomoniasis and chlamydia are closely related. After all, after entering the human body, chlamydia becomes vulnerable and therefore, when danger appears, they penetrate Trichomonas and use it for their further development.

After trichomonas enter the body, chlamydia begins to form colonies, after which they leave it and begin to actively infect healthy cells and penetrate their cavity. At the initial stages, chlamydia penetrates Trichomonas and is localized in them, thus avoiding the harmful effects of human antibodies. After strengthening their positions, they attack the cells of the human body, continuing their life cycle in it.

It should be noted that if trichomonas penetrate into the cavities of chlamydia, they gain the ability to survive even if the human immune defense is activated.

Penetration of chlamydia into Trichomonas can occur in two ways:

Absorption of chlamydia by Trichomonas and their digestion, because these microorganisms are quite large in size. But this does not always happen, because chlamydia has the ability to form a protective shell that does not allow Trichomonas to digest it.
Unauthorized penetration of chlamydia into Trichomonas through membrane pores. After achieving its goal, chlamydia leads to an increase in the level of Trichomonas activity.

All this explains the fact that quite often the presence of trichomonas-chlamydial infection is detected, which is quite difficult to treat.

Basic information about trichomoniasis

By trichomoniasis it is necessary to understand a disease that has become quite widespread; the main route of transmission is considered to be sexual. In most cases, carriers of infections are not aware of the presence of such a pathological process in their body and that they are carrying an infection, because it has the ability not to manifest itself in any way.

Once in the human body, Trichomonas, using its vacuoles, drags along microbes, the transmission of which occurs during intimacy. Penetrating into bloodstream, they form a microbial shell, which is endowed with resistance to the influence of immunity and leukocytes.

Trichomonas differs in that it can masquerade as an epithelial cell. This is often the reason for false negative results of a microscopic blood test for the presence of an infectious process.

However, a qualified specialist with experience can easily determine the presence of Trichomonas due to the presence of a wavy membrane in their body structure.

Some people believe that the disease can go away on its own without medical intervention, however, no cases of self-healing have been registered in medical practice to date. This is explained by the fact that human body is not endowed with the ability to produce antibodies that could overcome the disease.

Please note that even after completing a course of treatment and recovery, it is very easy to become infected again; all you need to do is have unprotected sex with an infected person or carrier.

Characteristics of chlamydia

Chlamydia is a sexually transmitted disease caused by chlamydia. Like trichomoniasis, chlamydia is transmitted sexually. In most cases, infection occurs in people who are sexually active, have many partners and do not use barrier methods of contraception.

Quite often, an infected person does not even suspect the presence of the disease in his body, because the disease does not lead to the appearance of pathological sensations.

Quite often, once chlamydia enters the human body, it causes the formation of other diseases and the development of severe complications. There are many cases where married couples, having had chlamydia, are unable to conceive a child.

Please note that chlamydia has the ability to be transmitted along with infections of a different nature - such pathological conditions are difficult to treat with medication.

Clinical picture

As already noted, infection can occur after unprotected sexual intercourse with a sick person or carrier, but infection at birth, when a child passes through the birth canal of an infected woman who has not been treated, is not considered an exception.

An important point is the timely diagnosis of diseases, because this will allow for adequate treatment. The duration of therapy in this case will be shorter compared to advanced stages.

Diseases in men do not have a clear picture; most often they manifest themselves:

itching and discomfort in the penis;
pain and burning sensations during the act of urination;
the appearance of pathological discharge, especially if the pathogen is present in the body for a long time;
inflammatory process, hyperemia and swelling of the penis and foreskin;
deterioration in the quality of sperm.

However, it must be remembered that quite often the presence of diseases is not accompanied by the appearance of pathological symptoms and sensations.

In representatives of the weaker half of humanity, the clinical picture is distinguished by the brightness and intensity of pathological symptoms, which include:

vaginal discharge, which may be foamy or purulent, white, yellow or green in color with an unpleasant fishy odor;
pain that is localized in the lower abdomen or lumbar region of the back;
the appearance of white plaque on the genitals;

ulcerative processes that are localized on the labia;
swelling of the labia, clitoris and urethra;
swelling of the cervix and its bleeding;
cervical erosion.

However, it must be remembered that in both men and women, pathological manifestations of the disease may be absent.

In girls who were infected from a sick mother, trichomoniasis can manifest itself as hyperemia of the hymen, labia minora and labia majora.

Elimination of pathological symptoms

Treatment of trichomoniasis, once the diagnosis is confirmed, should be carried out to both partners simultaneously. If one of them is not treated, the disease will return to the treated person quite easily after unprotected sexual intercourse.

When starting treatment, you need to be very careful and remember that the medications you are using are incompatible with alcohol-containing drinks. This is explained by the fact that the products are made on the basis of substances that, when interacting with alcohol, can lead to the formation of severe adverse reactions.

Therapeutic therapy should consist of the use of general and local drugs, because their parallel use eliminates the pathogen and pathological symptoms. The course of treatment is usually at least ten days; in advanced cases, this period can be extended. During the entire period of treatment, patients are prohibited from eating spicy, salty and fried foods and from being sexually active. Particular attention should be paid to the rules of personal hygiene, and frequent replacement of underwear and bed linen.

The choice of drugs for treatment should be made only by a qualified specialist. The standard treatment regimen should consist of the following:

drugs that lead to the disappearance of the infection (most often the disease is treated with Azithromycin);
vitamins;
immunostimulants;
drugs that are endowed with the ability to restore vaginal microflora;
probiotics

A month after the end of treatment, it is necessary to carry out a re-examination to determine the presence of the pathogen in the body.

Consequences of trichomoniasis

Trichomonas is considered a rather dangerous microorganism for humans, because it has a negative effect on the body’s immune system. The microorganism is capable of absorbing nutrients that enter the human body. In the absence of timely and adequate treatment, the consequences can be very dire.

For men, Trichomonas infection can cause the formation of urethritis and prostatitis at a fairly young age. There have been cases where representatives of the stronger half of humanity suffered from inflammation of the testicles and even seminal vesicles. It must be remembered that as a result of the negative impact on the body’s supporting ability, the risk of HIV infection increases.

weakening of the functional ability of the male reproductive organs;
deterioration in the quality of sperm;
decreased libido;
infertility.

As for women, due to the fact that Trichomonas is attached to the epithelial cells responsible for the microflora, its normal composition is disrupted. The presence of Trichomonas can cause the formation of adhesions in fallopian tubes, and this, in turn, leads to infertility.

There is a risk of oncological diseases cervix. Problems arise with fertilization and bearing a child, because the disease quite often leads to miscarriages and premature birth.

There is a danger for children infected at birth, because they, compared to other children, will be more likely to get colds and viral diseases. Problems with the functioning of internal organs may occur.

Activities to help avoid infection

In order to reduce the risk of data generation pathological conditions recommend:

Both partners undergo preventive examinations, especially during pregnancy planning.
Use barrier methods of contraception - condoms, because they are endowed with the ability to protect against many sexually transmitted diseases.
Avoid casual sexual contact, especially with strangers. If such intimacy occurs, it is necessary to be examined by a doctor.
Have one regular sexual partner.
For women, undergo regular preventive examinations with a gynecologist, and for men, with a urologist.
If pathological discharge from the genitals appears, consult a doctor.

To summarize, it is necessary to focus on the fact that the combination of trichomoniasis and chlamydia is considered a fairly serious sexually transmitted disease, which can lead to a deterioration in a person’s condition and the development of complications. Therefore, you need to be careful and remember preventive measures, because preventing a disease is much easier than treating it.

Treatment and symptoms of chlamydia, ureaplasmosis and mycoplasmosis

The most common genitourinary diseases include chlamydia, ureaplasmosis and mycoplasmosis infections. They give similar symptoms, but each has its own specific symptoms.

Causes and symptoms of chlamydia

The disease has insidiously minimal clinical manifestations and slow progression. WHO statistics show that about 90 million are infected every year, and in both sexes, chronic course and untimely treatment lead to irreversible infertility.

The causative agent of the disease is Chlamydia trachomatis, a negligible (about 250 nm) special microorganism that has a combination of bacterial and viral properties.

Chlamydia trachomatis has several features:

Like a bacterium, the pathogen has a lipid cell wall. This makes it possible to use antimicrobial drugs for therapy.
Chlamydia is inactive outside the host's body.
“Favorite” habitats are the cylindrical epithelial layer of the organs of the urogenital system. Chlamydia attaches, activates, blocks the normal functioning of cells and modifies their structure.
The growth of infection occurs in geometric progression: the life cycle of the microorganism is 48 hours.
Chlamydia infection is asymptomatic and mild in half of the cases. The patients have no clinical manifestations or complaints.

Chlamydia trachomatis infection occurs through sexual contact, and infection is possible through any type of unprotected sexual contact: oral, genital or anal. Household transmission is unlikely and is currently not clinically confirmed.

The infection process occurs in stages:

The latent stage, at which Chlamydia trachomatis penetrates, infects the mucous membranes of the genital organs and begins to multiply cyclically intracellularly.
Clinical stage with the first symptoms. The onset in women and men is manifested by acute urethritis, cervicitis, pharyngitis or proctitis.
The stage of development of chlamydial complications begins with concomitant autoimmune pathologies or combined with other sexually transmitted infections: trichomoniasis, mycoplasmosis, ureaplasmosis and gonorrhea. Women and men develop secondary infertility.

The combined infection enhances the pathogenic activity of Chlamydia trachomatis, which complicates and lengthens the period of chlamydia therapy.

Causes and symptoms of ureaplasmosis

The disease is caused by the pathogen Ureaplasma urealyticum. This microorganism is part of the group of sexually transmitted infections. Medicine knows 14 types of ureaplasma, and so far experts have not come to a consensus on the issue of their absolute harm to the body in the absence of symptoms. As with similar diseases - chlamydia and mycoplasmosis, signs of infection are mild.

Clinical manifestations depend on the condition of the organs affected by the pathogen. The latent (hidden) period of infection can last from one to several months. Ureaplasmosis does not have any unique characteristics characteristic of it. The disease occurs in the form of inflammation of the genitourinary tract: in men cystitis, urethritis, prostatitis. Women experience frequent and painful urination, itching of the mucous membranes of the genital organs, mucous-turbid discharge, and skin rashes.

Causes of infection and development of ureaplasmosis:

Promiscuous sexual contacts.
Early sex life in teenagers.
Failure to comply with hygiene rules.
Wearing tight synthetic underwear.
Decreased immune defense due to stress, colds, poor nutrition.
Other sexually transmitted infections (mycoplasmosis, chlamydia or trichomoniasis).
Long-term treatment with antibacterial and hormonal drugs.

Staging final diagnosis is carried out only if the patient has an inflammatory process and the presence of other pathogenic microorganisms (causative agents of chlamydia, mycoplasmosis, trichomoniasis) is laboratory confirmed. The question of the need for treatment in each specific case is decided by a qualified specialist.

Causes and symptoms of mycoplasmosis

Mycoplasmosis, like chlamydia and ureaplasmosis, is transmitted primarily through sexual contact. In women and girls, infection can occur directly through household items, underwear, and medical gynecological and urological instruments. There is also information about cases of intrauterine infection or infection from the mother of newborns during the passage of the birth canal.

There are two forms of the disease - asymptomatic (mycoplasma carriage) and with specific symptoms (acute and chronic).

Risk group for Mollicutes hominis genitalium infection:

Women of fertile period.
Patients with other concomitant urogenital pathologies.
Pregnant women.

Mycoplasma carriage is characterized by symptoms of variable cervicitis, vulvovaginitis in women and urethritis in men.

Latent infection is especially dangerous because during the period of activation against the background of weakened immunity it can cause diseases of the hematopoietic organs, peritonitis, postpartum and post-abortion sepsis, pyelonephritis.

The acute form of infection has specific symptoms:

Itching of the genitals.
Serous discharge from the urethra and vagina.

Chronic mycoplasma infection in men affects the prostate, urethral canal, epididymis, and seminal vesicles. In women, Mollicutes genitalium causes endometritis, disorders menstrual cycle, adnexitis, anovulatory bleeding.

Advanced mycoplasmosis is complicated by secondary infertility or spontaneous miscarriages.

Almost 50% of Mollicutes hominis genitalium carriage is observed in women. Male body in 95% of cases it is able to self-heal from infection.

Diagnostics

Chlamydia, ureaplasmosis, mycoplasmosis are combined into one name: mixed infection. Therefore, the basic methods of detection and treatment are common for them.

The following laboratory and diagnostic measures are prescribed:

Study involving the isolation of microorganisms from clinical material.
Immunofluorescence.
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) with determination of antigen-antibody indicators.
Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) study to identify the pathogen.
Bacteriological culture for the sensitivity of microorganisms to antibiotics.

Indications for mandatory initiation of a course of therapy:

An inflammatory process of the genitourinary system and an increased level of leukocytes were detected.
Infertility in women (provided that other tests are normal).

Features of the therapeutic program

Treatment of mixed infection is quite complex, with the mandatory prescription of effective medicines, primarily antibiotics with wide range actions. For adequate and successful treatment while minimizing unwanted complications, the specialist chooses one antibacterial drug in combination with agents that reduce the severity of symptoms and stimulate their effectiveness directly in the inflammatory focus.

The following are prescribed as auxiliary drugs in the treatment of chlamydia and ureaplasmosis:

Immunomodulators-interferons (Pyrogenal, Immunal, Viferon, Polyoxidonium).
Enzymatic preparations (Enzistal, Creon, Pancitrate).
Means for improving blood circulation (Actovegin, Vazonit, Warfarin).
Vitamin complexes.
Physiotherapy course.

To treat mixed infections, highly effective antibiotics, fluoroquinolones or macrolides, are used. They act simultaneously on mycoplasma, chlamydia and ureaplasma.

From the group of macrolides for treatment bacterial infections sexually transmitted diseases, erythromycin and its derivatives (spiramycin, josamycin, midecamycin, doxycycline, azithromycin, roxithromycin) deserve attention.

The drugs suppress protein synthesis in intracellular pathogens and are also harmful to gram-positive cocci and anaerobic bacteria. Macrolides are among the least toxic antibiotics, have high clinical efficacy (over 90%) and bioavailability, are well tolerated by the body and are safe to use (adverse reactions no more than 1%).

For acute uncomplicated forms, drugs are prescribed orally in the morning and evening for a course of 7 to 14 days.

The group of fluoroquinolones (Ciprofloxacin, Ofloxacin, Pefloxacin, Moxifloxacin, Gemifloxacin) are relatively new synthetic antibacterial drugs. Due to their good pharmacokinetic properties and high degree of tissue penetration, they are actively used in venereological, urological and gynecological practice for the treatment of infections of chlamdia and mycoplasma etiology. The action of the group’s drugs is based on the destruction of the bacterial DNA of the cell at all phases of its life cycle. Fluoroquinolones are also well tolerated and produce a low percentage side effects(about 2.5%) do not have carcinogenic, mutagenic or teratogenic properties.

The duration of treatment for mixed infection, frequency of administration and dosage is determined by the observing specialist.

A month after the established course of therapy, repeated laboratory tests are carried out.

Combination of chlamydia, mycoplasmosis and ureaplasmosis

The term mixed infection defines the development of an infectious process caused by several pathogens simultaneously.

The causative agents of sexually transmitted infections (diseases characterized by sexual transmission and primary localization in the organs of the genitourinary system) are microorganisms of more than 20 species.

Therefore, during unprotected sex there is a high risk of becoming infected with several of them.

In such cases, a mixed infection develops.

It usually has a more severe course and more often leads to the development of complications.

An infectious process caused by several pathogens may have atypical clinical symptoms. Therefore, the basis for diagnosing such a disease is laboratory testing.

Causes of the combination of chlamydia, mycoplasmosis, ureaplasmosis

They call chlamydia, ureaplasmosis, mycoplasmosis.

Their main feature is a frequent chronic course with a virtual absence of pronounced clinical manifestations.

These microorganisms have the same similarities regarding the localization of the pathological process.

After infection, they accumulate in the cells of the mucous membrane of the urethra, as well as the vagina in women.

As the disease progresses, they spread to the internal genital organs.

Leading to their inflammation and disruption of functional activity.

Combination of chlamydia,
mycoplasmosis and ureaplasmosis
says the lieutenant colonel
medical service, doctor
Lenkin Sergey Gennadievich

Symptoms of a combination of chlamydia, mycoplasmosis, ureaplasmosis.

The acute course of a mixed infection with simultaneous infection with several pathogens is characterized by symptoms of inflammation of the urethra (urethra), as well as the vagina in women.

These symptoms include:

I. Pain, cutting in the urethra (they usually intensify during urination).
II. The appearance of mucous discharge from the urethra and vagina in women. The addition of a nonspecific infection caused by staphylococci, streptococci or E. coli leads to the appearance of yellow-green discharge.

III. Redness and swelling of the external opening of the urethra.
IV. Dyspareunia, which is the occurrence of pain in the vagina in women during sex. And indicates inflammation of the mucous membrane.

With a long course of mixed infection, symptoms of damage to the internal genital organs appear.

They are characterized by pain in the lower abdomen.

Violation of the functional state of the reproductive system with erectile dysfunction.

Premature ejaculation in men or changes in the menstrual cycle in women.

A frequent complication of mixed infections, in particular combined chlamydia and ureaplasmosis, is infertility.

Diagnosis of a combination of chlamydia, mycoplasmosis, ureaplasmosis

Reliable diagnosis of mixed infection is aimed at identifying pathogens.

Their identification or determination of specific antibodies to them in the blood.

For this purpose, tests are performed in modern laboratories.

Chlamydia, ureaplasmosis, as well as mycoplasmosis and trichomoniasis are detected using PCR.

This is the identification of microorganism genes in the material under study.

ELISA is also used (determination of specific antibodies in the blood).

Treatment of a combination of chlamydia, mycoplasmosis, ureaplasmosis

Effective therapy for mixed infections involves antibiotic therapy.

It must be active against pathogens that cause chlamydia and ureaplasmosis.

Treatment is based on the use of macrolide and tetracycline antibiotics.

If a mixed infection includes chlamydia, ureaplasmosis, trichomoniasis, then antiprotozoal drugs must be included in the antibiotics.

The duration of treatment for mixed infections is determined individually.

Its effectiveness is monitored through repeated laboratory research.

If you find a combination of chlamydia with mycoplasmosis, ureaplasmosis, contact the author of this article - a venereologist, urologist in Moscow with 15 years of experience.

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What is the difference between mycoplasma, ureaplasma, chlamydia and trichomoniasis?

Ureaplasmosis, mycoplasmosis, chlamydia, trichomoniasis are sexually transmitted diseases, the prevalence of which is so widespread among the world's population that some doctors equate it to a flu epidemic. “Why does this happen, and how to prevent it?” - questions that are increasingly heard at health symposiums and forums.

One of the reasons for the global prevalence of chlamydia, mycoplasma, and ureaplasma is considered to be its latent asymptomatic course. Quite often, a person simply does not suspect that he is a carrier of the infection, infecting his sexual partners and spreading ureaplasmosis, mycoplasmosis, chlamydia and trichomoniasis into society.

Doctors call the second good reason the lack of basic knowledge of many people about infections such as chlamydia, mycoplasma, ureaplasma, trichomonas, which are sexually transmitted and can cause serious diseases leading to severe complications.

As modern medical practice shows, when examining patients for carrier infections, a single type of parasite is rarely detected. Most often, there are several identified infections. For example, often detecting chlamydia, ureaplasma, mycoplasma are also detected.

Chlamydia. Symptoms and treatment of chlamydia

Minor pain when urinating;
Scanty transparent discharge from the urethra (urethra) in men, from the vagina in women;
Women may experience pain in the lower abdomen and bleeding between periods;
With proctitis caused by chlamydia, discomfort, itching, and pain are felt in the rectal area, from which discharge is observed.
If the infection gets into the eyes, then chlamydia will occur in the form of conjunctivitis;

Chlamydia is diagnosed in several ways. But PCR is recognized as the most reliable method. Treatment of chlamydia must begin immediately after the infection is detected, otherwise it is fraught with severe complications

For the treatment of chlamydia, a complex of medications is used, which are selected and prescribed by a doctor. The healing process takes a long time, because chlamydia living inside the host cells is reliably protected from the chemical attack of antibiotics. Both sexual partners are treated. Re-infection cannot be ruled out, since the body does not develop stable immunity to infection.

If chlamydia is not treated or if you do it yourself (which rarely leads to a positive result), then serious complications are possible over time:

Epididymitis (inflammation of the epididymis in men);
Inflammation of the appendages and uterus - in women;
Reiter's syndrome (inflammation of the cervix, urethra, joints and eyes) and many others;

Mycoplasma and ureaplasma. How are mycoplasmosis and ureaplasmosis treated?

Despite the diversity of mycoplasma species, only some of them pose a danger to human health. Possessing opportunistic mycoplasma flora M. pneumonia, M. hominis, M. genitalium, with decreased immunity they can cause urogenital or pulmonary mycoplasmosis. The infection is transmitted sexually, by airborne droplets and vertically.

If an infected patient does not have an inflammatory process, then treatment of an opportunistic infection is most often not prescribed. This feature of ureaplasmosis and mycoplasmosis distinguishes them from diseases such as chlamydia and trichomoniasis, which require immediate treatment.

If painful symptoms appear in the form of scanty discharge from the vagina or urethra, burning during urination, itching, you should consult a doctor for examination and treatment. Therapy for mycoplasmosis and ureplasmosis is carried out with antibiotics. Complications of these diseases can include infertility, kidney stones and many other infectious and inflammatory processes.

At the moment, microbiologists know 14 biovars of ureaplasma, but during serotyping, only 3 species are identified that can cause diseases: parvum, urealiticum and species. They lack a cell wall and DNA.

To accurately determine which types of ureaplasma are present in the body, typing is used. After this, it will be possible to prescribe more specific treatment that will give maximum results.

general information

All ureaplasmas belong to the mycoplasma family. These microorganisms are slightly larger in size than viruses, but smaller than bacteria.

Ureaplasma parvum species

According to its classification, this type of pathogen belongs to mycoplasmas, like all others. Its main habitat is the vaginal mucosa in women.

This type of ureaplasma has the ability to break down urea in urine using an enzyme called urease. As a result, ammonia is formed.

With an increase in the amount of this microorganism and a decrease in immunity, an inflammatory process in the genital area may develop. There is also a chance of triggering urolithiasis, and stones will begin to form in different parts of the urinary tract.

Most often, this bacterium is activated when there are already other sexually transmitted infections, for example, chlamydia or gonorrhea. The duration of the incubation period is 3-4 weeks.

Ureaplasma species urealiticum

Their peculiarity is that they penetrate much more easily into the mucous membrane of the genital organs. In women, the risk of this type of ureaplasma is slightly higher.

In women, adhesions may form, resulting in tubal obstruction. This leads to an increased risk of ectopic pregnancy, and in severe cases, infertility is likely.

Ureaplasma species

Finding out exactly what type of ureaplasma is observed in each individual woman is an important point for choosing treatment for the disease. An accurate diagnosis is already half the way to a cure. Only after the cause has been correctly identified can the most effective treatment be prescribed, which will get rid of the infection in the shortest possible time.

The thing is that the urealiticum type causes disease only when its permissible amount is exceeded. For this reason, if the carriage is asymptomatic, therapy may not be prescribed at all.

A different tactic is used when ureaplasma such as spices or parvum is detected. In this case, treatment should be started immediately.

Determining the type of ureaplasma is mandatory in the following cases:

pregnancy planning. Testing for ureaplasma is mandatory for women who are registered at the consultation. It is also prescribed for spontaneous abortions on early stages, since ureaplasmosis can be a provoking factor;
infertility. Identification of this microorganism is mandatory, since there is a possibility of sperm destruction, which affects their total number;
the appearance of symptoms of genital infection;
choice of drug and treatment tactics for the disease.

Determining the type of ureaplasma

The need to determine which subtype led to the development of the disease is dictated by the choice of the correct treatment tactics. The main analysis that is prescribed is a PCR study. At the moment, this is the most informative method available to the doctor. With its help, it is possible to detect even small amounts of the pathogen in the test material.

It is carried out in the following way:

Material is collected from the urethra. Sometimes blood can be used, but with small quantities of the pathogen, its determination will be difficult.
In the laboratory, the finished drugs are transferred to a special reactor.
Then special enzymes are added that bind to ureaplasma RNA and make it possible to determine the type that led to the development of the disease.

In addition to PCR diagnostics, culture seeding is sometimes used. With its help, you can clearly determine what type of pathogen is present in the microflora and its quantity. A special nutrient medium is created in a petri dish, onto which a microorganism is introduced using a microbiological loop. After a few days, the culture grows and is subjected to microscopy. The result will be the type of pathogen identified.

It is also quite common to perform a blood test for antibodies to ureaplasma. But it won't help determine the type. In this case, only the presence in the body can be determined.

Both sexual partners undergo all tests, since when one is cured, the pathogen may remain in the other.

Determining the type of ureaplasma is very important. The course of the disease will always depend on the species that was identified during research. As well as treatment tactics. Therefore, it is always necessary to type the pathogen immediately after its detection.

How to treat trichomoniasis and chlamydia?

The infectious diseases trichomoniasis and chlamydia are very similar, but at the same time, they have slightly different clinical manifestations and treatment features. This article will tell you what trichomoniasis and chlamydia are and how to treat them.

Characteristics of diseases

Important! Trichomoniasis is a sexually transmitted infection. For this reason, it cannot be transmitted through shaking hands, sharing utensils, or kissing.

In the event that infection with this disease occurs through domestic means, then, as a rule, a person does not even know about it and finds out during a routine diagnosis. In most cases, the infection then becomes chronic.

During the incubation period of the bacteria, the patient does not feel any signs of illness.

As for chlamydia, it is also a sexually transmitted infectious pathology. It is characteristic that the causative agents of this infection - chlamydia - can affect not only the genital organs (vagina, cervix), but also the rectum, urethra in men and eyes.

Carefully! Chlamydia is considered an extremely common disease.

According to research, it is observed in 10% of people under thirty who are sexually active.

Those people who are most susceptible to this infection are those who often change sexual partners and practice sex without barrier contraception (condom).

In addition, chlamydia can also be transmitted from mother to newborn baby through sexual intercourse. In this condition, the baby has a high risk of developing pneumonia and eye diseases.

Moreover, for a full infection to occur, a large number of active chlamydia must enter the body. Otherwise, infection will not occur.

After chlamydia enters the body, the incubation period begins. It may take one to three weeks for the first symptoms to develop.

Symptoms of trichomoniasis

Reference! The form of its course plays a very important role in the characteristics of the manifestation of trichomoniasis. Thus, a person can have an acute infection, a chronic infection, or a condition such as carriage, when a man or woman does not get sick themselves, but can infect other people.

The acute type of infection is manifested by pronounced symptoms.

Women may experience the following symptoms:

In men, the acute form of this disease can provoke the following symptoms:

Weakness and pain when urinating.
Decreased sexual desire and prostate problems.
Burning during intimate intercourse.
The appearance of unpleasant discharge from the urethra, which most often occurs in the morning.
Fever and increased body temperature occur when the immune system is weakened, when infections are very easy to infect the body.

In the chronic form of trichomoniasis, it has the same symptoms as in the acute form, but they are mild and a person may not even pay attention to them.

Symptoms and signs of chlamydia

Chlamydia (trichomoniasis, its symptoms are very similar to this disease) is characterized by a sluggish course, so most patients find out that they are infected by accident.

This infection can occur in acute and chronic forms, each of which has its own symptoms.

During an acute course, men may develop the following signs of the disease:

Hyperemia of the urethra and its severe inflammation.
Swelling of the glans penis.
The appearance of unpleasant mucous or purulent discharge from the urethra.
Pain when urinating.
General deterioration of health and fever.
Weakness.

Attention! In its advanced form, chronic chlamydia in men will not cause acute symptoms, but it can provoke the development of prostatitis, proctitis and urethritis.

In women, acute chlamydia usually manifests itself with the following symptoms:

Discomfort during sexual intercourse and pain during urination.
Inflammation of the genital organs.
Drawing pain in the lower abdomen.
The appearance of vaginal discharge of a specific nature.

Carefully! Untreated chlamydia, in both men and women, can cause a very dangerous complication in the form of infertility.

That is why it is important to respond to its manifestations in a timely manner and treat this disease.

Treatment of chlamydia

Treatment of chlamydia is aimed at suppressing the activity of chlamydia and preventing the development of dangerous complications.

It is worth remembering that chlamydia itself is highly resistant to many drugs, so therapy must be monitored by a doctor and the drug replaced with another if it is not effective enough.

The following drugs can be used to eliminate chlamydia:

Medicines Doxycycline and Azithromycin. They are most often used for treatment of chlamydia. Usually, they are prescribed in combination and used for several weeks.
Macrolide antibiotics (Rifampicin) are considered very effective. The duration of their use for acute infection should be at least two weeks. In the case of a chronic disease, a person needs to take such drugs in courses.
For general support of the body, the patient must be prescribed immunomodulatory drugs.
Additional drugs that can be prescribed for chlamydia are: Claditz, Metacycline, Lomefloxacin. The dosage and method of administration are selected separately for each patient.

You cannot self-medicate the disease.

Treatment of trichomoniasis

The following drugs are commonly used to treat trichomoniasis:

The regimen for taking these drugs and the duration of treatment is selected individually for each patient.

Also, as a supplement, local and symptomatic therapy can be carried out.

Conclusion

Chlamydia and trichomoniasis, the treatment of which must be supervised by a doctor, requires maximum endurance and patience from the patient, since general therapy is often lengthy and complex.

Gonorrhea, chlamydia and other sexually transmitted infections

Gonorrhea

Gonorrhea- an infectious disease sexually transmitted ( STD) (during traditional sexual intercourse, as well as during anal and/or oral sexual intercourse), which is based on damage to the mucous membrane of the urethra, which determines the disturbance of urination. There may also be a household route of transmission of gonorrhea.

Sometimes the causative agent of the disease is gonococcus, can remain in the body for a long time, especially in women, without causing any symptoms. This is the insidiousness of the disease. Symptoms of gonorrheal urethritis usually occur 3-5 days after intercourse with an infected partner. The first sign is a burning sensation and pain in the urethra when urinating. After this, there is a frequent urge to urinate and purulent, thick yellowish-brown discharge from the urethra. These secretions have bad smell and after a while they become thicker. The external opening of the urethra swells, becomes red, and small ulcers may even appear.

Diagnosis of gonorrhea requires a professional approach, although it usually does not cause problems, since the gonococcus is easily microscopic when examining discharge from the urethra. With a long course of the disease in men, the testicle and its appendage are affected (orchitis, epididymitis), which often leads to infertility. Gonorrheal urethritis may be complicated by the development of urethral strictures, which are essentially narrowings of the urethra. The latter can significantly interfere with urination and lead to damage Bladder and kidneys.

Treatment of gonorrhea must be performed by a qualified physician and all partners, otherwise it will be ineffective. Antibiotics are used. With timely initiation of therapy, the disease can be cured. With an advanced process that lasts more than two months, chronic infection is possible. In such cases, treatment should be long-term and necessarily include local therapy. Surgery indicated for post-gonorrheal urethral strictures.

Trichomoniasis

Trichomoniasis - also an STD caused by protozoa Trichomonas vaginalis. In the male body it lives in the prostate gland and seminal vesicles. But when they first enter the body, Trichomonas always cause inflammation of the urethra - urethritis. Infection occurs through sexual contact with a patient or carrier of the infection.
Incubation period the average is about 10 days. Characteristic itching in the area of the glans penis during urination, later spreading to the entire urethra, scanty whitish or gray foamy discharge from the urethra are typical manifestations of trichomoniasis. Blood streaks in semen (hemospermia) are a possible phenomenon. If left untreated, after 3-4 weeks all symptoms disappear and the disease becomes chronic. At the same time, the patient regularly experiences exacerbations associated with violent sexual intercourse, alcohol consumption, etc. Trichomonas infection is especially dangerous because it quickly “gets” to prostate gland and seminal vesicles, causing the development of chronic prostatitis and vesiculitis. Chronic orchiepididymitis often leads to infertility.

Microscopy of a smear from the urethra, culture on a nutrient medium, and other methods are used to detect trichomonas. Treatment, as in the case of other STDs, must be carried out for all partners, regardless of the results of laboratory tests. The course of treatment with antibacterial drugs is on average 10 days. After its completion, instillation (washing) of the urethra with medications is indicated. During treatment, you must abstain from sexual intercourse and follow a diet. At the end of treatment and twice more at intervals of 1 month, control tests of the urogenital microflora are carried out.

Chlamydia

Chlamydia - STD, caused by intermediate forms of microorganisms - neither bacteria nor viruses - chlamydia. Two of the 15 varieties of chlamydia infect the human genitourinary system, causing urogenital chlamydia. The disease is often combined with other genitourinary infections - trichomoniasis, gardnerellosis, ureaplasmosis, mycoplasmosis.

The incubation period is from 1 to 3 weeks. Transparent discharge from the urethra in the morning, itching or discomfort when urinating, sticking of the sponges of the external opening of the urethra - initial signs chlamydia. Sometimes there is weakness and a slight increase in body temperature. Chlamydia In general, it often occurs without obvious symptoms. Even without treatment, after some time (about 2 weeks), the symptoms of the disease disappear - and this... yes, yes - a chronic course, waiting in the wings. The chronic process often spreads to the epididymis, which can lead to an obstructive form of male infertility.

Hemorrhagic cystitis and chronic inflammation of the urethra caused by chlamydia, with subsequent scarring and strictures, are a possible reality if treatment is delayed or not started.

Chlamydia may cause damage to other organs. This is called Reiter's syndrome, which includes damage to the eyes (chlamydial conjunctivitis), joints (large and small), skin, and internal organs, such as the liver.

Diagnosis and treatment chlamydia quite complex and time-consuming. The most accurate and accessible method for determining chlamydia in urethral discharge today is the immunofluorescence reaction (RIF) using antibodies labeled with a special substance - FITC. Antibiotics, immunomodulatory therapy, multivitamin therapy, normalization of lifestyle, diet, abstinence from sexual activity during treatment... All partners are treated at the same time. At the end of the course, control tests are required. If chlamydia is not detected, then tests are carried out 2 more times after 1 month. Only then can we talk about the effectiveness of the therapy.

Genital herpes
Genital herpes - This is a sexually transmitted disease caused by the human herpes simplex virus (HSV), which comes in 6 types. The human genitourinary system is affected by type II.

Infection with the virus is possible both through sexual contact with a patient, and through kissing, using towels, shared dishes, linen, that is, through household means. The disease is highly contagious (infectious) during an exacerbation.

The incubation period is 3-7 days. At the beginning of the disease, blisters surrounded by a red border appear on the head of the penis and the inner layer of the foreskin. Bubbles may appear on the scrotum and perineum. As they open, the bubbles are left on the erosion, draining, sometimes forming (in severe cases) large lesions.

At herpetic urethritis similar phenomena occur on the mucous membrane of the urethra. Pain and burning in the urethra when urinating are characteristic symptoms. There is discharge from the urethra in the morning, in the form of a drop on the underwear. Possible increase in body temperature, enlargement of inguinal lymph nodes.

In the absence of treatment, in 3/4 of those infected with the virus, the disease recurs (symptoms of the disease usually go away on their own within 1-2 weeks). Another relapse of the disease, usually protracted, can be triggered by stress, immune disorders, colds, and malnutrition.

Against the background of a chronic course urogenital herpes The body’s own conditionally pathogenic (pathogenic) bacterial flora (staphylococcus, streptococcus, E. coli) may become more active. In this case, it can be quite difficult to cure diseases caused by these pathogens (urethritis, prostatitis, vesiculitis).

Diagnostics herpes of genitourinary organs does not present any particular difficulties, since the manifestations of the disease are quite characteristic, but the treatment of herpetic infection, like any other viral infection, is currently not effective (in comparison with bacterial diseases), especially in unskilled hands. An effective drug for herpes is acyclovir, which can be used both in the form of tablets and injections, as an ointment. However, this drug only stops (stops) the stage of acute inflammation and avoids relapses. Immunotherapy is also needed. In general, if the patient is sick herpes, then he needs a study of his immune status.

Urea and mycoplasmosis

Ureaplasmosis and mycoplasmosis is caused accordingly by pathogens - Ureaplasma urealiticum and Micoplasma hominis, occupying an intermediate position between viruses, bacteria and protozoa. The similarity of diseases allows us to almost always consider them together. You can only become infected through sexual contact with a patient or carrier ureaplasma (mycoplasma).

The incubation period is from 2-3 weeks to 2 months. The disease debuts with symptoms of urethritis, which does not have specific features (burning or itching when urinating, morning discharge from the urethra, possible low temperature and worsening general well-being). Urethritis caused by ureaplasma (mycoplasma) is often accompanied by inflammation of the foreskin and glans penis - balanoposthitis. The clinical picture can vary in severity from very bright, sharp to faded, barely noticeable or almost complete absence clinical manifestations (only minor morning discharge).

Symptoms ureaplasmosis disappear quickly in the absence of therapy and the inflammation becomes chronic, but after a while an exacerbation occurs again. Moreover, in men, the inflammatory process, again, most often passes to the prostate gland and seminal vesicles, causing chronic ureaplasma prostatitis and vesiculitis. And after a certain time, chronic bilateral epididymitis develops, which often ends with obliteration of the epididymis and obstructive form of infertility. With the development of ureaplasma orchitis, a violation of the secretory function of the testicles and the development of a secretory form of infertility are possible. Mycoplasma cystitis and pyelonephritis (transition of the inflammatory process to the kidney) may also develop.

Ureaplasmosis And mycoplasmosis are diagnosed modern methods DNA diagnostics, or so-called polymerase chain reaction (PCR).

Treatment must be provided to all partners. Antibacterial drugs are used for a course lasting an average of 2 weeks. It is also necessary to use immunomodulatory therapy (drugs that increase the body's immunity), local treatment (instillations medicinal substances into the urethra, physiotherapy, for prostatitis - prostate massage).

During treatment, it is necessary to abstain from sexual activity and follow a diet.

Control studies are carried out at the end of the course of treatment to determine its effectiveness. They are carried out for 3 months after the end of treatment.

Gardnerellosis

Gardnerellosis caused by bacteria and transmitted sexually. The incubation period averages 7-10 days, but can vary from 3 days to 5 weeks. There is often a mixed infection of Gardnerella with gonococci, Trichomonas, chlamydia, and mycoplasmas.

Gardnerellosis It affects men and women equally often, but in men its manifestations are often subtle and it is detected less frequently. Asymptomatic carriage of Gardnerella is possible, and the carrier of this infection quickly infects all of his sexual partners with it.

In men gardnerella usually causes . In this condition, discharge from the urethra is scanty, gray, watery, with an unpleasant fishy odor. Other manifestations include burning, itching, or simply unpleasant sensations when urinating.

With long-term asymptomatic course gardnerella infection leads to the development of orchiepididymitis and infertility.

Polymerase chain reaction (PCR), based on the specific determination of the DNA of a given microorganism in smears from the male urethra, helps in diagnosis.

All partners are treated, otherwise it will not be effective. Therapy for Gardnerella infection is carried out with antibacterial drugs, taking into account the sensitivity of the pathogen, as well as the presence of other infectious agents. The duration of treatment for gardnerellosis is from 1 to 3 weeks, but in each case it must be determined individually. Refusal of sexual intercourse and adherence to a special diet for the period of therapy. At the end of the course of treatment, control studies of the urogenital microflora are carried out.

Human papillomavirus (human papillomatosis virus)

Today, more than 60 varieties of this virus are known, causing both the appearance of ordinary, plantar and palmar warts, and warts of the genital organs - genital warts - limited papillary growths of the skin and mucous membranes of a person of an inflammatory nature.

The incubation period of the disease is usually 2-3 months for a person, but can be significantly shortened or extended (up to several years) depending on the state of immunity. In addition to the classic route of transmission of infection - sexual, with the introduction of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) into practice, data appeared on the possible transmission of this virus from mother to child during pregnancy and childbirth. The possibility of transmission of the virus through blood cannot be completely ruled out. breastfeeding, through objects and clothing (by everyday means). However, the main route of transmission of the papillomatosis virus is still sexual intercourse. Sometimes the papillomatosis virus is discovered in the patient’s blood by chance during an examination (for example, in a woman during pregnancy) in the absence of any external manifestations of the disease. In such cases, a consultation with an immunologist is necessary in order to correct the lifestyle, and, if necessary, treatment. Long-term carriage of the papillomatosis virus can undermine the strength of even a relatively strong organism, especially reducing the local immunity of the pelvic and genital organs.

It should be noted that a patient or carrier of papillovirus infection of the genitals is prone to infection with other sexually transmitted diseases - chlamydia, trichomoniasis, ureaplasmosis, etc. In general, human papillovirus infection of the genital area is often accompanied by a whole “bouquet” of sexually transmitted diseases. Treatment of such patients is much longer, labor-intensive and expensive.

As mentioned above, genital warts are a manifestation and the main symptom of papillomavirus infection of the genital organs. The papillomovirus, as it enters the human body, spreads through the bloodstream and attaches to the epithelial cells of the genital organs, perineum or anus. Next, the virus invades the epithelial cell and, integrating into its DNA, forces the cell to work and live differently - the cell begins to actively grow and divide, as a result of which, after some time, growths characteristic of the disease appear in the form of condylomas. The size of one condyloma usually does not exceed a few millimeters, but their number can vary from a single condyloma to tens and hundreds. It is even possible to completely cover the genitals, perineum and anus. These places are the most typical localization of condylomas. In men, as a rule, single formations should be looked for on the foreskin or in the area of the coronary sulcus, in women - on the labia minora. Condylomas do not go away on their own, and if accidentally or intentionally damaged, a bleeding and poorly healing ulcer may form in their place.

As for diagnosis, it is not difficult for an experienced doctor to identify genital warts only by its appearance. However, to confirm the diagnosis, it is necessary to detect the DNA of the virus in the patient’s blood, which is best done using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). It is also necessary to conduct a thorough study of the human urogenital microflora to exclude the presence of other STD pathogens in the blood.

It is often necessary to refer such a patient for a consultation with an immunologist, or at least to study the patient’s immune status.

Complications of papillomavirus infection include suppuration, ulceration, a sharp decrease in local and general immunity, as a result of which a person becomes susceptible to any infectious disease, and also (this has not yet been conclusively proven) it is possible that cancer may arise at the site of the existence of genital warts.

To date, there is no drug that can completely destroy or remove from the body the causative agent of genital papillomavirus infection. Therefore, treatment is limited to local removal of condylomas, for example, by cryotherapy (liquid nitrogen) - an inexpensive, but in the hands of an experienced doctor, quite convenient and safe method, as well as diathermocoagulation (high-energy thermal radiation) or laser and a course of immunocorrective (immune-regulating) therapy.

To prevent human papillomavirus infection, you must adhere to simple rules of sexual hygiene. Only expensive condoms, for example, made in America or Europe, which undergo a special test to ensure that their pores are impenetrable to virus particles, will protect you from infection with viral infections, which in addition to the papillomavirus also include the AIDS virus. They are marked with the anti-AIDS sign.
Don't skimp on condoms! And remember that a condom does not provide 100% protection against infection. Having a regular sexual partner whom you completely trust and avoiding casual relationships is the best prevention of infection.

At the slightest suspicion of the appearance of genital warts in the genital area, you should immediately seek advice from a specialist - a urologist, venereologist or gynecologist.

Incorrect use of drugs for the treatment of genital warts can result in either insufficient dosage or, conversely, excessive exposure that can damage healthy tissue. Also, a lay person always runs the risk of confusing genital warts with some other disease, for example, with a malignant tumor. It’s better not to take risks and entrust your health to specialists - this will ensure you a full, long and happy sex life.

Adviсe:
*Untreated or improperly treated urethritis, as the primary and most common nosological form of inflammation of the genitourinary tract, becomes chronic after 2 months, even if the clinical manifestations are minimal and sometimes unnoticeable to the patient himself, and with the chronic course of urethritis, the appearance of numerous complications is almost inevitable, both from genital organs, as well as from other body systems.
*The examination must be comprehensive, including drugs aimed at the mechanism of the disease (local treatment, immunotherapy, enzyme therapy, physiotherapy, etc.) and drugs aimed at destroying the causative agent of the disease (antibiotics).
*A full examination of the patient should also include an examination of his sexual partners.
*After treatment for chronic urethritis complicated by prostatitis, patients often do not have time to normalize the basic functions of the prostate gland, the state of local anti-infective immunity of the urethra, and the composition of the prostate secretion. In this case, rehabilitation measures should be carried out aimed at restoring the secretory and barrier functions of the prostate gland, restoring the protective microflora of the urethra, normalizing hormonal levels, elimination of neurogenic complications. Only an experienced urologist can do this.
*After treatment for urethritis is completed, the patient is allowed to have sex using a condom. Sexual activity without a condom is possible only if the sexual partners are cured.

Prevention of sexually transmitted diseases in men after casual sex:
If you have unprotected sexual intercourse, you need to wash your genitals with soap as quickly as possible, go to the toilet and urinate, then treat your genitals with an antiseptic drug, such as Miramistin or Betadine, and undergo drug prophylaxis from a specialist (possible within a few days after sexual intercourse, in the form of one or two intramuscular injections or taking tablets, is ineffective against genital herpes, HIV and viral hepatitis). After two weeks, it is advisable to undergo diagnostics for urethral infections using the PCR method, and after a month and a half, donate blood for antibodies to HIV, hepatitis and Treponema pallidum (syphilis).
Avoid sexual relations with a regular sexual partner until you undergo an appropriate examination.

The presence of several diseases at the same time, for example, chlamydia, ureaplasmosis and mycoplasmosis in the human body is called a mixed infection. Therapy for mixed infections is quite complex and must be carried out with effective medications. The main treatment for mixed infection chlamydia + ureaplasmosis + mycoplasmosis is broad-spectrum antibiotics. Moreover, the number of antibacterial drugs used to treat mixed infections should be minimized. Thus, it is necessary to choose one drug with a broad spectrum of action, rather than prescribing two or three medicines, each of which has a relatively small spectrum of antibacterial activity.

In addition to antibiotics, various agents can be used to treat mixed infections that reduce the severity of symptoms and improve penetration antibacterial agents to the site of inflammation. Currently, the following drugs are used as adjuncts in the treatment of mixed infections:

Immunomodulators from the group of interferons, for example, Pyrogenal, Immunal, Genferon, Viferon, Likopid, Imunomax, Polyoxidonium, etc.;

Enzyme agents, for example, Wobenzym, Phlogenzyme, Lidaza, etc.;

Drugs that improve microcirculation, for example, Trental, Curantil, etc.;

Complex multivitamins, for example, Centrum, Vitrum, Alphabet, Multi-Tabs, etc.;

Probiotics, for example, Bifidumbacterin, Bifiform, Lactobacterin, etc.;

Physiotherapeutic procedures (for example, electrical stimulation of the urethra, laser therapy, magnetic therapy, vibroacoustic therapy).

Today, doctors and patients often hear the opinion that treatment of mixed infections can begin after the results of bacteriological culture for the sensitivity of microorganisms to antibiotics are known. In principle, this approach is justified, however, not in relation to the mixed infection ureaplasmosis + mycoplasmosis + chlamydia. The fact is that chlamydia are intracellular microorganisms that are difficult to inoculate on a medium, and therefore determining their sensitivity to antibiotics by bacteriological culture is simply impossible. Thus, in order to begin treatment of a mixed infection, there is no need to perform bacteriological culture to determine the sensitivity of microorganisms to various antibiotics.

To start treatment, you should choose an antibiotic that is destructive against all three microorganisms - chlamydia, mycoplasma and ureaplasma. Currently, there are several groups of highly effective antibiotics - fluoroquinolones and macrolides, which are destructive against all three microbes - mycoplasma, chlamydia and ureaplasma. Macrolides and fluoroquinolones, effective against mycoplasmas, ureaplasmas and chlamydia, are shown in the table.

Macrolides effective against chlamydia and ureaplasma	Fluoroquinolones effective against chlamydia and ureaplasma

The most common genitourinary diseases include chlamydia, ureaplasmosis and mycoplasmosis infections. They give similar symptoms, but each has its own specific symptoms.

Causes and symptoms of chlamydia

The causative agent of the disease is Chlamydia trachomatis, a negligible (about 250 nm) special microorganism that has a combination of bacterial and viral properties.

Chlamydia trachomatis has several features:

Like a bacterium, the pathogen has a lipid cell wall. This makes it possible to use antimicrobial drugs for therapy.

Chlamydia is inactive outside the host's body.
“Favorite” habitats are the cylindrical epithelial layer of the organs of the urogenital system. Chlamydia attaches, activates, blocks the normal functioning of cells and modifies their structure.
The growth of infection occurs in geometric progression: the life cycle of the microorganism is 48 hours.
Chlamydia infection is asymptomatic and mild in half of the cases. The patients have no clinical manifestations or complaints.

The infection process occurs in stages:

The latent stage, at which Chlamydia trachomatis penetrates, infects the mucous membranes of the genital organs and begins to multiply cyclically intracellularly.
Clinical stage with the first symptoms. The onset in women and men is manifested by acute urethritis, cervicitis, pharyngitis or proctitis.
The stage of development of chlamydial complications begins with concomitant autoimmune pathologies or combined with other sexually transmitted infections: trichomoniasis, mycoplasmosis, ureaplasmosis and gonorrhea. Women and men develop secondary infertility.

The combined infection enhances the pathogenic activity of Chlamydia trachomatis, which complicates and lengthens the period of chlamydia therapy.

Causes and symptoms of ureaplasmosis

Causes of infection and development of ureaplasmosis:

Promiscuous sexual contacts.
Early sexual activity in adolescents.
Failure to comply with hygiene rules.
Wearing tight synthetic underwear.
Reduced immune defense due to stress, colds, poor nutrition.
Other sexually transmitted infections (mycoplasmosis, chlamydia or trichomoniasis).
Long-term treatment with antibacterial and hormonal drugs.

A final diagnosis is made only if the patient has an inflammatory process and the presence of other pathogenic microorganisms (causative agents of chlamydia, mycoplasmosis, trichomoniasis) is laboratory confirmed. The question of the need for treatment in each specific case is decided by a qualified specialist.

Causes and symptoms of mycoplasmosis

There are two forms of the disease - asymptomatic (mycoplasma carriage) and with specific symptoms (acute and chronic).

Risk group for Mollicutes hominis genitalium infection:

Women of fertile period.
Patients with other concomitant urogenital pathologies.
Pregnant women.

Mycoplasma carriage is characterized by symptoms of variable cervicitis, vulvovaginitis in women and urethritis in men.

The acute form of infection has specific symptoms:

Itching of the genitals.
Serous discharge from the urethra and vagina.

Chronic mycoplasma infection in men affects the prostate, urethral canal, epididymis, and seminal vesicles. In women, Mollicutes genitalium causes endometritis, menstrual irregularities, adnexitis, and anovulatory bleeding.

Advanced mycoplasmosis is complicated by secondary infertility or spontaneous miscarriages.

Almost 50% of Mollicutes hominis genitalium carriage is observed in women. The male body is able to heal itself from infection in 95% of cases.

Diagnostics

Chlamydia, ureaplasmosis, mycoplasmosis are combined into one name: mixed infection. Therefore, the basic methods of detection and treatment are common for them.

The following laboratory and diagnostic measures are prescribed:

Study involving the isolation of microorganisms from clinical material.
Immunofluorescence.
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) with determination of antigen-antibody indicators.
Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) study to identify the pathogen.
Bacteriological culture for the sensitivity of microorganisms to antibiotics.

Indications for mandatory initiation of a course of therapy:

An inflammatory process of the genitourinary system and an increased level of leukocytes were detected.
Infertility in women (provided that other tests are normal).

Features of the therapeutic program

Treatment of mixed infection is quite complex, with the mandatory prescription of effective medications, primarily antibiotics with a wide spectrum of action. For adequate and successful treatment while minimizing unwanted complications, the specialist chooses one antibacterial drug in combination with agents that reduce the severity of symptoms and stimulate their effectiveness directly in the inflammatory focus.

The following are prescribed as auxiliary drugs in the treatment of chlamydia and ureaplasmosis:

Immunomodulators-interferons (Pyrogenal, Immunal, Viferon, Polyoxidonium).
Enzymatic preparations (Enzistal, Creon, Pancitrate).
Means for improving blood circulation (Actovegin, Vazonit, Warfarin).
Vitamin complexes.
Physiotherapy course.

To treat mixed infections, highly effective antibiotics, fluoroquinolones or macrolides, are used. They act simultaneously on mycoplasma, chlamydia and ureaplasma.

From the group of macrolides for the treatment of sexually transmitted bacterial infections, erythromycin and its derivatives (spiramycin, josamycin, midecamycin, doxycycline, azithromycin, roxithromycin) deserve attention.

For acute uncomplicated forms, drugs are prescribed orally in the morning and evening for a course of 7 to 14 days.

The group of fluoroquinolones (Ciprofloxacin, Ofloxacin, Pefloxacin, Moxifloxacin, Gemifloxacin) are relatively new synthetic antibacterial drugs. Due to their good pharmacokinetic properties and high degree of tissue penetration, they are actively used in venereological, urological and gynecological practice for the treatment of infections of chlamdia and mycoplasma etiology. The action of the group’s drugs is based on the destruction of the bacterial DNA of the cell at all phases of its life cycle. Fluoroquinolones are also well tolerated, have a low percentage of side effects (about 2.5%) and do not have carcinogenic, mutagenic or teratogenic properties.

The duration of treatment for mixed infection, frequency of administration and dosage is determined by the observing specialist.

A month after the established course of therapy, repeated laboratory tests are carried out.