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Aesop is a semi-legendary figure of ancient Greek literature, a fabulist who lived in the 6th century BC. e.

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It is impossible to say whether Aesop was a historical figure. The first news about him is found in Herodotus, who reports (II, 134) that Aesop was a slave of a certain Iadmon from the island of Samos, then was set free, lived during the time of the Egyptian king Amasis (570-526 BC) and was killed by the Delphians; for his death, Delphi paid a ransom to the descendants of Iadmon. More than a hundred years later, Heraclides of Pontus writes that Aesop came from Thrace, was a contemporary of Pherecydes, and his first master was called Xanthus. But this data is extracted from an earlier story by Herodotus through unreliable inferences (for example, Thrace as the birthplace of Aesop is inspired by the fact that Herodotus mentions Aesop in connection with the Thracian heteroa Rhodopis, who was also a slave to Iadmon). Aristophanes ("Wasps", 1446-1448) already reports details about Aesop's death - the wandering motif of a planted cup, which served as the reason for his accusation, and the fable of the eagle and the beetle, told by him before his death. A century later, this statement of Aristophanes’ heroes is repeated as a historical fact. The comedian Plato (late 5th century) already mentions the posthumous reincarnations of Aesop’s soul. The comedian Alexis (late 4th century), who wrote the comedy “Aesop,” pits his hero against Solon, that is, he already interweaves the legend of Aesop into the cycle of legends about the seven wise men and King Croesus. His contemporary Lysippos also knew this version, depicting Aesop at the head of the seven wise men.

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Slavery at Xanthus, connection with the seven sages, death from the treachery of the Delphic priests - all these motives became links in the subsequent Aesopian legend, the core of which was formed by the end of the 4th century. BC e. The most important monument of this tradition was the “Biography of Aesop,” compiled in the vernacular language, which survived in several editions. In this version, Aesop’s deformity (not mentioned by early authors) plays an important role; Phrygia (a stereotypical place associated with slaves) becomes his homeland instead of Thrace; Aesop appears as a sage and joker, fooling kings and his master, a stupid philosopher. In this plot, surprisingly, Aesop’s fables themselves play almost no role; the anecdotes and jokes told by Aesop in his “Biography” are not included in the collection of “Aesop’s fables” that has come down to us from antiquity and are quite far from it in terms of genre. The image of the ugly, wise and cunning “Phrygian slave” in finished form goes to the new European tradition. Antiquity did not doubt the historicity of Aesop. Luther first questioned it in the 16th century. Eighteenth-century philology substantiated this doubt; nineteenth-century philology took it to its extreme: Otto Crusius and after him Rutherford asserted the mythical nature of Aesop with a decisiveness characteristic of the hypercriticism of their era. In the 20th century, some authors admitted the possibility of the existence of a historical prototype of Aesop.

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Popular fables Camel Lamb and Wolf Horse and Donkey Partridge and Hens Reed and Olive Tree Eagle and Beetle

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The Eagle and the Beetle The eagle was chasing a hare. The hare saw that there was no help for him from anywhere, and he prayed to the only one who turned up for him - to the dung beetle. The beetle encouraged him and, seeing an eagle in front of him, began to ask the predator not to touch the one who was looking for his help. The eagle did not even pay attention to such an insignificant defender and devoured the hare. But the beetle did not forget this insult: he tirelessly watched the eagle’s nest, and every time the eagle laid eggs, he rose to the heights, rolled them out and broke them. Finally, the eagle, finding peace nowhere, sought refuge with Zeus himself and asked to be given a quiet place to hatch his eggs. Zeus allowed the eagle to put eggs in his bosom. The beetle, seeing this, rolled up a dung ball, flew up to Zeus and dropped his ball into his bosom. Zeus stood up to shake off the dung and accidentally dropped the eagle's eggs. Since then, they say, eagles do not build nests at the time when dung beetles hatch. The fable teaches that no one should be despised, for no one is so powerless that he cannot avenge an insult.

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Literature lesson in 5th grade Aesop's Fables

Literature teacher Salimova Madina Ganiyatullovna Municipal Educational Institution “Humanitarian Gymnasium” Safonovo - 2010

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Show the role of the fable in the literature of different times and peoples, exposing in the fable unjust social orders and shortcomings of people; consolidate what has been learned in literary theory: fable, morality, allegory, metaphor, irony; Develop expressive reading skills and attention to artistic detail; Promote the development of imaginative and analytical thinking, creative imagination.

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A fable is one of the oldest literary genres, a short entertaining story in verse or prose with an obligatory moralizing conclusion. Ancient Greece was famous for Aesop (VI-V centuries BC), who wrote fables in prose. Morality is moral teaching, teaching. The fable contains a moral so that the author can show his own attitude to what is told in the fable and convey the author's idea to the reader.

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Techniques of fabulists

What techniques did fabulists use to express their thoughts? - Allegory - allegory; metaphor - the use of words in a figurative meaning to define an object based on similarity of meaning, likening; irony - hidden mockery, allegory).

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Allegory

The allegory in the fable is that the main characters are animals. They don't have their own names. Behind their generalized images hide people with their own personalities and shortcomings.

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Aesop (VI-V centuries BC)

Semi-legendary slave from the island of Samos, who lived in the 6th century. BC e., the author of many fables that have become the property of European - earthly culture. His plots were used by such fable masters as La Fontaine and Krylov. His aphorisms have entered our lives...

Aesop 150 BC e. Rome (Villa Albani collection)

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It is known that Aesop was a slave. Thanks to his intelligence, he achieved freedom. Even the rulers of Greece listened to his advice, expressed in allegorical form. In his fables, under the guise of animals, Aesop ridiculed the stupidity, greed and other vices of people. Many took it personally. To take revenge on Aesop, the people offended by him put a golden cup stolen from the temple in his knapsack. According to legend, when Aesop was captured, he had to either be executed, or he had to admit that he was a slave again - in which case the owner would pay a fine, and Aesop would spare his life. Aesop did not want to lose his freedom and chose the death of a free man.

Painting by Diego Velazquez (1639 – 1640)

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Aesop. "Peasant and Children"

One peasant winegrower always cultivated his plot from end to end as it should, so that the harvest would be high. Realizing that the days were already numbered, I thought about how to find a way so that the still stupid sons would not squander the inheritance. So, calling his sons to himself, He said, without specifying the vine, that there was a buried treasure under the vine. He was glad to leave them an inheritance.

He died. The sons, not knowing where the treasure was hidden, took shovels and dug up all the ground; They didn’t find the treasure, but they achieved such an unprecedented harvest this year, truly: He enriched them a hundred times more generously than the treasured treasure. Since then, the world has known that treasure for a person is work.

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Raven and fox.

The raven took away a piece of meat and sat down on a tree. The fox saw it and wanted to get this meat. She stood in front of the raven and began to praise him: he was great and handsome, and could become a king over the birds better than others, and he would, of course, if he also had a voice. The raven wanted to show her that he had a voice: he released the meat and cawed. And the fox ran up, grabbed the meat and said: “Eh, raven, if you also had a mind in your head, you wouldn’t need anything else to reign.”

Later, Asia Minor was called his homeland, which is quite plausible, since the nature of his name is consistent with this. His death at Delphi was adorned with a legend that can be reconstructed from Herodotus and Aristophanes, combining them with later evidence. According to this legend, Aesop, while in Delphi, aroused several citizens against him with his slander, and they decided to punish him.

To do this, they stole a golden cup from temple utensils, secretly put it in Aesop's knapsack and then sounded the alarm; it was ordered to search the pilgrims, the cup was found on Aesop, and he, like a blasphemer, was stoned. Many years later the miraculous discovery of Aesop's innocence followed; the descendants of his murderers were forced to pay a penalty, for which the grandson of that Jadmon, who was his master, came to receive it.

Aesop's fables have been translated (often revised) into many languages ​​of the world, including by the famous fable writers Jean La Fontaine and Ivan Krylov. Jean LafontaineIvan Krylov In Russian, a complete translation of all Aesop's fables was published in 1968.1968

Under the name of Aesop, a collection of fables (of 426 short works) in prosaic presentation has been preserved. There is reason to believe that in the era of Aristophanes (end of the 5th century) a written collection of Aesop’s fables was known in Athens, from which children were taught at school; “You are ignorant and lazy, you haven’t even learned Aesop,” says one character in Aristophanes. These were prosaic retellings, without any artistic decoration. In fact, the so-called Aesop's collection included fables from various eras. Aristophanes Aesops collection

Camel Lamb and Wolf Horse and Donkey Partridge and Hens Reed and Olive Tree Eagle and Fox Eagle and Jackdaw Eagle and Turtle Boar and Fox Donkey and Horse Donkey and Fox Donkey and Goat Donkey, Rook and Shepherd Frog, Rat and Crane Fox and Ram Fox and Donkey Fox and Woodcutter Fox and Stork

Fable - “The Man Promising the Impossible” One poor man fell ill and felt completely ill; the doctors abandoned him; and then he prayed to the gods, promising to bring them a hecatomb and donate rich gifts if he recovered. His wife, being nearby, asked: “What kind of money will you do this with?” “Do you really think,” he answered, “that I will begin to recover only so that the gods will demand it of me?” The fable shows that people easily promise in words what they do not think of fulfilling in practice.

“Zeus and the Turtle” Zeus celebrated the wedding and set out food for all the animals. Only the turtle did not come. Not understanding what was the matter, the next day Zeus asked her why she did not come to the feast alone. “Your home is the best home,” answered the turtle. Zeus was angry with her and forced her to carry her own house everywhere. So many people find it more pleasant to live modestly at home than to live richly with strangers.

His story ends with his unjust execution on false charges of theft from the Delphic temple. In the biography of Aesop, preceded by a set of fables attributed to him, which were collected by the monk Maximus Planud (14th century), there are many other anecdotes, most of them unreliable.

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Aesop - the legendary ancient Greek creator of fables

Diego Velazquez. Aesop.

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Possessing an ugly appearance from birth, Aesop had a sharp mind

A hunchbacked dwarf sold into slavery, Aesop was from Phrygia.

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At one of the markets, Aesop was bought by the rich Greek Xanthus

It was on the island of Samos that Aesop lived with his master and his family.

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M. Gasparov talks about the biography of Aesop and his wisdom in the book “Entertaining Greece”:

Aesop was a writer of fables. It was believed that all the fable stories, which were then retold in different ways for many centuries, were first invented by Aesop: about the wolf and the lamb, and about the fox and grapes, and about frogs asking for a king. His name became so closely associated with the word “fable” that when some writer began writing fables, he wrote on his book: “Aesop’s fables of such and such a writer.”

Aesop composed fables because he was a slave and saying directly what he thought was dangerous for him. This was his allegorical, “Aesopian language.” And about how he was a slave, and to whom, and what came of it, people told many funny stories.

He was a slave, so to speak, by nature: firstly, he was a barbarian, and secondly, a freak. He was a Phrygian, from Asia Minor, and the Phrygians, according to the firm Greek conviction, were only fit to be slaves. And his appearance was like this: a head like a cauldron, a snub nose, thick lips, short arms, a hunchbacked back, a distended belly. But the gods rewarded him with the gift of speech, a sharp mind and the art of composing fables.

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The Wisdom of Aesop

Xanthus arranged a treat for the students and sent Aesop to the market: “Buy us all the best that there is in the world!” Guests have arrived - Aesop serves only tongues: fried, boiled, salted. "What does it mean?" - “Isn’t language the best thing in the world? People use language to agree, establish laws, talk about wise things - there is nothing better than language!” - “Well, for tomorrow, buy us all the worst things in the world!” The next day Aesop again gives only tongues: “What does this mean?” - “Isn’t language the worst thing in the world? People deceive each other with language, they start disputes, discord, war - there is nothing worse than language!” Xanthus was angry, but could not find fault.

After lunch we started drinking wine. Xanthus got drunk and began to say: “A man can do anything!” - “Will you drink the sea?” - “I’ll drink!” We made a bet. In the morning, Xanth sobered up and was horrified by such shame. Aesop to him: “Do you want me to help?” - “Help!” - “When you go out to the seashore with the judges and spectators, you say: I promised to drink the sea, but I promised to drink the rivers. they fall into it, did not promise; let my opponent dam all the rivers flowing into the sea, then I will drink it!” Xanthus did just that, and everyone was only amazed at his wisdom.

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Xanth sent Aesop to go shopping and met Aesop on the street of the Samian mayor. “Where are you going, Aesop?” - "Don't know!" - “How come you don’t know? Speak!” - "Don't know!" The mayor got angry: “To prison for the stubborn man!” They took Aesop away, and he turned around and said: “You see, chief, I told you the truth: did I know that I was going to prison?” The boss laughed and released Aesop.

Xanthus got ready to go to the bathhouse and said to Aesop: “Go ahead and see how many people are in the bathhouse?” Aesop returns and says: “Only one man.” Xanthus was delighted, went and saw: the bathhouse was full. “What nonsense were you telling me?” “I didn’t tell you nonsense: there was a stone lying in front of the bathhouse on the road, everyone tripped over it, cursed and moved on, and only one was found who, as soon as he tripped, immediately picked up the stone and threw it out of the way. I thought that there were a lot of people here, but there was only one real person.”

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Death of Aesop

Aesop lived for a long time, composed fables, visited the Babylonian king, the Egyptian king, and the feast of the seven wise men. And he died in Delphi. He looked at how the Delphians lived, who neither sow nor reaped, but fed from the sacrifices made to Apollo by all the Hellenes, and he did not like it very much. The Delphians were afraid that he would spread a bad rumor about them around the world, and they resorted to deception: they threw a golden cup from the temple into his bag, and then seized him, accused him of theft and sentenced him to death. For this, a plague befell their city, and for a long time they had to pay for Aesop’s death.

Delphi today.

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Aesop's Fables

Since childhood, everyone has known the story of the raven, the fox and the cheese, invented by Aesop. Read the literal translation of this fable made by L. Tolstoy. What is the theme of this work and does it differ from the theme of I. Krylov’s fable “The Crow and the Fox”?

The Raven managed to get a piece of cheese, he flew up a tree, sat down there and caught the eye of the Fox. She decided to outwit Raven and said: “What a handsome fellow you are, Raven! And the color of your feathers is the most regal! If only you have a voice, you will be the ruler of all birds!” That's what the cheat said. Raven took the bait. He decided to prove that he had a voice, croaked at the top of his lungs and dropped the cheese. The Fox picked up her prey and said: “You have a voice, Raven, but you have no mind.”

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Questions

• What new things have you learned about the fable genre from reading the life of Aesop?
• What new things have you learned about literary translation thanks to your acquaintance with Aesop's work?

Homework:

1. try to find your own examples of how translation features affect the meaning of the work;
2. write a short essay discussing whether translated works and their originals can be considered independent works;
3. write a mini-essay on the topic: “I. A. Krylov: creator of fables or their translator?”
4. Find out which other foreign or Russian writers used or translated the plots of Aesop's fables in their work.

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Slide captions:

Aesop Ancient Greek fabulist

Aesop is a semi-legendary figure of ancient Greek literature, a fabulist who lived in the 6th century BC. e.

It is impossible to say whether Aesop was a historical figure. The first news about him is found in Herodotus, who reports (II, 134) that Aesop was a slave of a certain Iadmon from the island of Samos, then was set free, lived during the time of the Egyptian king Amasis (570-526 BC) and was killed by the Delphians; for his death, Delphi paid a ransom to the descendants of Iadmon. More than a hundred years later, Heraclides of Pontus writes that Aesop came from Thrace, was a contemporary of Pherecydes, and his first master was called Xanthus. But this data is extracted from an earlier story by Herodotus through unreliable inferences (for example, Thrace as the birthplace of Aesop is inspired by the fact that Herodotus mentions Aesop in connection with the Thracian heteroa Rhodopis, who was also a slave to Iadmon). Aristophanes ("Wasps", 1446-1448) already reports details about Aesop's death - the wandering motif of a planted cup, which served as the reason for his accusation, and the fable of the eagle and the beetle, told by him before his death. A century later, this statement of Aristophanes’ heroes is repeated as a historical fact. The comedian Plato (late 5th century) already mentions the posthumous reincarnations of Aesop’s soul. The comedian Alexis (late 4th century), who wrote the comedy “Aesop,” pits his hero against Solon, that is, he already interweaves the legend of Aesop into the cycle of legends about the seven wise men and King Croesus. His contemporary Lysippos also knew this version, depicting Aesop at the head of the seven wise men.

Slavery at Xanthus, connection with the seven sages, death from the treachery of the Delphic priests - all these motives became links in the subsequent Aesopian legend, the core of which was formed by the end of the 4th century. BC e. The most important monument of this tradition was the “Biography of Aesop,” compiled in the vernacular language, which survived in several editions. In this version, Aesop’s deformity (not mentioned by early authors) plays an important role; Phrygia (a stereotypical place associated with slaves) becomes his homeland instead of Thrace; Aesop appears as a sage and joker, fooling kings and his master, a stupid philosopher. In this plot, surprisingly, Aesop’s fables themselves play almost no role; the anecdotes and jokes told by Aesop in his “Biography” are not included in the collection of “Aesop’s fables” that has come down to us from antiquity and are quite far from it in terms of genre. The image of the ugly, wise and cunning “Phrygian slave” in finished form goes to the new European tradition. Antiquity did not doubt the historicity of Aesop. Luther first questioned it in the 16th century. Eighteenth-century philology substantiated this doubt; nineteenth-century philology took it to its extreme: Otto Crusius and after him Rutherford asserted the mythical nature of Aesop with a decisiveness characteristic of the hypercriticism of their era. In the 20th century, some authors admitted the possibility of the existence of a historical prototype of Aesop.

Popular fables Camel Lamb and Wolf Horse and Donkey Partridge and Hens Reed and Olive Tree Eagle and Beetle

The Eagle and the Beetle The eagle was chasing a hare. The hare saw that there was no help for him from anywhere, and he prayed to the only one who turned up for him - to the dung beetle. The beetle encouraged him and, seeing an eagle in front of him, began to ask the predator not to touch the one who was looking for his help. The eagle did not even pay attention to such an insignificant defender and devoured the hare. But the beetle did not forget this insult: he tirelessly watched the eagle’s nest, and every time the eagle laid eggs, he rose to the heights, rolled them out and broke them. Finally, the eagle, finding peace nowhere, sought refuge with Zeus himself and asked to be given a quiet place to hatch his eggs. Zeus allowed the eagle to put eggs in his bosom. The beetle, seeing this, rolled up a dung ball, flew up to Zeus and dropped his ball into his bosom. Zeus stood up to shake off the dung and accidentally dropped the eagle's eggs. Since then, they say, eagles do not build nests at the time when dung beetles hatch. The fable teaches that no one should be despised, for no one is so powerless that he cannot avenge an insult.