Measles - infection which is transmitted by airborne droplets. A child who has not been vaccinated will get sick with a 100% probability upon contact with an infected person. Such a percentage of susceptibility is not observed in almost any other diseases.

Measles in children occurs in acute form especially between the ages of 2 and 5 years. The virus of the disease enters the body through the respiratory tract, and then spreads through the bloodstream. With this disease, the mucous membranes of the eyes, the oral cavity and the respiratory organs are mainly affected, a characteristic rash, conjunctivitis appears, and the temperature rises.

Causes of measles

The cause of the spread of infection is always a sick person. The virus enters the air through droplets of saliva released when coughing, sneezing or talking, and then "moves" into the respiratory tract of a nearby child. The patient is considered contagious during the last two days of the virus incubation period and up to the 4th day of the rash.

Measles in children under one year old is extremely rare, because they still have little contact with the outside world and strangers. In addition, newborns are protected by maternal antibodies. In infants, the disease may not proceed quite normally and differ in the following signs: lack of temperature, slight runny nose, mild redness in the oral cavity.

At the same time, in babies of the first year of life, complications can be observed that, in severity, exceed measles itself and primarily affect the respiratory and cardiovascular systems.

In children who have been ill, immunity to the disease persists until the end of their lives. If the mother has had measles in the past, then the child will be resistant to the disease until the age of 3 months. It is this period of time that maternal antibodies are found in the baby's blood. Also, after vaccination, immunity develops and the child will be protected from measles.

Symptoms and stages of the disease

Measles is an insidious disease that develops in stages. In the early days, the disease may not manifest itself at all, the children remain cheerful and playful. The virus that spreads through the child's body is still completely invisible to the sensitive eyes of the parents. This is the insidiousness of the very first period of the course of the disease, and there are four of them in total.

1. Incubation period

This is the time period that begins at the time of infection and continues until the first signs of the disease appear. It is generally accepted that this period in children is 7-14 days. At this stage, the virus in the body multiplies "quietly", there are no symptoms of measles, absolutely nothing bothers the child. In this case, the baby becomes contagious to others only in the last 5 days of the incubation period.

2. Catarrhal period

During this period, the child develops symptoms that strongly resemble a cold:

• general malaise, weakness, lack of appetite;
• an increase in body temperature up to 40 ° C;
• headache;
• dry cough;
• runny nose and hoarse voice;
• increased lacrimation, swelling and redness of the eyelids, conjunctivitis ();
• abdominal pain and loose stools;
• runny nose with purulent mucous discharge from the nose;
• lacrimation, photophobia;
• Infants may experience weight loss.

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The catarrhal period of the disease lasts no more than four days, during which all the symptoms of measles gradually become more severe. At the moment when all manifestations reach their most high performance rash begins to appear.

3. Eruption period

As already noted, the rash appears at the time of the peak state of all signs of the disease. Spots of a dark red hue appear primarily on the head. Gradually growing and merging with each other, they form large foci of rashes. It is for this reason that the child's face swells, and the lips become dry and often crack.

On the second day of this period, the rash begins to appear on the arms and upper body. The third day is characterized by the appearance of rashes on the entire body of the child. The duration of the entire period is 4 days.

The period of rashes is characterized by a decrease in body temperature, a weakening of cough and the appearance of appetite. The child becomes mobile and active. About a week after the onset of the rash, the catarrhal symptoms disappear completely.

4. Stage of pigmentation

The rash leaves behind dark spots, the appearance of which occurs in the same sequence: first on the face, then throughout the body. These spots gradually begin to peel off and eventually disappear completely.

At the stage of pigmentation, the child's condition gradually returns to normal, sleep and appetite are fully restored, and body temperature does not exceed normal values.

Non-standard forms of measles

If a child has measles, you may not always notice the development of this disease. Measles may not proceed as usual, but in a different form. Such forms of the course of the disease are called atypical.

Mitigated form

Children who have been in contact with an infected child receive immunoglobulin for prophylaxis. In such children, the overall picture of the disease becomes blurred:

• incubation period lasts 21 days;
• in the catarrhal period there is a slight cough and runny nose;
• all periods of the course of the disease, except for incubation, are reduced;
• rashes are not plentiful and appear without observing the staging;
• there are no characteristic spots on the cheeks;
• pigmentation is less dark.

Abortive measles

With such an atypical form, all signs of the disease appear according to the standard scheme. But after about 2-3 days, all the symptoms of the disease disappear abruptly. The rash focuses on the face and upper body.

Erased form

This form of measles strongly resembles mitigated. Here, the catarrhal signs of the disease are just as insignificant. However, unlike the mitigated form, the erased form is characterized by the absence of a rash. This factor greatly hinders the correct diagnosis.

Reminder - Beware Measles!

Diagnosis of the disease

Often it is difficult or even impossible to recognize the disease only by external manifestations. This is especially true for atypical forms of the disease. In addition, the first signs of measles strongly resemble a cold, which can mislead anyone.

To make a reliable diagnosis, your child must be sent to the following types of laboratory tests:

• general blood analysis;
• general urine analysis;
• serology (detection of antibodies to the measles virus in the blood);
• detection of the measles virus in the blood.

Additionally, the child may be referred for a chest x-ray, and if there are complications from nervous system- for electroencephalography.

In most cases, with the standard development of the disease, the diagnosis does not cause difficulties and laboratory research are simply redundant.

Treatment

There are no special methods for treating measles, the body will cope with the infection on its own. The treatment here is symptomatic, which will alleviate the general condition of the sick child:

• antipyretic drugs at elevated body temperature;
• cough medicines, depending on its type (different medicines are used for wet and dry);
• remedies for runny nose and sore throat;
• drinking plenty of fluids and bed rest.

During the period of illness, it is also important to provide the child with the necessary vitamin complexes to maintain immunity, and lubricate chapped lips with petroleum jelly.

Symptomatic treatment is carried out at home under the supervision of a pediatrician. The child is placed in the hospital department if complications begin to develop. In the presence of complications, therapy is supplemented with antibacterial drugs.

Complications of the disease

Complications develop, as a rule, in children under 5 years of age or in adults “over 20”. The most common of them:

• otitis;
• laryngitis;
• stomatitis;
• encephalitis;
• inflammation of the lymph nodes in the neck;
• bronchopneumonia.

Complications that occur in young children can hardly be called a rare occurrence. That is why it is necessary to treat the baby under the strict supervision of the local pediatrician. Ideally, if the doctor will visit your child at least once every three days.

Why are there such consequences? Everything is very simple. The measles virus can suppress the immunity of a small patient, and this is an excellent circumstance for the bacteria surrounding the child. They are provided with “free entry” into the baby’s body, and they are not slow to take advantage of this. Depending on the type of bacteria entering the child's body, more than the above complications may occur. It is quite possible to have a disorder of the stool, conjunctivitis, and even problems from the central nervous system.

The immunity of the baby is reduced at the stage of rashes and may not recover earlier than a month later. Therefore, during treatment, it is important to follow basic hygiene procedures, and not to stop seeing a doctor even after recovery.

Prevention

The first step in preventing the disease is to limit contact with sick children. A child with signs of this infection should be isolated from other (not ill) children for the entire period when he is contagious. The patient's room should be regularly ventilated, and wet cleaning is also needed in it.

In the first 5 days after contact, children who have been in contact with the patient are given a special immunoglobulin, which helps them not to get sick. Such a measure is taken in relation to babies who have not previously been vaccinated.

It's important to know! Immunoglobulin is administered only to immunocompromised children under the age of three.

But the most reliable helper in the prevention of measles is vaccination.

Video: how to protect yourself and children from measles

Graft

We have already said that the vaccine is the most effective method in preventing measles. Vaccination is an artificial infection with a virus. But its concentration is so low that the child's body copes with the infection on its own and at the same time produces protective antibodies.

After vaccination it is possible:

• the appearance of conjunctivitis;
• small rash on the body.

All this is completely safe and passes in 2-3 days.

Note! The vaccine is contraindicated in immunocompromised children with blood or heart disease. The vaccine is live measles bacteria. You can vaccinate a child only if there are no contraindications.

The first vaccination is carried out in children at the age of one year, revaccination - at 6 years. Further, you can hope for a long-term effect that provides your child with protection from the virus for 15 years. Look

Measles is not a pleasant disease. In addition, in young children, it is often complicated by other unpleasant diseases that can do much more harm than measles itself. At the same time, babies who have been ill with this sore once acquire lifelong immunity.

Vaccination against measles is a reliable method of preventing the disease, but it is not a panacea. Before agreeing to vaccination, you must make sure that the child has strong immunity and there are no other contraindications.

Measles is spicy viral disease, which is one of the most contagious and common infections. The causative agent of measles is an RNA virus of the genus Morbillivirus, which is transmitted by airborne droplets. This virus has a very low resistance to various influences (boiling, disinfection) and quickly dies outside the human body.

Although we are used to thinking of measles as a common childhood disease, it is very dangerous. Every hour, 15 people die from it in the world, this is 165,000 people a year. And before 1980, the number of deaths was 20 times more! Especially high mortality in developing countries of Africa and Asia. There, 20% of childhood deaths are associated with measles. We have managed to get rid of major measles epidemics thanks to universal vaccination. Children aged 1 and 6 are vaccinated against measles, rubella and mumps. Vaccinated people, even if they get sick, they endure the disease in a mild form.

In this article, we will look at measles in adults, detailed photos of the disease will help us with this, as well as the first symptoms and current methods of treating measles, in addition, we will not forget to mention preventive measures, they will help to avoid the disease and its terrible complications.

How can you get infected?

Measles is transmitted by airborne droplets. The contagiousness index is 95%, that is, it is a disease of a high degree of contagiousness. For the transmission of the infection, direct contact with the patient is necessary; through common things and third parties, the transmission of the virus practically does not occur.

Cases of the disease are recorded all year round, but more often in the cold period. Children aged 4 and 5 are most often affected. Babies under one year old who have received antibodies against the virus from their mother are immune in the first 4 months of life. In the future, the immune system weakens, and the child may become infected upon contact with the patient. The patient remains contagious until the fifth day from the onset of the rash, with complications until the tenth day.

The only bright spot in all this is a very powerful lifelong immunity after an illness.

Incubation period

After a pathogen enters the human body (the causative agent of measles), the incubation period of the disease begins, which lasts 7-21 days. At this time, there are no symptoms of the disease and the patient in this phase of the disease does not complain of a deterioration in well-being.

At the end of the incubation period and in the first 5 days of the rash, the patient is able to infect another person with the disease. After finishing initial stage catarrh begins.

Symptoms of measles in adults

When measles occurs in adults, the main symptoms remain the same as in children, but the severity of the course of the disease in an adult will be more pronounced. This is especially noticeable during rashes, during bacteremia, when the virus multiplies intensively in the blood.

The main symptoms of measles in adults are:

• an increase in temperature (fever) up to 38 - 40 ° C;
• headaches, weakness;
• loss of appetite;
• , photophobia;
• hoarseness of voice;
• measles enanthema - large red spots on the soft and hard palate;
• rash on the skin (on the face, trunk, arms, legs);
• possible delirium, impaired consciousness;
• bowel dysfunction, etc.

The incubation period for measles infection lasts 1-3 weeks in adults. In a typical course of the disease, three successive stages can be distinguished: catarrhal, rash and convalescence.

1. Catarrhal period (initial). Measles is commonly associated with characteristic skin rashes. But the first symptoms of the disease that appear after the incubation period expires are simple manifestations of a cold: a significant fever, cough, runny nose, asthenic syndrome. At this point, you can suspect an acute respiratory disease or, but the characteristic signs in the form of skin rashes will make it possible to make the correct diagnosis.
2. Stage of formation of rashes. On the fifth day, rashes appear on the human skin. They spread from top to bottom - first the rash appears on the face, behind the ears, on the scalp, then goes to the trunk and arms, after which it spreads to the legs. Measles is manifested by its typical profuse bright red rash in the form of spots that tend to merge. The rash stays on the skin for 1-1.5 weeks and is maculopapular in nature. The pigmentation that appears at the site of the rash also has a descending character, that is, it appears in the direction from the head to the feet.
3. Stage of convalescence. Starting from the fifth day after the appearance of a red rash, the disease regresses, and the person begins to recover. The temperature gradually decreases to a normal level, the rash peels off. It is worth remembering that skin manifestations can disappear slowly over two weeks, while during this period of the disease the person is no longer contagious.

In adults, measles is especially severe. Often pneumonia and bacterial complications join the underlying disease. Sometimes the consequence of the disease can be blindness and significant hearing loss.

One of the most dangerous complications measles is a viral meningoencephalitis (inflammation meninges), leading to death in 40% of cases. The measles virus strongly suppresses the immune system of an adult, as a result of which chronic diseases and buy new ones.

Atypical course of measles

There is a typical and atypical course of measles. Typical clinical picture has been described above. An atypical course is as follows:

1. Erased (mitigated) form of measles. It passes in a very mild form and happens with the introduction of gamma globulin or immediately after measles vaccination.
2. Hemorrhagic form- accompanied by multiple hemorrhages, bloody stools and urine. The patient often dies from bleeding. With timely hospitalization and intensive care the outcome may be conditionally favorable.
3. Hypertoxic. It is observed with increased intoxication. The patient may have a very high persistent temperature, signs of meningoencephalitis, heart failure, and other symptoms. This form requires immediate hospitalization.

Complications most often occur in immunocompromised adults and the elderly.

Measles in adults: photo

What this ailment looks like in the photo, we offer detailed photos for viewing.

Treatment of measles in adults

Let's make a reservation right away - a specific treatment that would fight specifically with the measles virus simply does not exist in nature. Therefore, the treatment of measles in adults is symptomatic - it involves preventing the development of complications, alleviating the patient's condition - that is, the doctor focuses on the symptoms, and fights them.

Measles is usually treated at home. The doctor will visit you periodically during this period and monitor the course of the disease. He will prescribe you the necessary medicines, recommend eating well and drinking plenty of fluids, and taking vitamins A and C.

Treatment in the infectious diseases department of the hospital is required in such cases:

• when serious complications appeared;
• severe course of the disease, severe poisoning of the body (intoxication);
• it is impossible to isolate the patient from other members of the team (in a boarding school or in the army).

At home, if the patient has a body temperature of more than 38.5 degrees, they are prescribed.

Measles is an infectious disease and one of the leading causes of death in young children worldwide. Measles. WHO fact sheet. Measles is caused by a virus from the paramyxovirus family.

The first symptoms appear 10-12 days after infection. The disease begins with high fever, runny nose and cough, watery eyes. On the inside cheeks are formed gray-white spots.

A few days later, patients develop a rash in the form of red-brown spots. It starts on the face and on the head, then gradually descends lower.

Symptoms last 7-10 days, then disappear.

How to cure measles?

Since measles is a virus, it is not affected by antibiotics. And there is no specific treatment for measles. So you have to endure until the body itself copes with the disease.

The maximum that can be done is to support a person, give him a full meal, make sure that there is no dehydration, and hope that complications do not happen.

What are the complications of measles and why are they dangerous?

Complications are the reason why measles is deadly.

Due to measles, encephalitis and cerebral edema, otitis media develop, the mucous membranes of the eyes and intestines become inflamed. Sometimes blindness and weakened immunity remain as consequences.

Why do complications develop?

From the fact that the body and immunity are not strong enough to resist the virus. Most often, complications affect:

1. Children under the age of five, because it is the little ones who get sick the most.
2. Weak children who are malnourished.
3. People with HIV or other chronic diseases.

According to WHO, now complications develop in every fifth sick person. Measles: know the risks, check your status, protect yourself. That is why you should not think that it is better to get sick with measles: the risk of a severe course of the disease and death is too high.

In addition, measles is dangerous for pregnant women because it threatens the life and health of the fetus.

How not to get measles?

Measles is easily transmitted from person to person. And if there is no against this disease, then there is only one way not to get infected: not to contact with the sick. The problem is that a person is contagious a few days before the first symptoms appear.

Only immunity that is developed after an illness or after vaccination saves from measles.

Will the vaccine really help?

Measles vaccines are highly effective. Children are vaccinated twice: a year and six years. After that, immunity appears in 95-98% of those vaccinated. If the child is not yet a year old, then the vaccine is administered only for special indications, if the baby has been in contact with the sick and if he is six months old.

After vaccination, immunity lasts up to 25 years. If a vaccinated person still gets sick (this is rare, but it happens), then measles proceeds without complications and is much easier than usual.

Even if given within 72 hours of being exposed to an infected person, the vaccine can help overcome measles exposure. Prevention of Measles, Rubella, Congenital Rubella Syndrome, and Mumps, 2013: Summary Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP).

I'm an adult, do I have anything to fear?

In fact, measles is not a childhood disease. It is highly contagious and anyone can get sick. Indeed, cases among adults are extremely rare, and here's why:

1. In countries where there are not enough vaccines, there are many epidemics. There, residents encounter measles all the time. Only adults already have immunity, because they were ill when they were small. Children do not have immunity, so they immediately fall ill.
2. Since 1980, active vaccination against measles has been carried out. Because of this, there are practically no epidemics in developed countries and many simply do not encounter the virus throughout their lives. Adults and children are protected by herd immunity.
3. When not enough people in a country are vaccinated, an epidemic breaks out, as happened now. If at the same time the older generation was vaccinated, the children who did not receive the vaccines get sick again.

That is, if an unvaccinated and unrecovered adult meets a sick person, he will also become infected, because the measles virus does not ask for a passport.

Do adults also need to be vaccinated against measles?

Yes, if you have not been vaccinated or do not know if you are immune. If you have been vaccinated for a long time, it makes sense to check whether immunity has been preserved and pass.

By the way, even if you have immunity, then an extra measles vaccine will not do any harm. The body will react to it in the same way as to the measles virus, that is, you will not get sick and nothing terrible will happen.

If you or your children are not vaccinated, then get immunized.

An acute viral disease - measles - is still considered one of the most dangerous due to the large number of complications.

Despite universal vaccination, outbreaks occasionally occur. At risk are children after a year. It is in them that the infection proceeds severely, with serious consequences.

Parents should know what symptoms and first signs will indicate the presence of measles in babies (1 year old, a child 2-5 years old and older) in order to see a doctor in a timely manner and start.

About infection

Emergency vaccination is also used when the child has been in contact with a sick person (read about the symptoms that appear in newborns when infected). An emergency vaccination is given if a lot of time has passed since the previous injection, if the baby is 6-12 months old and has not been vaccinated.

The virus suppresses the immune system there is a high risk of complications. The most common of these are pneumonia, tracheitis, otitis media, colitis, encephalitis and meningitis.

It happens that the disease ends in death. This happens with frail children who do not receive proper care during illness.

The greatest danger is measles for a child with immunodeficiency. Among them, the percentage of deaths increased several times.

How the disease manifests itself in a child, symptoms, photo

In its development, the disease goes through three stages:

• catarrhal.
• Eruption stage.
• period of involution.

At each stage, there are characteristic signs of pathology.

Symptoms of the catarrhal stage of measles in children are at first similar to the manifestation of SARS. Often, parents do not take them seriously and prescribe antipyretics and antibiotics to the child on their own.

Manifestations at the initial stage

Here is how measles begins in children, its first signs:

• Temperature rise. This is how the body reacts to the presence of the virus. If the child is not vaccinated, then the temperature can reach 39-40 degrees, in vaccinated patients the increase is insignificant, up to 37-38 degrees.
• Rhinitis, runny nose. Microbes increase the permeability of capillaries - this is due to increased separation of mucus from the nose and swelling.
• Cough. Usually dry, barking, without expectoration. Accompanied severe pain in the throat, reddening of the posterior wall of the palate. Sometimes the swelling is very strong and can make it difficult for the baby to breathe.
• Photophobia. The eyelids of the baby are inflamed, so bright light irritates them. The child squints, closes his eyes, turns away from the light.
• Inflammation of the eyes (conjunctivitis). Accompanied by purulent discharge from the eyes.
• Swelling of the face. It looks puffy, like an allergy. This is a consequence of stagnation of the lymph.
• Inflammation of the lymph nodes. Microbes enter into lymphatic system through the mucous membranes with blood flow, inhibit lymphocytes.
• Belsky spots. This is the most feature diseases. The spots appear on the 4th-5th day, are located on the mucous membrane of the cheeks, resemble grains of semolina, surrounded by a red rim.
• Indigestion. Abdominal pain, diarrhea, vomiting may occur. The virus infects the lining of the stomach and intestines.
• Excitability, capriciousness. If with SARS the baby is usually lethargic and drowsy, then with measles he is capricious and excitable, he does not sleep well. The infection affects the lining of the brain.

The photo below shows the main symptoms of the disease in children at the initial stage:

and here you see how the disease manifests itself in the child’s mouth, there are red spots in the throat:

Eruption period

How to determine yourself

Parents can recognize the disease themselves. It is important to know how measles differs from SARS or influenza.

A comparative analysis of symptoms is given in the table:

Thus, the most characteristic first signs of measles are Belsky spots and skin rashes.

Diagnostics

At the first symptoms of the disease, you should contact your pediatrician.

If the baby has heat, a doctor is called to the house, in a critical situation it is necessary to call an ambulance.

For diagnosis, the following examinations are prescribed:

• General analysis of blood and urine. In the patient's blood, lymphocytes are increased and leukocytes are moderately reduced, ESR is increased.
• Blood test to detect antibodies. This is achieved using the fluorescence method.
• If pneumonia is suspected, an X-ray of the lungs is ordered.

  Electroencephalography is used to diagnose encephalitis. A neurological examination is also required.

The specialist will tell about the symptoms, methods of diagnosis and prevention of measles in children in this video clip:

Measles is a dangerous viral disease. Unvaccinated children carry the virus the hardest. The outcome of the disease depends on the correct treatment and care of the patient.

Therefore, it is important to recognize early initial symptoms illness and see a doctor.

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Subtitles

Etiology

Despite the instability to the external environment, there are known cases of the spread of the virus over considerable distances with air flow through the ventilation system - in the cold season in one single building. Attenuated strains of measles virus are used to produce a live measles vaccine.

Spreading

In 2017, Rospotrebnadzor reported an observed epidemic rise in the incidence of measles in Europe. Cases of the disease have been identified in 14 European countries, and the total number of victims is more than 4,000 people.

Pathogenesis and pathological anatomy

The penetration of the virus into the human body occurs through the mucous membrane of the upper respiratory tract and then with the bloodstream (primary viremia), the virus enters the reticuloendothelial system (lymph nodes) and infects all types of white blood cells. From the 3rd day of the incubation period in the lymph nodes, tonsils, spleen, typical giant multinucleated Warthin-Finkeldey cells with inclusions in the cytoplasm can be found. After breeding in lymph nodes the virus enters the blood again, a repeated (secondary) viremia develops, which is associated with the onset clinical manifestations illness. The measles virus inhibits activity immune system(possible direct damage to T-lymphocytes), there is a decrease in immunity and, as a result, the development of severe secondary, bacterial complications with predominant localization of processes in the respiratory system. The virus may also cause temporary hypovitaminosis of vitamin A.

Microscopic picture: respiratory mucosa - edema, vascular plethora, foci of necrosis, areas of epithelial metaplasia, focal lymphohistiocytic infiltration in the submucosal layer. Reticuloendothelial system - Warthin-Finkeldey cells. Skin - changes in the papillary dermis in the form of edema, vascular plethora, hemorrhages with perivascular lymphohistiocytic infiltration, foci of necrosis in the epidermis.

Clinical picture of typical measles

Incubation period 8-14 days (rarely up to 17 days). Acute onset - rise in temperature to 38-40 ° C, dry cough, runny nose, photophobia, sneezing, hoarseness, headache, eyelid edema and redness of the conjunctiva, pharyngeal hyperemia and measles enanthema - red spots on the hard and soft palate. On the 2nd day of illness, small whitish spots appear on the buccal mucosa in the area of ​​the molars, surrounded by a narrow red border - Belsky-Filatov-Koplik spots - pathognomonic for measles. A measles rash (exanthema) appears on the 4th-5th day of illness, first on the face, neck, behind the ears, the next day on the trunk and on the 3rd day the rash covers the extensor surfaces of the arms and legs, including fingers. The rash consists of small papules, surrounded by a spot and prone to merging (this is its characteristic difference from rubella, in which the rash does not merge).

The reverse development of the elements of the rash begins on the 4th day of the rash: the temperature returns to normal, the rash darkens, turns brown, pigmented, and flaky (in the same sequence as the rashes). Pigmentation lasts 1-1.5 weeks.

Complications

With measles, complications associated with the work of the central nervous system, respiratory system and gastrointestinal tract are possible, among them: laryngitis, croup (stenosis of the larynx), tracheobronchitis, otitis media, primary measles pneumonia, secondary bacterial pneumonia, measles encephalitis, hepatitis, lymphadenitis, mesenteric lymphadenitis. A rather rare late complication is subacute sclerosing panencephalitis.

Atypical (weakened) measles

It is observed in vaccinated children, children who received immunoglobulin or blood products during the incubation period, it proceeds easily, the staging of rashes is disturbed, the incubation period is extended to 21 days.

Measles in adults

It is observed in young people who have not had measles before and, as a rule, have not been vaccinated with the measles vaccine. It proceeds severely, often with measles pneumonia and bacterial complications.

Measles in immunocompromised patients

It has a severe course, often ends in death.

Measles and allergies

There are statistical studies showing that measles protects children from developing allergies. Other studies do not find this effect.

Laboratory data

Differential Diagnosis (DD)

To wash the eyes during illness, you can use a solution of baking soda or strong tea. With conjunctivitis, drops with antibiotics are recommended (levomycitin 0.25%, albucid 20%).

oral cavity you can rinse using chamomile infusion, chlorhexidine solution.

If pneumonia or other bacterial complications develop in measles, antibiotics are indicated, in severe cases of croup, corticosteroids are used.

Prevention

Accelerated immunization activities have had a significant impact on reducing measles deaths. Global measles deaths have dropped by 73% from 548,000 deaths in 2000 to 145,700 in 2013. Two doses of the vaccine are recommended to ensure immunity and prevent outbreaks, as approximately 15% of vaccinated children fail to develop immunity after the first dose.

Above 93% vaccination coverage in a locality, measles outbreaks usually do not recur, but may re-emerge when coverage declines. .

The protective effect of the vaccine lasts for many years. It remains unclear whether it becomes less effective over the long term. In addition, the vaccine may protect against disease when administered within a few days of exposure.

Safety

The vaccine is generally safe, including in patients with HIV infection. Side effects are usually mild and pass quickly. These include pain at the injection site or a slight fever. There has been one case of anaphylaxis in about one hundred thousand vaccinations. Increases in cases of Guillain-Barré syndrome, autism and inflammatory diseases bowel was not found.

Dosage form

The vaccine is used alone or in combination with other vaccines, including rubella vaccine, mumps vaccine, and mumps vaccine. chicken pox(as part of combined MMR and MMRV vaccines) . The vaccine works equally well in all dosage forms. The World Health Organization recommends that children be vaccinated at nine months of age in areas where the disease is common and at twelve months of age in areas where the disease is rare. This is a live vaccine. The vaccine is produced as a powder that must be mixed immediately prior to subcutaneous or intramuscular administration. Checking the effectiveness of the vaccine is carried out by a blood test.

In case of illness, all unvaccinated contacts older than 1 year are given emergency vaccination, if there are contraindications, immunoglobulin is administered.

In order to create active immunity, planned vaccination with live measles vaccine (MLV) is carried out in accordance with the vaccination schedule, as well as for children and adults in the absence of measles antibodies. The complex of anti-epidemic measures in the focus of infection includes identifying the source of infection, contact, who had the fact of unconditional or probable communication with the patient, to establish the boundaries of the focus.

The source of infection is isolated for the entire infectious period (up to the 4th day of the rash). Children who were in contact with him and adults working with children (with the exception of persons who previously had measles, vaccinated, seropositive with an anti-measles antibody titer of 1: 5 and above) are separated from other children for 17 days (with the introduction of immunoglobulin - 21 days ).

All unvaccinated contacts older than 1 year of age undergo emergency vaccination, if there are contraindications, immunoglobulin is administered.

Emergency prophylaxis with normal human immunoglobulin is carried out in the first 5 days after contact with children from 3 to 12 months. and pregnant.

A differentiated serological examination is desirable to identify seronegative individuals, followed by vaccination with LEV or other measles vaccines. The measles vaccine was first developed in 1966.

WHO plan for the global elimination of measles

WHO measles interventions (mass vaccination) resulted in a 79% reduction in global measles deaths between 2000 and 2014, almost fivefold. By 2015, it was planned to reduce measles deaths by 95% (20 times) compared to 2000, and by 2020 to completely eliminate measles (as well as rubella) in at least five WHO regions.

see also

Notes

1. Disease Ontology release 2019-05-13 - 2019-05-13 - 2019.
2. Monarch Disease Ontology release 2018-06-29sonu - 2018-06-29 - 2018.
3. World Health Organization: Measles. Newsletter No. 286, February 2013
4. Mark Reimers. The latest evolutionary changes in the human genome (indefinite) . Retrieved January 8, 2015.
5. The reason for the measles epidemic in the Netherlands was religious fundamentalists, Lenta.ru (September 12, 2013). Retrieved 28 January 2014.
6. http://www.rospotrebnadzor.ru/about/info/news/news_details.php?ELEMENT_ID=8196
7. RKI (Robert Koch Institut), Sentinel der Arbeitsgemeinschaft Masern (AGM) - aktuelle Ergebnisse, Epidemiologisches Bulletin, 37, 2000, 297
8. Measles and atopy in Guinea-Bissau. - PubMed - NCBI
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11. Early topic disease and early childhood immunizatio…  - PubMed - NCBI
12. Acute infections, infection pressure, and a…  - PubMed - NCBI
13. Age at childhood infections and risk of atopy
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15. Casteels-Van Daele M. , Van Geet C. , Wouters C. , Eggermont E. Reye syndrome revisited: a descriptive term covering a group of heterogeneous disorders. (English) // European journal of pediatrics. - 2000. - Vol. 159, no. 9 . - P. 641-648. - DOI:10.1007/PL00008399. - PMID 11014461 .
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