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• Vitamins are low molecular weight organic substances that enter the body with food. Vitamins are usually part of enzymes and affect numerous metabolic processes.
• A person's need for vitamins depends on his age, state of health, living conditions, the nature of his activity, the time of year, the content of the main food components in food.
• Vitamins were discovered by N. I. Lunin in 1880.

The first to isolate the vitamin in crystalline form was the Polish scientist Casimir Funk in 1911. A year later, he also came up with the name - from the Latin "vita" - "life".

Most vitamins are found in plant foods, but some are found only in animal products.

With a lack of vitamins in food, diseases develop in the body - hypoavitaminosis.

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Vitamin

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Vitamin A is a group of chemically similar substances that includes retinol axerophthol) other retinoids with similar biological activity: dehydroretinol, retinal (retinene, aldehyde vit and retinoic acid. Pro-vitamins A include carotenoids, which are metabolic precursors of vitamin A; the most important among them is β-carotene.Retinoids are found in animal products, and carotenoids - vegetable.All these substances are highly soluble in non-polar organic solvents (for example, in oils) and poorly soluble in water.Vitamin A is deposited in the liver, can accumulate in tissues In case of overdose, it exhibits toxicity.

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Vitamin A performs many biochemically important functions in the human and animal body. Retinal is a component of rhodopsin, the main visual pigment. In the form of retinoic acid, the vitamin stimulates growth and development. Retinol is structural component cell membranes, provides antioxidant protection to the body

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With a lack of vitamin A, various epithelial lesions develop, vision deteriorates, and wetting of the cornea is disturbed. There is also a decrease in immune function and growth retardation.

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Structure and forms

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Vitamin A is a cyclic unsaturated alcohol consisting of a β-ionic ring and a side chain of two isoprene residues and a primary alcohol group. In the body, it is oxidized to retinal (vitamin A-aldehyde) and retinoic acid.

It is found in animal products in all forms, however, since pure retinol is unstable, the main part is in the form of retinol esters (in industry, it is mainly produced in the form of palmitate or acetate).

Plants contain provitamin A - some carotenoids

• Retinol
• Retinal
• Retinoic acid

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food sources

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Vegetable (carotenoids)

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Animals (retinoids)

On average, an adult male needs 900 micrograms and a woman 700 micrograms of vitamin A per day. Tolerable upper intake level for adults - 3000 mcg per day

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Vitamin B

Vitamin B is one of the water-soluble vitamins and plays a key role in the normal functioning of the brain and nervous system as well as blood formation. Vitamin B is generally involved in the metabolism of every cell in the human body, especially DNA synthesis and regulation, as well as fatty acid synthesis and energy production.

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Vitamin B1

Vitamin B1 from the B vitamins was the first to be discovered. During cooking, about 25% of the vitamin is lost.

The role of vitamin B1 in the body:

1. Metabolism.

2. Vitamin B1 ensures the normal functioning of the central nervous system.

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Vitamin B2

• Vitamin B2 or riboflavin is a yellow-orange water-soluble substance.
• The role of vitamin B2 in the body:
• Nervous system, brain: vitamin B2 is involved in the synthesis of nerve cells.
• Blood system: riboflavin stimulates the maturation of red blood cells, is involved in the process of iron absorption.
• Glands and hormones: Vitamin B2 regulates the functioning of the adrenal glands, the synthesis and quantity of hormones.
• Eyes: protects the retina from harmful effects ultraviolet rays.
• Skin and mucous membranes: vitamin B2 is involved in their formation, generally has a beneficial effect.

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Vitamin B3 is a white powder, soluble in water. Chemically, it is the most stable of the other B vitamins when exposed to heat, ultraviolet light, alkalis, and air.

Vitamin B3

The role of vitamin B3 in the body:

• Metabolism.
• cell growth.
• Nervous System: Niacin supports the normal functioning of the brain and central nervous system.
• Cardiovascular system: vitamin B3 helps to increase venous pressure and lower arterial pressure.

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Vitamin B5

Pantothenic acid as a vitamin was discovered in 1933. It turned out that it is extremely widespread in all living objects, for which it received its name. Vitamin B5 is highly soluble in water. It is non-toxic and easily excreted from the body.

The role of vitamin B5 in the body:

• Pantothenic acid is a powerful stimulant of the synthesis of adrenal hormones.
• Also, vitamin B5 is necessary for the absorption of other vitamins and for the normal functioning of the immune system, since it takes part in the synthesis of antibodies.

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Vitamin B6 is a water-soluble group of related compounds that are similar in chemical structure: pyridoxamine, pyridoxal, pyridoxine.

Vitamin B6

The role of vitamin B6 in the body:

• Metabolism: Vitamin B6 is involved in almost all metabolic processes.
• Cardiovascular system: pyridoxine is required for the synthesis of fat-containing substances that regulate the functioning of the heart and blood pressure.
• Immune system: affects the functions of cell division and the formation of antibodies.
• Brain and nervous system: pyridoxine ensures the normal functioning of the central nervous system.
• Skin (skin, nails, hair): vitamin B6 has a positive effect on their condition.

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Vitamin B9

Folic acid is a water-soluble substance of bright yellow color. It is found in large quantities in green vegetables and leaves.

The role of vitamin B9 in the body:

• Cell division: Vitamin B9 is required for the production of RNA and DNA.
• Metabolism: Folic acid is involved in protein metabolism.
• Blood System: Vitamin B9 is essential for the synthesis of healthy red and white blood cells.
• In addition, they are required for the development of the spinal cord and brain, as well as the skeleton of the fetus.

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Vitamin B12 is a bright red water-soluble substance with a cobalt molecule in the middle. Vitamin B12 enters the body with food, and is also partly produced in the intestines.

Vitamin B12

The role of vitamin B9 in the body:

• Metabolism: Vitamin B12 is required for the release of energy from food, the absorption of a number of fats and amino acids, and the conversion of folate from a passive form to an active form.
• Nervous system, brain: cyanocobalamin is necessary for violations of the emotional state.
• Blood system: vitamin B12 stimulates the blood coagulation system, enhances immune system.
• Liver: vitamin B12 reduces blood cholesterol levels, has a beneficial effect on the functioning of the body.

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Vitamin C

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Vitamin C is a water-soluble vitamin. First isolated in 1923-1927. lemon juice.

Vitamin C

Vitamin C is a powerful antioxidant. It plays an important role in the regulation of redox processes, is involved in the synthesis of collagen and procollagen, the metabolism of folic acid and iron, as well as the synthesis of steroid hormones and catecholamines.

Ascorbic acid also regulates blood clotting, normalizes capillary permeability, and has anti-inflammatory and antiallergic effects.

• Ascarbic acid
• Folic acid

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Vitamin Improves the body's ability to absorb calcium and iron, remove toxic copper, lead and mercury.

It is important that in the presence of an adequate amount of vitamin C, the stability of vitamins B1, B2, A, E, pantothenic and folic acids increases significantly.

Vitamin C is important for the growth and repair of tissue cells, gums, blood vessels, bones and teeth, promotes the absorption of iron by the body, accelerates recovery.

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The richest in ascorbic acid are: kiwi, rose hips, red peppers, citrus fruits, black currants, onions, tomatoes, leafy vegetables (lettuce, cabbage, broccoli, Brussels sprouts, cauliflower, etc.).

Ascorbic acid, an organic compound related to glucose, is one of the main substances in the human diet, which is necessary for the normal functioning of connective and bone tissue.

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Herbs rich in vitamin C: alfalfa, mullein, burdock root, gerbil, eyebright, fennel seed, fenugreek, hops, horsetail, kelp, peppermint, nettle, oats, cayenne pepper, paprika, parsley, pine needles, yarrow, psyllium , raspberry leaf, red clover, rose hips, skullcap, violet leaves, sorrel.

The daily requirement for vitamin C is 70-120 mg for an adult.

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With a deficiency of vitamin C - bleeding gums, tooth loss, frequent colds, varicose veins veins, hemorrhoids, overweight, fatigue, irritability, poor concentration, depression, insomnia, early wrinkling, hair loss, blurred vision. Vitamin C is considered safe even in large quantities, as the body easily removes unused vitamin residues. Vitamin C is easily destroyed by heat treatment of foods, light and smog. Smokers and the elderly have an increased need for vitamin C (one cigarette smoked destroys 25 mg of C).

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Interesting Facts about vitamin C:

With insufficient intake of vitamin C, a person can get scurvy. Nowadays, this disease is not common, since it is quite easy to satisfy the body's need for ascorbic acid, it is quite varied to eat, because it is found in many products. However, navigators suffered from scurvy in the 16th and 18th centuries, because for long periods they ate only crackers and dried meat.

An excess of vitamin C in the body is just as harmful as a deficiency. Ascorbic acid, taken in a dose of more than 2 grams per day, leads to a lack of vitamin B12, and then to anemia. For a pregnant woman, this can result in her child getting sick with rebound scurvy. In addition, an excess of vitamin C contributes to the development of urolithiasis.

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Vitamin D (calciferol)

Vitamin D (calciferol) is a group of fat-soluble vitamins that are formed under the action of ultraviolet radiation in the tissues of animals and plants from sterols.

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Sterols

Sterols are a group of biochemical substances from the group of steroids. The structure of sterols is based on the saturated tetracyclic hydrocarbon sterane (in the figure).

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Calciferol (vitamin D)

• Ergocalciferol
• cholecalciferol
• Vitamins of group D are formed under the influence of ultraviolet radiation in the tissues of animals and plants from provitamins.

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Ergocalciferol(D2)

Substance of plant origin only.

Ergosterol is a provitamin.

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Cholecalciferol(D3)

Cholecalciferol is formed in the skin under the action of ultraviolet rays and enters the human body with food.

The provitamin is 7-dehydrocholesterol.

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Distinctive feature:

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Sources of Vitamin D:

Daily requirement for an adult - 1 - 10 mcg

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The role of vitamin D in the body:

The main function of vitamin D is to ensure normal growth and development of bones, the prevention of rickets and osteoporosis.

Increases the speed of the brain.

3.Vitamin ensures the absorption of calcium and phosphorus in small intestine, reabsorption of phosphorus in the renal tubules and transport of calcium from the blood to the bone tissue.

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1.30 minutes - during this time in the summer a fair-skinned person receives an amount of vitamin D equal to 227 chicken eggs or a pound of cod liver.

2.6 months lasts "winter of vitamin D" for residents of Russia, Northern Europe and Canada.

3. Skin pigment melanin, which is formed during the tanning process, is natural sun protection factor, so dark-skinned people need 3-6 times more sun exposure to produce the same amount of vitamin D as fair-skinned people.

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Vitamin PP

• Vitamin PP (Nicotinic acid) – Odorless white crystalline powder, slightly acidic taste. Difficult to dissolve in cold water(1:70), better in hot (1:15), slightly soluble in ethanol, very little in ether.
• Vitamin PP is involved in many oxidative reactions of living cells, a drug.
• Thanks to Vitamin PP, a person is protected from cardiovascular diseases, thrombosis, hypertension and diabetes. Without vitamin PP, the normal functioning of the nervous system is impossible.

Nicotinic acid (С6H5NO2)

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Synthesis and properties

First a nicotinic acid was synthesized in 1873 by Weidel during the oxidation of nicotine with nitric acid, modern both laboratory and industrial methods for the synthesis of nicotinic acid are also based on the oxidation of pyridine derivatives. So, nicotinic acid can be synthesized by oxidation of β-picoline:

Either by oxidizing quinoline to pyridine-2,3-dicarboxylic acid, followed by its decarboxylation:

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Vitamin PPContained in rye bread, pineapple, buckwheat, beans, meat, mushrooms, liver, kidneys. In the food industry, it is used as a food additive E375. The daily requirement of an adult is 15-20 mg.

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Hypovitaminosis PP leads to pellagra - a disease whose symptoms are dermatitis, diarrhea, dementia (acquired dementia).

For the prevention of hypovitaminosis PP, a balanced diet is most preferable; treatment requires additional prescription of vitamin PP. Foods rich in vitamin PP - liver, egg yolk, milk, fish, chicken, green vegetables, peanuts, as well as any protein food containing tryptophan (aromatic alpha-amino acid).

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Interesting facts about vitamin PP:

1. Many experts believe that nicotinic acid prevents the transformation of normal cells into cancer cells.

2. Nicotinic acid is not able to burn fat, but it removes toxins from the body, turns fats and carbohydrates into energy, so many women use it to lose weight.

3. Nicotinic acid was discovered by accident. And scientists in the USA did it during a major outbreak of a disease called pellagra.

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Hypovitaminosis

• Hypovitaminosis is a painful condition that occurs when there is a violation of the correspondence between the consumption of vitamins and their intake into the body; the same as vitamin deficiency.
• Hypovitaminosis develops with insufficient intake of vitamins. Hypovitaminosis develops imperceptibly: irritability, increased fatigue appear, attention decreases, appetite worsens, sleep is disturbed.
• A systematic long-term lack of vitamins in food reduces efficiency, affects the state of individual organs and tissues (skin, mucous membranes, muscles, bone tissue) and the most important functions of the body, such as growth, intellectual and physical capabilities, procreation, body defenses.

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Avitominosis

Avitaminosis is a disease resulting from prolonged malnutrition, in which there are no vitamins.

Symptoms of beriberi

Pale, flaccid skin prone to dryness and irritation; - Lifeless dry hair with a tendency to split and fall out; - Chapped corners of the lips, which are not affected by either cream or lipstick; - Gums that bleed when brushing teeth; - Frequent colds with difficult and long recovery ;- constant feeling fatigue, apathy, irritation;

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Causes of beriberi

• In summer, getting the necessary dose of vitamins only from fruits is not so easy. To fill the daily need for vitamins and microelements, it is necessary to eat at least 1.5-2 kg of fruits, berries and vegetables.
• Real avitaminosis is a severe pathological condition associated with an acute shortage of vitamins in the body.
• In addition to vitamins, the body may not receive trace elements. According to statistics, Russian women lack iron, iodine and selenium most of all.

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The work was done by 9th grade student Denisenko Denis Zhelezo and his role in living organisms. "Iron is not only the basis of the whole world, the most important metal of the nature around us, it is the basis of culture and industry, it is an instrument of war and peaceful labor, and it is difficult to find another such element in the entire periodic table that would be so connected with the past, present and future destinies of mankind. "A.E. Fersman Pure iron is a silvery-white metal that corrodes quickly when high temperatures or high humidity. The name comes from lat. ferrum - "solid". Iron is ductile, easily forged and rolled, melting point 1539°C. It has strong magnetic properties (ferromagnet), good thermal and electrical conductivity. In pure oxygen, iron burns, and in a finely dispersed state, it ignites spontaneously in air. The main ore minerals of iron are magnetite, hematite, brown iron ore, and siderite.

• Pure iron is a silvery-white metal that corrodes rapidly at high temperatures or high humidity in air. The name comes from lat. ferrum - "solid". Iron is ductile, easily forged and rolled, melting point 1539°C. It has strong magnetic properties (ferromagnet), good thermal and electrical conductivity. In pure oxygen, iron burns, and in a finely dispersed state, it ignites spontaneously in air. The main ore minerals of iron are magnetite, hematite, brown iron ore, and siderite.

The importance of iron in the life of plants.

Iron is consumed by plants in much smaller quantities (1 - 10 kg per 1 ha) than other macronutrients. However, iron bacteria that use the energy of iron (II) oxidation to iron (III) for chemosynthesis can accumulate up to 17-20% iron in their cells. It is part of the enzymes involved in the creation of chlorophyll, although this element is not included in it. Iron is involved in the redox processes occurring in plants, as it is able to move from an oxidized form to a ferrous one and vice versa. In addition, the process of plant respiration is impossible without iron, since it is an integral part of respiratory enzymes. Iron deficiency leads to the breakdown of growth substances (auxins) synthesized by plants. Leaves become light yellow. Iron cannot, like potassium and magnesium, move from old tissues to young ones (i.e., be reused by the plant). Iron starvation is most often manifested on carbonate and heavily limed soils. Fruit crops and grapes are especially sensitive to iron deficiency. With prolonged iron starvation, their apical shoots die off.

It is interesting to use the process of oxidation of ferrous iron to ferric in the bodies of a special type of bacteria - the so-called iron bacteria. They absorb from environment ferrous salts and oxygen, a reaction proceeds inside their organisms, approximately expressed by the equation: 4Fe (HC03) 2 + 2H20 + 02 \u003d 4Fe (OH) 3 + 8CO2 The energy released in this case serves the bacteria to maintain their vital activity. The oxidation of iron is, consequently, an act of respiration of iron bacteria and replaces for them the oxidation of oxygen characteristic of higher plant organisms. Iron bacteria multiply mainly in the waters of ferruginous springs, swamps, ponds, etc. Often there is also a mass development of their colonies in water pipes. After the death of bacteria, the iron (III) hydroxide accumulated in their organisms settles to the bottom of the reservoir, which served them as a living environment, which over time leads to the formation of deposits of the so-called marsh or lake iron ores. In particular, this is precisely the origin of the Kerch iron ore deposit.

The value of iron in the life of animals.

It is involved in redox reactions that play an important role in the metabolism and nutrition of the animal. The total iron content in the body of animals is about 0.005%, or about 45 mg per 1 kg of live weight, but iron in the blood is 10-12 times higher. AT green feed it contains a lot (about 100-200 mg per 1 kg of dry matter). Iron is part of the hemoglobin molecule and some respiratory enzymes. Most often, iron is found in the body in combination with proteins. In the liver, spleen and bone marrow there is ferritin containing up to 23% iron.

The need of adult animals for iron is small and is completely covered by its intake with food. Pigs and chickens in the autumn-winter period lack this element. With a lack of iron in the diet, anemia (alimentary) develops in animals, complicated by a lack of copper.

The role of iron in the human body In the human body, iron is only 0.005-0.006% of the total body weight. If an adult weighs 70 kg, then only 4 grams is iron. Almost 60% of the iron that enters the body is spent on the synthesis of hemoglobin. A certain amount (about 20%) is deposited in the muscles, bone marrow, liver and spleen. Another 20% of it is used for the synthesis of various enzymes. In pregnant and lactating women, part of the iron is transferred to the child for the full formation of the brain and bone marrow. During illness, its consumption increases, as it is necessary for the synthesis of immune cells. There is very little iron in our body, but without it it would be impossible to carry out many functions. The main role of iron in the body is participation in the "birth" of red (erythrocytes) and white (lymphocytes) blood cells. The direct delivery of oxygen to each cell is carried out by the special protein compound hemoglobin, which is part of the blood. It consists of two parts: a large protein molecule - globin and a non-protein structure built into it - heme, in the core of which there is an iron ion. This ion easily binds with oxygen, and it is the combination of oxygen with iron that turns the blood red. IRON AVAILABILITY IN THE BODY Iron enters the human body through food.. Animal foods contain iron in the most easily absorbed form. Some herbal products are also rich in iron, but its absorption by the body is more difficult. The iron that enters the gastrointestinal tract with food is exposed to the action of gastric juice, it is ionized. It is absorbed mainly in duodenum and in the upper small intestine. Once iron enters the bloodstream, it binds to a protein (transferrin) and is transported to where it is needed (to the bone marrow, liver, etc.). Schematically, the exchange of iron in the body is as follows: There are two types of iron - heme(part of hemoglobin) and non-heme. Heme iron is found in meat (especially a lot of it in the liver and kidneys), non-heme - in plant foods. If heme iron is absorbed well, then non-heme iron is much worse. In order for the body to better assimilate it, it must be necessarily divalent, trivalent is not absorbed at all. DAILY NEED OF THE BODY FOR IRON The daily requirement for iron is: In children under 14 years of age, from 4 to 18 mg per day. In boys from 14 to 18 years old - 11 mg. In girls from 14 to 18 years old - 15 mg. In men from 18 to 50 years old - 10 mg. In women from 18 to 50 years old - 18 mg. In pregnant women - 33 mg. In lactating women - 38 mg. In men over 50 years old - 8 mg. In women over 50 years old - 8 mg. The toxic dose for humans is 200 mg. The lethal dose for humans is 7-35 grams. IRON DEFICIENCY IN THE BODY Iron deficiency in the body can occur when it is insufficiently supplied; in violation of cellular respiration, which develops due to a lack of motor activity; with hormonal disorders; from malnutrition and trendy diets; regular consumption of refined and phosphate-rich foods: sugar, white bread and pastries made from white flour, white rice, canned foods and sweets. Iron deficiency in the body can occur and with a deficiency of vitamins of group B (especially B12) and C . These vitamins help iron to be better absorbed. In the intestines, in the presence of inorganic oxalic and phytic acids, iron is not absorbed. This is one of the reasons for the need to consume iron-containing foods 2-3 times the daily requirement.

The most common symptoms of iron deficiency are: 1. Feeling tired. 2. Pale skin, its roughness and dryness. 3. Painful cracks in the corners of the mouth and cracks in the skin of the heels. 4. Constipation. 5. Brittle nails and weak teeth. 6. Dryness oral cavity, reaching the point that food hardly moves through the esophagus.

The main manifestations of excess: 1. Deposition of iron in tissues and organs, siderosis. 2. Headaches, dizziness, fatigue, weakness. 3. Inhibition of cellular and humoral immunity. 4. Skin pigmentation. 5. Loss of appetite, weight loss. 6. Heartburn, nausea, vomiting, stomach pain, constipation or diarrhea, ulceration of the intestinal mucosa. 7. Liver failure, fibrosis. 8. Increased iron saturation of transferrin. 9. Decrease in the level of serum iron (1.5-3 times). 10. Increased risk of atherosclerosis, liver and heart disease, arthritis, diabetes, etc. 11. Increased risk of developing infectious and neoplastic diseases.

IRON IMPACT ON HEALTH Iron-deficiency anemia. With anemia, the amount of hemoglobin, erythrocytes and lymphocytes decreases, immunity decreases, the risk of infectious diseases. Growth and mental development are delayed in children, and adults feel constant fatigue. It often happens that a person gets enough iron, but still suffers from anemia. This happens when there is a deficiency of vitamins involved in hematopoiesis, especially vitamins B6, B12 and folic acid.

Folic acid (lat. acidum
folicum, folacin; from lat. folium-leaf) -
water-soluble vitamin B9 essential for
growth and development of the circulatory and immune
systems. Along with folic acid
Vitamins also include its derivatives, including
including di-, tri-, polyglutamates and others. All
such derivatives together with folic acid
grouped under the name folacin.

Chemical formula

Discovery history

biological significance

biological significance

biological significance

Daily rate

Hypovitaminosis

Hypervitaminosis

"Vitamins for humans" - Foods richest in vitamin A. Butter and milk contain a lot of vitamin PP. Research methods Lunin (on white mice). … Always on the alert! Foods with a high concentration of vitamin D. Vitamin D Participates in the exchange of Ca and P. Lack of vitamin leads to softening of the bones and rickets. On guard of our health.

"Vitamin groups" - Empirical formula C12H18ON4S. The lack of biotin causes mainly skin lesions. B12 (cyanocobalamin). Empirical formula (С63Н88N14PC0). Animals and humans must receive riboflavin from food. Pyridoxine obtained by chemical synthesis is used in medicine. Some vitamins in humans are synthesized by the microbial flora of the intestine.

"Vitamins for children" - Hypovitaminosis is a seasonal problem. Vitamin B13 stimulates protein metabolism, normalizes liver function, and improves reproductive health. Vitamin B2. From history... Vitamin B9 is found in: meat, root crops, dates, apricots, mushrooms, pumpkin, bran. Vitamin PP is involved in the synthesis of nucleic acids, amino acids, and regulates the functioning of the hematopoietic organs.

"Lesson Vitamins" - The manifestation of diseases with a lack or excess of a vitamin. Water soluble. A is retinol. To develop creative thinking and intellectual abilities of students. The skin becomes dry. Biological dictation: Vitamin-A. Questions (answer yourself - put a number, see biological dictation). Lesson form: lesson - journey.

"Vitamins Biology" - Definition of the term vitamins. Voice the photos and pictures. Source of vitamin deficiency function. Vitamin C. Fats Proteins Carbohydrates Water Mineral salts. Vitamin b. Complicated. Vitamins have a structure. Source of vitamin deficiency function. + Vitamins. Vitamins. What is more useful? And etc.) ? Vitaminized foods? medical preparations? sun exposure.

"Vitamin" - Vitamin C. Types of vitamins. The role of vitamins in human life. Vitamins of group B. Normalize metabolism; Participate in the formation of enzymes; Contribute to better absorption of nutrients. Vitamin PP (nicotinic acid). Vitamins. C - ascorbic acid; B1 - thiamine; B2 - riboflavin; PP - nicotinic acid; A - retinol (provitamin A); D - calciferol; E - tocopherol.