BP is one of the simplest hemodynamic parameters widely used in cardiovascular research. vascular system under medical supervision, both at rest and during exercise. Different values ​​of BP shifts also depend on the degree of preparation of the subject. During a medical examination, the degree of changes in blood pressure in the first minute after exercise is determined in% of the initial value. The blood pressure at rest is taken as 100%, the difference in its values ​​before and after the load is X. Having made the proportion, it is determined by what amount (%) the blood pressure increased. After 20 squats, the maximum blood pressure should not increase by more than 15-30%, and the minimum should decrease by more than than 10-35%.

The level of blood pressure clearly reflects the degree of fatigue. Usually, with an increase in fatigue, blood pressure rises by 20 - 50 mm Hg. In acute fatigue after greater physical exertion, the minimum pressure drops to zero (the phenomenon of infinite tone). In the process of diagnosing fatigue, various tests and tests are carried out.

Mean blood pressure is one of the important parameters of hemodynamics. Mathematical method for calculating the average pressure:

mean blood pressure = blood pressure diast. + blood pressure pulse / 2.

Observations show that during physical fatigue, the average blood pressure rises by 10-30 mmHg.

According to the nature of the restoration of blood pressure after short-term intense loads (15s running in place at a maximum pace), 5 types of reaction to the load are distinguished. The normotonic type of reaction is considered normal, other variants are considered atypical.

Hypotonic (asthenic) reaction to the load consists in a slight increase or decrease in maximum blood pressure with a practically unchanged pulse pressure. Such a reaction to the load is considered unfavorable. Not only in persons suffering from hypertension, but also in athletes with physical overstrain or overwork, a hypertonic reaction to the load is possible. It is characterized by a significant increase in maximum blood pressure (sometimes over 200 mm Hg). The hypertonic reaction also includes an increase in the minimum blood pressure above 90 mm Hg. without a significant increase in the maximum. The basis of the hypertonic reaction is an increase in peripheral resistance. The recovery time for this reaction is slow.

In older people, in athletes, with overwork, the reaction worsens. of cardio-vascular system to high speed loading. The stepwise rise in maximum blood pressure occurs due to the inability of the body to quickly enough ensure the redistribution of blood to the working muscles.

In healthy athletes after very hard muscular work, in people who have had infectious diseases, in normal adolescents and young men, a dystonic reaction to the load is possible. With a significant increase in heart rate and maximum pressure (up to 200 mm Hg), the minimum pressure determined by the auditory Korotkov method reaches zero, that is, the phenomenon of infinite tone is determined. This phenomenon does not reflect the true level of the minimum BP, which is actually much higher. This tone is a consequence of the sounding of the walls of blood vessels, the amplitude and frequency of oscillations of which change under the influence of various factors.

Hypertensive conditions in athletes are more common (11.07%) than in non-athletes (9.9%). Formation hypertension can be carried out by various hemodynamic mechanisms. At the same time, in the initial period of the disease, the role of increased CO is more significant in the increase in blood pressure, while in later periods, the role of peripheral resistance of the vascular network increases. The athlete is subject to careful clinical examination to resolve the issue of what this increased pressure is: hyperreactivity of the vasomotor centers or hypertension. When establishing a diagnosis of hypertension, sports should be prohibited and recreational physical education should be recommended.

In athletes with hypotension due to fatigue, there are initial dysfunctions of the vasomotor centers, this hypotension is a prepathological condition and it is necessary to take measures to prevent neurocirculatory hypotension (regulate the working day, reduce or completely remove training loads, increase the duration of night sleep, etc.) Physiological hypotension in athletes is not a manifestation of pathology. The decrease in blood pressure occurs not due to a violation of the contractile function of the myocardium, but due to excessive expansion of the precapillaries. Physiological hypotension is not an obstacle to sports. Hypotension, which occurs with overwork, requires appropriate rest. Health-improving physical training is recommended for patients with hypotension. For athletes with physiological hypotension of high fitness, a slowdown in blood flow is characteristic, as a result of the economization of metabolic processes.

When monitoring blood pressure, attention should be paid to boundary indicators.

Hypertensive (atypical) reaction - pathophysiological stress response of the body to the impact of an excessive physical stressor. It is evidence of disadaptation of the cardiovascular, nervous and other body systems (a state of distress). This type of regulation occurs in athletes with overwork, underrecovery, overtraining, subacute colds and other diseases. According to our observations, such a reaction occurs in more than 80% of cases of atypical response.

In this case, the pulse usually rises to 180-230 beats. min., which indicates an excessive increase in tone sympathetic department VNS. Sometimes, the pulse response to the load is completely normal - 170-174 beats. min. but, at the same time, there is an inadequate change in the value of systolic blood pressure, which increases to 190 - 220 mm Hg. Often there is a "scissors phenomenon" when the values ​​of the pulse and systolic blood pressure differ significantly.

Diastolic pressure may decrease or remain at its original level - this the best option response, as part of the hypertonic reaction. In more severe cases (overwork or overexertion), diastolic pressure also rises.

The recovery time for heart rate, systolic and diastolic blood pressure levels (to the initial level) slows down significantly.

hypertensive response to physical activity occurs with violations of the autonomic regulation of the heart associated with the occurrence of prepathological and pathological conditions. This is a pathophysiological manifestation of the body's stress response, indicating an excessive deficit in the supply of blood and oxygen to the periphery. The consequence of this deficiency is excessive hypoxia in muscle and other cells. Excessive hypoxia, in turn, excessively activates the pathobiochemical process - lipid peroxidation (LPO). The end product of lipid peroxidation is free radicals, which, in cases where their hyperproduction takes place, damage or destroy cell organelles (cell membranes, mitochondria, cell nuclei, ribosomes) and cellular enzyme systems.

The hypertonic type of reaction is associated with the phenomena of overwork or overtraining. It can also be a sign of a pre-hypertensive state, but it can also be observed in quite healthy, well-trained athletes who show changes mainly in the values ​​​​of maximum blood pressure. Cause. This is in an increase in hemodynamic impact, proportional to the kinetic energy with which blood is ejected from the heart into the vessels. During exercise, the kinetic energy of cardiac output always increases, and therefore the hemodynamic impact increases significantly (in some athletes it can reach 25-40 mm 64T. St

The hypotonic type of reaction is characterized by a slight increase in maximum blood pressure, in response to the load, accompanied by a sharp increase in heart rate on the 2nd and 3rd loads (up to 170-190 beats / min). Recovery of heart rate and blood pressure is slowed down. These changes seem to be related to the fact that the increase in minute volume is provided mainly by an increase in heart rate, while the increase in systolic volume is small. This type of reaction is considered unfavorable.

The dystonic type is characterized mainly by a decrease in the minimum blood pressure, which after the 2nd and 3rd loads becomes equal to zero ("the phenomenon of infinite tone"). The maximum blood pressure in these cases rises to 180-200 mm 64T. Art. The initial idea that this type of reaction is observed in individuals with impaired vascular tone (hence the name - dystonic reaction) has not been confirmed. Most likely, the "phenomenon of infinite tone" has a methodological origin. The fact is that Korotkov's tones, heard when measuring blood pressure, arise due to the fact that "vortices" (turbulent fluid flow) are formed in the blood flowing through the artery narrowed by the cuff. As soon as the lumen of the vessel becomes normal, the blood flow in it normalizes and the movement of blood becomes laminar; The "sounding" of the artery stops. During exercise, when the volumetric velocity of blood flow increases sharply, a turbulent flow can occur in a vessel with a normal diameter. Therefore, if you listen with the help of a phonendoscope to the "sound" of the arteries in the area of ​​the elbow bend directly under load, then the sound phenomenon will naturally be detected at any sufficiently intensive work. Thus, the "endless tone phenomenon" is a normal phenomenon for loading conditions and the very beginning of the recovery period. As a negative sign, it is considered only in cases where the "sounding" of the arteries

And finally, during the test, there may be a reaction with a stepwise rise in maximum blood pressure. This type of reaction is characterized by the fact that the maximum blood pressure, which usually decreases during the recovery period, in some athletes increases at 2-3 minutes compared to the value at the 1st minute of recovery. This type of reaction is most often observed after a 15-second run. Experience shows that it is associated with a deterioration in the functional state of the athlete's body. At the same time, it can be an indicator of the inertia of the systems that regulate blood circulation. The fact is that the period of working out, according to a number of indicators of the cardiovascular system, lasts 1-3 minutes. From this it follows that during 15 seconds of work, the activity of the cardiovascular system does not reach a steady state, and in some individuals, despite the termination of the load, the deployment of the circulatory function may continue for some time. The considered criteria used to evaluate the results of testing an athlete's fitness have different values ​​at different stages of the training macrocycle. They are most informative in the competitive period, when the appearance of certain atypical reactions may be the result of a violation of the training regimen or its incorrect construction. At the beginning of the preparatory period, with an insufficient level of functional readiness, atypical reactions are detected more often.

Table 1 Protocol for a three-stage combined functional test by S.P. Letunova (normotonic type of reaction)

Time, sec

loads

Before loading

After 20 th

After 15 seconds of running

After a 3 minute run

The basis for determining the type of reaction of the cardiovascular system to physical activity is an assessment of the direction and severity of changes in basic hemodynamic parameters (HR and BP) under the influence of different kind physical activity, as well as the speed of their recovery.
Depending on the direction and severity of shifts in heart rate and blood pressure, as well as on the speed of their recovery, there are five types of reactions of the cardiovascular system to physical activity:

• Normotonic
• dystonic
• Hypertensive
• With a stepwise increase in maximum blood pressure
• hypotonic

Normotonic type reactions cardiovascular system on physical activity is characterized by:

1. adequate intensity and duration of the work performed by an increase in heart rate;
2. an adequate increase in pulse pressure (the difference between systolic and diastolic blood pressure) due to an increase in systolic blood pressure and a slight (within 10-35%) decrease in diastolic blood pressure;
3. fast (i.e., within the specified rest intervals) recovery of heart rate and blood pressure to the initial values ​​(after 20 squats - 3 minutes, after 15 seconds of running at a maximum pace - 4 minutes, after 3 minutes of running at a pace of 180 steps per minute - 5 min).

The normotonic type of reaction is the most favorable and reflects the body's good adaptability to physical activity.

Dystonic type reactions, as a rule, occurs after exercise aimed at developing endurance, and is characterized by the fact that diastolic blood pressure is heard to 0 (the "infinite tone" phenomenon).
When diastolic blood pressure returns to its original values ​​for 1-3 minutes of recovery, this type of reaction is regarded as a variant of the norm; while maintaining the "phenomenon of infinite tone" more long time as an unfavorable sign.

Hypertonic type of reaction characterized by:

1. inadequate load increase in heart rate;
2. inadequate load increase in systolic blood pressure to 190-200 mm Hg. (at the same time, diastolic blood pressure also rises slightly);
3. slow recovery of both indicators.

The hypertonic type of reaction indicates a violation of regulatory mechanisms, causing a decrease in the efficiency of the functioning of the heart. It is observed in chronic overstrain of the central nervous system (neurocirculatory dystonia of the hypertensive type), chronic overstrain of the cardiovascular system (hypertensive variant), in pre- and hypertensive patients.

Reaction with a stepwise increase in maximum blood pressure characterized by:

1. a sharp increase in heart rate;
2. continuing in the first 2 - 3 min rest increase in systolic blood pressure;
3. delayed recovery of heart rate and blood pressure.

This type of reaction is unfavorable. It reflects the inertia of regular systems and is recorded, as a rule, after high-speed loads.

Hypotonic type reactions characterized by:

1. a sharp, inadequate load increase in heart rate;
2. the absence of significant changes on the part of blood pressure;
3. slow recovery of heart rate.

The hypotonic type of reaction is the most unfavorable. It reflects a violation of the contractile function of the heart and is observed in the presence of pathological changes in the myocardium.

The results of the analysis of the dynamics of the type of reaction of the cardiovascular system to an additional control load, which is carried out before and after training (in 10 - 20 minutes), can be used to assessing the urgent tolerance of training sessions.
Any functional test is usually used as this control load (20 squats, 15 seconds running in place at a maximum pace, 1-3 minutes of work on a bicycle ergometer, in a step test, etc.).
The only requirement isstrict dosing load!!!

In this case, it is customary to distinguish 3 variants of the reaction:

• The first variant is characterized by an insignificant difference in the reaction to an additional standard load performed after a sufficiently intense training (session) from the reaction to it before training. There may be only slight shifts in heart rate and blood pressure, as well as the duration of recovery. However, in some cases the reaction to the load after the lesson may be less pronounced, and in others more pronounced than before the lesson. In general, this option shows that the functional state of the athlete does not change significantly after the session.
• The second variant of the reaction indicates a deterioration in the functional state, which manifests itself in the fact that after exercise, the shift in heart rate as a reaction to an additional load becomes greater, and the rise in blood pressure is smaller than before the exercise (the “scissors” phenomenon). The duration of recovery of heart rate and blood pressure usually increases. This may be due to insufficient preparedness of the student or severe fatigue caused by a very high intensity and volume of physical activity.
• The third variant of the reaction is characterized by a further deterioration in adaptability to additional load. After an exercise aimed at developing endurance, a hypotonic or dystonic reaction appears; after speed-strength exercises, hypertonic, hypotonic and dystonic reactions are possible. Recovery is much longer. This variant of the reaction indicates a significant deterioration in the functional state of the student. The reason is insufficient preparedness, overwork or excessive workload in class.

Meaning of reaction types confirmed with modern methods research (Karpman V.L., 1976; Guminer P.N., 1978; Motylyanskaya R.E., 1980; Dembo A.G., 1980, etc.).

The main drawback of the sample (lack of quantitative indicators performance) can be compensated to some extent by the quality characteristics of the load (monitor the exact observance of the given pace, the height of the knees when running, etc.).

Normotonic reaction (moderate, load-related increase in heart rate and maximum blood pressure, a slight decrease in the minimum, an increase in pulse amplitude and rapid recovery) indicates proper adaptation to stress, reflecting the good functional state of the subject. With an increase in fitness, the reaction is economized, recovery is accelerated.

Atypical reactions (hyper-, hypo- and dystonic) reflect less effective adaptation to loads, which happens most often with shortcomings in the functional state.

Hypertensive reaction - a significant (up to 220 mm Hg or more) increase in maximum blood pressure with a tendency to increase the minimum and significant increase in heart rate (doud/min or more). All indicators of arterial pressure (mean, lateral, final), vascular tone, and peripheral resistance increase. Such a reaction is more common in middle and old age, in the initial stages of hypertension, sometimes with physical overstrain.

Hypotonic reaction - a slight increase in maximum blood pressure with a significant increase in heart rate (an increase in minute blood volume mainly due to heart rate with a slight increase in systolic volume) and slow recovery - is characteristic of a state of overwork and asthenia due to an illness or other causes.

Dystonic reaction - a sharp decrease in diastolic pressure, up to listening to the so-called infinite tone (mercury in the manometer at zero level), with a significant increase in systolic blood pressure and increased heart rate. Since in the first seconds after the load of maximum intensity, the infinite tone is heard very often, which depends on normal hemodynamic influences, diagnostic value such a reaction can be given only in those cases when the endless tone lasts at least 1-2 minutes or appears after loads of moderate power. R.E. Motylyanskaya (1980) established a connection between this phenomenon and the hyperkinetic type of blood circulation, one of the causative mechanisms of which may be physical overstrain. A dystonic reaction can also be observed after diseases, in burdened environmental conditions, with neurocircular dystonia. As one of the physiological options for adaptation, such a reaction is sometimes found in adolescents.

"Step response". In the recovery period after exercise, the maximum arterial pressure continues to increase, reaching the highest value at the 2-3rd minute, which is due to a violation of the regulation of blood circulation and is determined mainly after the high-speed part of the test, which requires the most rapid activation of regulatory mechanisms. The appearance of such a reaction during training most often indicates overwork or underrecovery, but it can also be observed in other conditions associated with a decrease in circulatory function due to the inability to quickly redistribute blood during physical exertion. The athlete's persistent reaction usually reflects individual characteristics adaptation to high-speed loads, which often corresponds to insufficiently high sports results during high-speed exercises.

However, since the secondary rise in systolic pressure in the first seconds after exercise is often observed and disappears the faster, the higher the level of preparedness, such a reaction has diagnostic value when the step is not less than mm Hg. determined through after loading.

The most important role in the diagnosis is played by a combined reaction - the simultaneous presence of signs of various atypical reactions with delayed recovery, which clearly reflects a poor functional state and impaired fitness.

The significance of reaction types was confirmed using modern research methods (Karpman V.L., 1976; Gumener P.N., 1978; Motylyanskaya R.E., 1980; Dembo A.G., 1980, etc.). The main drawback of the test (lack of quantitative indicators of working capacity) can be compensated to some extent by the characteristics of the quality of the load (monitor the exact observance of the set pace, the height of the knees when running, etc.)

The test is especially valuable for dynamic observations. The appearance of atypical reactions in a trainee who previously had a normotonic reaction, or a slowdown in recovery indicates a deterioration in the functional state. An increase in fitness is manifested by a further improvement in the quality of the reaction and faster recovery.

Established back in 1951, the joint venture. Letunov and R.E. Motylyanskaya in relation to the combined functional test, types of reactions can be used for any physical activity, since they provide additional criteria for evaluating the reaction.

Of the samples (tests) that allow you to accurately take into account and quantify the work performed, in the practice of sports medicine and physiotherapy exercises, climbing a step (step test), bicycle ergometric tests and tests on a treadmill (treadmill) are mainly used. Load models can be different.

There are five types of reactions of the cardiovascular system to the load:

1. With a good functional state of the cardiovascular system, a normotonic reaction is manifested, which is characterized by an increase in heart rate by %, a clear increase in systolic blood pressure (mm Hg). Art. and some decrease (by 4-10 mm Hg) in diastolic blood pressure, the recovery period is 2-3 minutes. The noted type of reaction indicates the adequacy of the body to physical activity.

Except normotonic reaction when conducting functional tests, atypical reactions may occur.

2. Hypotonic or asthenic.

With this reaction, there is a significant increase in heart rate (more than 130%), a slight increase in systolic blood pressure and a slight decrease in diastolic blood pressure; the reaction is characterized by a slow recovery of the pulse and pressure to the initial values ​​(up to 5-10 minutes). It is observed in functional diseases of the heart and lungs. In children with low physical fitness, such a reaction can be considered a variant of the norm.

It is characterized by a sharp increase in heart rate (more than 130%), a significant increase in systolic blood pressure (up to 200 mm Hg), a moderate increase in diastolic blood pressure. The recovery period is significantly lengthened. A similar reaction occurs with arterial hypertension.

With this variant, there is a significant increase in systolic blood pressure with a sharp simultaneous decrease in diastolic blood pressure, which often drops to zero, that is, an “endless tone phenomenon” is obtained. The pulse is sharply accelerated, and the recovery period is longer, up to 6-7 minutes. Such a reaction in schoolchildren may be associated with a state of overtraining, autonomic neuroses, and recent infectious diseases. In athletes, subject to a rapid recovery of diastolic blood pressure within 1 minute, it is considered an indicator of high physical fitness. In the case when the restoration of diastolic blood pressure is delayed up to 2-3 minutes, the student must be referred for examination to a cardiologist.

With this type of reaction, systolic blood pressure at the 2nd-3rd minute of the recovery period is higher than at the 1st minute, diastolic blood pressure changes slightly, mainly downward against the background of a sharp increase in heart rate. Such a reaction is associated with a functional inferiority of the mechanisms of regulation of the activity of the cardiovascular system, indicating an insufficient adaptive ability of the cardiovascular system to physical exertion.

With atypical reactions of the cardiovascular system to physical activity, ECG studies and consultation with a cardiologist are necessary.

Thus, when assessing the degree of adaptation of the cardiovascular system to physical activity, the following are noted:

a) good. It is observed with a normotonic type of reaction with a recovery period of up to 5 minutes;

b) satisfactory - the shifts in the pulse and blood pressure exceed the normative ones, but their parallelism remains, the recovery period is extended to 7 minutes;

c) unsatisfactory - the manifestation of atypical reactions to physical activity (especially hypertonic and dystonic types) is characteristic. The recovery period is extended to 12 minutes.

When assessing the response of the cardiovascular system to physical activity, the leading role should be given to the recovery period, analyzing the activity and nature of the recovery of the pulse and blood pressure.

Hypertensive (atypical) reaction of the body to the load

Hypertensive (atypical) reaction is a pathophysiological stress response of the body to the impact of an excessive physical stressor. It is evidence of disadaptation of the cardiovascular, nervous and other systems of the body (state of distress). This type of regulation occurs in athletes with overwork, underrecovery, overtraining, subacute colds and other diseases. According to our observations, such a reaction occurs in more than 80% of cases of atypical response.

In this case, the pulse usually increases doud. min., which indicates an excessive increase in the tone of the sympathetic division of the ANS. Sometimes, the pulse response to the load is completely normal - beats. min. but, at the same time, there is an inadequate change in the magnitude of systolic blood pressure, which increases to mm Hg. Often there is a "scissors phenomenon" when the values ​​of the pulse and systolic blood pressure differ significantly.

Diastolic pressure may decrease or remain at its original level - this is the best response, as part of a hypertensive response. In more severe cases (overwork or overexertion), diastolic pressure also rises.

The recovery time for heart rate, systolic and diastolic blood pressure levels (to the initial level) slows down significantly.

The hypertonic type of response to physical activity occurs in violations of the vegetative regulation of the heart associated with the occurrence of prepathological and pathological conditions in athletes. This is a pathophysiological manifestation of the body's stress response, indicating an excessive deficit in the supply of blood and oxygen to the periphery. The consequence of this deficiency is excessive hypoxia in muscle and other cells. Excessive hypoxia, in turn, excessively activates the pathobiochemical process - lipid peroxidation (LPO). The end product of lipid peroxidation is free radicals, which, in cases where their hyperproduction takes place, damage or destroy cell organelles (cell membranes, mitochondria, cell nuclei, ribosomes) and cellular enzyme systems.

Types of reactions of the cardiovascular system to the load

When performing physical activity, unidirectional changes in blood pressure and pulse normally occur. Blood pressure responds to exercise by increasing maximum pressure, as peripheral resistance decreases due to the expansion of arterioles, which provides access to more blood to working muscles. Accordingly, the pulse pressure rises, which indirectly indicates an increase in the stroke volume of the heart, the pulse quickens. All these changes return to baseline within 3-5 minutes after the cessation of exercise, and the faster this happens, the better the function of the cardiovascular system.

Different values ​​of shifts in hemodynamic parameters and the duration of recovery to the initial figures depend not only on the intensity of the applied functional test, but also on the physical fitness of the subject

The response of heart rate and blood pressure to physical activity in athletes can be different.

1. Normotonic reaction. In well-trained athletes, the normotonic type of reaction to the test is most often noted, which is expressed in the fact that under the influence of each load, a pronounced increase in heart rate is noted to varying degrees. The pulse indicators in the first 10 seconds after the first load reach about 100 beats / min, and after the second and third - beats / min. With this type of reaction to all types of loads, systolic pressure increases and diastolic pressure decreases. These changes in response to 20 squats are small, to 15 seconds and 3 minutes of running they are quite pronounced. An important criterion for the normotonic reaction is the rapid recovery of heart rate and blood pressure to the resting level: after the first load - for the 2nd minute, after the 2nd load - for the 3rd minute, after the 3rd load - for the 4th minute of the recovery period . Slow recovery of the above indicators may indicate insufficient training.

In addition to normotonic, there are four more types of reactions: hypotonic, hypertonic, reaction with a stepwise rise in systolic pressure and dystonic. These types of reactions are atypical.

2. Hypotonic reaction is characterized by a significant increase in heart rate (up to 170-190 beats / min for the 2nd and 3rd loads) with a slight increase or even decrease in maximum pressure; the minimum pressure usually does not change, and, therefore, the pulse pressure, if it increases, is insignificant. Recovery time is slow. This reaction indicates that the increase in the function of blood circulation, due to physical activity, is provided not by an increase in stroke volume, but by an increase in heart rate. Obviously, the change in pulse does not correspond to changes in pulse pressure. Such a reaction is observed in athletes after illnesses (in the phase of convalescence), in a state of overtraining, overstrain.

3. Hypertonic reaction consists in a significant increase in maximum pressure (up to mm Hg), pulse rate and some increase in minimum pressure. Thus, the pulse pressure slightly increases, which should not be regarded as an increase in stroke volume, since this reaction is based on an increase in peripheral resistance, i.e. spasm of arterioles instead of their expansion. The recovery time for this reaction is slowed down. This type of reaction is observed in persons suffering from hypertension or prone to so-called pressor reactions, as a result of which the arterioles narrow instead of expanding. Such a reaction is often observed in athletes with physical overstrain.

4. The reaction with a stepwise rise in maximum (systolic) pressure is manifested in a pronounced increase in heart rate, while the maximum pressure measured immediately after exercise is lower than in the first minute of recovery. This reaction is usually observed after high-speed loads at a slow speed of running in. With this reaction, the inability of the body to quickly enough provide the redistribution of blood, which is required for the work of the muscles, is revealed. A stepwise reaction is observed in athletes with overwork and is usually accompanied by complaints of pain and heaviness in the legs after exercise, fatigue, etc. This reaction may be a temporary phenomenon, disappearing with a corresponding change in the training regimen.

5. Dystonic reaction is characterized by the fact that with a significant increase in heart rate and a significant increase in maximum pressure, the minimum pressure reaches zero, it is not determined more precisely. This phenomenon is called the "infinite tone phenomenon". This tone is a consequence of the sound of the walls of blood vessels, the tone of which changes under the influence of any factors. The phenomenon of infinite tone is sometimes observed in people who have had an infectious disease, with overwork.

Types of response to physical activity

There are 5 types of blood pressure response to physical activity:

1. normotonic - systolic blood pressure rises no more than normal (150%) from the original; Heart rate rises to 60–80%;

2. hypotonic (asthenic) - systolic blood pressure does not change or decreases; Heart rate rises more than 100% of the original;

3. hypertensive - systolic blood pressure rises by more than %;

4. dystonic - a sharp decrease in diastolic blood pressure to 0 mm Hg, the appearance of the phenomenon of "endless tone";

5. stepwise - an increase in blood pressure develops after a long period after exercise - 2-3 minutes.

Normal is only 1 type. Hypotonic (2nd) type indicates the low physical fitness of the subject. Hypertensive type (3rd) is detected in NCD, incipient hypertension. 4th and 5th types indicate overwork syndrome.

In addition, there are three types of reaction to physical activity.

- during load: the possibility of increasing the intensity of the load is subjectively felt; Heart rate - within the limits established for this athlete, free rhythmic breathing.

- good health, a feeling of "muscle joy"; decrease in heart rate to 120 beats / min or less within 3 minutes.

feeling of general fatigue lasts no more than 2 hours after training; Heart rate less than 80 beats / min; local fatigue persists for more than 12 hours; orthostatic pulse reaction no more than 12 in 1 min.

- during load: feeling of extreme load; the appearance of discomfort or pain behind the sternum; increase in normal breathing rate.

- immediately after the load (training): mental depression, after 3 minutes HR more than 120 beats / min; pain and discomfort even with low-intensity loads.

feeling of fatigue persists for more than 2 hours after class; decreased interest in activities; sleep and appetite disturbance; HR more than 80 beats / min persists up to 12 hours after training; local fatigue persists up to 24 hours; orthostatic pulse response 13-19 in 1 min.

- during load: incoordination, pallor, pain in the chest, heart rhythm disturbance.

- immediately after the load (training): Heart rate within 3 minutes after training exceeds 140 beats / min; pain behind the sternum persists; feeling very tired, malaise, dizziness.

aversion to exercise; malaise; sleep disturbance, appetite; feeling of general fatigue for more than 12 hours after class; Heart rate more than 80 beats / min; decreased resistance to habitual physical activity; orthostatic pulse response 20 or more in 1 min.

Subject: Federal Law No. 135-FZ of July 26, 2006 - Based on the study of Federal Law No. 135, give the shortest possible definition of the following concepts, indicating articles and paragraphs of the law.

Essence, functions and types of management in telecommunications - Goals are achieved using various principles, functions and methods of socio-economic management.

Scheme for constructing basic indices - Index (lat. INDEX - pointer, indicator) - a relative value showing how many times the level of the phenomenon under study.

Topic 11. International space law - Legal regime of outer space and celestial bodies. Principles of activity of the states on research.

Features of the reactions of the cardiovascular system to the load

physiological type. During the load, the possibility of increasing the intensity of the load is subjectively felt; Heart rate - within the limits established for this individual; free rhythmic breathing. Immediately after the load, the state of health is good, the feeling of "muscle joy"; decrease within three minutes of heart rate up to 120 bpm. and less. The feeling of general fatigue lasts no more than two hours after class, local fatigue - more than 12 hours. In the interval between loads, heart rate is less than 80 beats / min., Orthostatic pulse response is not more than 12 per minute.

"Borderline" type. During the load, a feeling of maximum load; the appearance of an unpleasant sensation or pain behind the sternum; increase in normal breathing rate. After exercise - mental depression, heart rate after three minutes more than 120 bpm; pain and discomfort even with low-intensity loads. The feeling of fatigue persists for more than two hours after class; decreased interest in activities; sleep and appetite are disturbed; Heart rate between loads - more than 80 bpm.

pathological type. During exercise - impaired coordination, pallor, pain in the chest, heart rhythm disturbance. Immediately after the load, pain behind the sternum persists; feeling of severe fatigue that lasts more than 12 hours, malaise, dizziness. Heart rate within three minutes after exercise - more than 140 bpm. In the future, there is an aversion to training, malaise, sleep disturbance, appetite, a decrease in resistance to habitual physical activity, an orthostatic pulse response in the interval between loads - 20 or more per 1 minute, heart rate - more than 80 beats / min.

The nature of the response of blood pressure to the load

Normotonic type. Along with increased heart rate, systolic pressure clearly increases (no more than 150% of the original); diastolic pressure does not change or slightly decreases; pulse pressure increases.

Asthenic (hypotonic) type is characterized by a more significant increase in heart rate; systolic pressure is weak or does not increase at all, and sometimes even decreases; pulse pressure decreases. The increase in the minute volume of blood is provided mainly by increasing the heart rate. The appearance of an asthenic reaction is explained by a decrease in the contractile function of the heart (“hyposystole syndrome” in the clinic). This is an unfavorable weakness of the body.

The hypertensive type is characterized by a more pronounced increase in heart rate than with a normotonic reaction, and most importantly, a sharp rise in systolic (more than% of the original) or diastolic (more than 10 mm Hg) pressure. This reaction is observed in initial stage neurocirculatory dystonia of the hypertonic type, with overtraining.

The dystonic type of reaction is characterized by an increase in heart rate, an increase in maximum A / D, a sharp decrease in minimum A / D, the appearance of the phenomenon of "infinite tone" (Korotkoff sounds are heard when the pressure in the cuff is reduced to "0"). It should be borne in mind that the definition of the phenomenon of "endless current" in the first seconds after a load of significant intensity is not a deviation from the norm, but a consequence of a change in the nature of blood flow in large arterial trunks. "Infinite tone", determined after 20 squats, indicates asthenization of the body (overwork, overtraining, etc.), a violation of the state of the vegetative nervous system and the occurrence of neuroses.

The stepwise type of reaction is characterized by the fact that systolic pressure reaches its maximum level not immediately after the load, but in the second or third minute of the recovery period; characteristic of overwork and overtraining.

34 Variants of reaction types in functional tests of the cardiovascular system. Characteristics of the dystonic reaction and the reaction of a stepwise rise in systolic pressure

Types of reactions of the cardiovascular system to physical activity

The basis for determining the type of response of the cardiovascular system to physical activity is an assessment of the direction and severity of shifts in basic hemodynamic parameters (HR and BP) under the influence of various types of physical activity, as well as the rate of their recovery.¶

The normotonic type of the reaction of the cardiovascular system to physical activity is characterized by:

The dystonic type of reaction, as a rule, occurs after loads aimed at developing endurance, and is characterized by the fact that diastolic blood pressure is heard to 0 (the “endless tone” phenomenon).

The hypertonic type of reaction is characterized by:

The reaction with a stepwise increase in maximum blood pressure is characterized by:

a sharp increase in heart rate;

The hypotonic type of reaction is characterized by:

The results of the analysis of the dynamics of the type of reaction of the cardiovascular system to an additional control load, which is carried out before and after training (every minute), can be used to assess the urgent tolerance of training sessions.

In this case, it is customary to distinguish 3 variants of the reaction:

Types of reactions of the cardiovascular system to physical activity.

1) The normotonic type of the response of the cardiovascular system to physical activity is characterized by an adequate increase in heart rate by %, an adequate increase in systolic blood pressure (mm Hg). Art., a decrease in diastolic blood pressure by 4-10 m Hg. Art. The recovery period is 2-3 minutes. The normotonic type is the most favorable and reflects the body's good adaptability to physical activity.

2) The hypotonic (asthenic) type of reaction of the cardiovascular system is characterized by a significant, inadequate physical activity, increased heart rate and, to a lesser extent, an increase in the stroke volume of the heart, a slight rise in systolic and unchanged (or slight increase) diastolic pressure.

Pulse pressure goes down. This means that an increase in blood circulation during exercise is achieved more due to an increase in heart rate, and not an increase in stroke volume, which is irrational for the heart. The recovery period is delayed up to 5 - 10 minutes. This type of reaction is the most unfavorable. It reflects a violation of the contractile function of the myocardium and is observed in the presence of pathological changes in the myocardium.

3) The hypertonic type of reaction to physical activity is characterized by a significant, inadequate increase and a sharp increase in systolic blood pressure domm Hg. Art., while diastolic pressure also rises slightly. The recovery period is getting longer. The recovery period is significantly lengthened. The hypertonic type indicates a violation of regulatory mechanisms that cause a decrease in the efficiency of myocardial functioning. Occurs with primary hypertension, IRR of the hypertonic type, overtraining of the student, physical overstrain of the CCC.

4) The dystonic type of reaction is characterized by a significant increase in heart rate, an increase in systolic blood pressure domm Hg. Art., and diastolic blood pressure is significantly reduced down to 0 (the phenomenon of infinite tone). When diastolic blood pressure returns to its original values ​​for 1-3 minutes of recovery, this type is regarded as a variant of the norm, while maintaining the "endless tone phenomenon" for a longer time, as an unfavorable sign. It is observed with instability of vascular tone, overwork, autonomic neuroses, after diseases.

5) The reaction with a stepwise increase in systolic blood pressure is characterized by a sharp increase in heart rate, an increase in systolic blood pressure continuing in the first 1-2 minutes of rest, and immediately after exercise, systolic blood pressure is lower than in the second or fifth minute of recovery. This type of reaction is unfavorable. Such a reaction reflects the inferiority of the regulatory mechanisms of blood circulation and is observed after infectious diseases, insufficient fitness, hypokinesia.

Assessing the adaptation of the cardiovascular system to physical activity, in older people involved in recreational physical education, a normotonic type of reaction to exercise should be considered a good result, all other types of reactions are unsatisfactory and require examination by the practitioner.

The criteria for assessing the adaptation (adjustability) of the cardiovascular system to physical activity are: the level of functional changes, their correspondence to the work performed, the type of reaction of the cardiovascular system and its stability:

Good adaptation can be. assessed with a normotonic type of reaction, a rapid degree of recovery after a load of heart rate and blood pressure (from 1 to 2 minutes), no worsening of the reaction with repetition of loads;

Satisfactory adaptation - with a normotonic type of reaction, an average level of recovery of heart rate and blood pressure (up to 5 minutes after exercise);

Unsatisfactory adaptation of CVS adaptability: atypical types of CVS reactions, excessive shifts in changes in heart rate and blood pressure with the lack of proper physical conjugation, delayed recovery of heart rate and blood pressure (more than 5 minutes), worsening of the reaction with repeated loads, adverse changes in the ECG.

Usually there is a correspondence between the indicators of the organism's adaptability and performance, but sometimes certain discrepancies can be observed:

• High physical performance with insufficient adaptability to physical stress indicates the initial signs of fatigue;
• Good adaptation (adaptability) with insignificant indicators of physical performance indicates that the functional reserves of the body have not been used.

Physiological changes during exercise

1. Excitability of the pulse - an increase in the pulse rate in relation to the initial value, is determined as a percentage;

2. The nature of changes in blood pressure (BP) - systolic, diastolic and pulse;

3. Time for the return of heart rate and blood pressure to the initial level.

Assessment of the functional reserves of the heart is carried out according to a special table. A variant of this index is the Ruffier-Dixon index:

The test results are evaluated at a value from 0 to 2.9 - as good; in the range from 3 to 5.9 - as an average; ranging from 6 to 8 - as below average; if the index value is more than 8 - as bad.

Hypertonic type of response to stress

Depending on the direction and severity of shifts in heart rate and blood pressure, as well as on the speed of their recovery, there are five types of reactions of the cardiovascular system to physical activity:

• Normotonic
• dystonic
• Hypertensive
• With a stepwise increase in maximum blood pressure
• hypotonic

Normotonic type of response of the cardiovascular system to physical activity is characterized by:

1. adequate intensity and duration of the work performed by an increase in heart rate;
2. an adequate increase in pulse pressure (the difference between systolic and diastolic blood pressure) due to an increase in systolic blood pressure and a slight (within 10-35%) decrease in diastolic blood pressure;
3. fast (i.e., within the specified rest intervals) recovery of heart rate and blood pressure to the initial values ​​(after 20 squats - 3 minutes, after 15 seconds of running at a maximum pace - 4 minutes, after 3 minutes of running at a pace of 180 steps per minute - 5 min).

The normotonic type of reaction is the most favorable and reflects the body's good adaptability to physical activity.

When diastolic blood pressure returns to its original values ​​for 1-3 minutes of recovery, this type of reaction is regarded as a variant of the norm; while maintaining the "endless tone phenomenon" for a longer time - as an unfavorable sign.

1. inadequate load increase in heart rate;
2. inadequate load increase in systolic blood pressure domm Hg. (at the same time, diastolic blood pressure also rises slightly);
3. slow recovery of both indicators.

The hypertonic type of reaction indicates a violation of regulatory mechanisms, causing a decrease in the efficiency of the functioning of the heart. It is observed in chronic overstrain of the central nervous system (neurocirculatory dystonia of the hypertensive type), chronic overstrain of the cardiovascular system (hypertensive variant), in pre- and hypertensive patients.

1. a sharp increase in heart rate;
2. an increase in systolic blood pressure that continues in the first minutes of rest;
3. delayed recovery of heart rate and blood pressure.

This type of reaction is unfavorable. It reflects the inertia of regular systems and is recorded, as a rule, after high-speed loads.

1. a sharp, inadequate load increase in heart rate;
2. the absence of significant changes on the part of blood pressure;
3. slow recovery of heart rate.

The hypotonic type of reaction is the most unfavorable. It reflects a violation of the contractile function of the heart and is observed in the presence of pathological changes in the myocardium.

Any functional test is usually used as this control load (20 squats, 15 seconds running in place at a maximum pace, 1-3 minutes of work on a bicycle ergometer, in a step test, etc.).

The only requirement is strict dosing of the load.

• The first variant is characterized by an insignificant difference in the reaction to an additional standard load performed after a sufficiently intense training (session) from the reaction to it before training. There may be only slight shifts in heart rate and blood pressure, as well as the duration of recovery. At the same time, in some cases, the reaction to the load after the lesson may be less pronounced, and in others more pronounced than before the lesson. In general, this option shows that the functional state of the athlete does not change significantly after the session.
• The second variant of the reaction indicates a deterioration in the functional state, which manifests itself in the fact that after exercise, the shift in heart rate as a reaction to an additional load becomes greater, and the rise in blood pressure is smaller than before the exercise (the "scissors" phenomenon). The duration of recovery of heart rate and blood pressure usually increases. This may be due to insufficient preparedness of the student or severe fatigue caused by a very high intensity and volume of physical activity.
• The third variant of the reaction is characterized by a further deterioration in adaptability to additional load. After an exercise aimed at developing endurance, a hypotonic or dystonic reaction appears; after speed-strength exercises, hypertonic, hypotonic and dystonic reactions are possible. Recovery is much longer. This variant of the reaction indicates a significant deterioration in the functional state of the student. The reason is insufficient preparedness, overwork or excessive workload in class.