Well-known psychological types were identified and described by the Austrian psychiatrist and psychoanalyst C. G. Jung.

His theory about “introversion - extraversion”, as well as about the four types of perception of the world, has developed and continues to develop.

Psychological personality types proposed by Jung:

• Personality types depending on the vector of its orientation:

1. An extrovert is a person psychologically oriented to the outside world; sociable, active, active.
2. – a person focused on the inner world; closed, sensitive, reasonable.

• Psychological types depending on the predominant way of perceiving life, in other words, on the main mental function:

1. Thinking type - a person who primarily relies on logic and thinking when making decisions. The sphere of feelings is suppressed.
2. The feeling type is a person focused on, judges in terms of “good - bad”, and not logically.
3. The sensing type is a person who perceives life directly through the senses; he looks, listens, touches and makes decisions based on the information he receives. it is suppressed.
4. Intuitive type - a person who relies on the “sixth” sense; such people make decisions based on intuitive, unconscious knowledge, rather than on direct sensations.

Based on Jung’s typology, in the seventies and eighties of the last century, Soviet sociologist A. Augustinavichiute developed one of the most detailed and reliable personal typologies and became the founder of a scientific direction called “socionics”.

• A. E. LICHKO

Another Soviet scientist A.E. Lichko, observing teenagers, identified psychological types that describe the types of character accentuations. Accentuation is an excessive strengthening of individual character traits, psychological deviations bordering on psychopathology, but not beyond the norm.

1. In adolescence, the crisis age, accentuation manifests itself most pronouncedly.
2. Later, the character “smoothes out”, and accentuation appears only in times of crisis.

• K. LEONHARD

The German scientist K. Leonhard proposed a similar classification, but did not limit it to the puberty period. The classification is based on an assessment of a person’s communication style with his immediate environment.

Psychological types according to K. Leonhard:

1. Hyperthymic. Optimistic, sociable, proactive, active, conflict-ridden, irritable, frivolous.
2. Disthymic. Pessimistic, silent, withdrawn, non-conflict, conscientious, fair.
3. Cycloid. Changeable type, combining hyperthymia and dysthymia.
4. Excitable. Slow, irritable, gloomy, domineering, conscientious, neat, loving animals and children.
5. Stuck. , inquisitive, fair, ambitious, touchy, suspicious, jealous.
6. Pedantic. Formalist and neat, serious, reliable, non-conflict, passive, boring.
7. Anxious. Timid, insecure, defenseless, pessimistic, self-critical, friendly, efficient, sensitive.
8. Emotive. Excessively vulnerable, tearful, passive, kind, compassionate, responsive, efficient.
9. Demonstrative. Can be both a leader and an opportunist; self-confident, artistic, courteous, captivating, extraordinary, selfish, boastful, lazy.
10. Exalted. Extremely sociable, experiencing bright and sincere feelings, amorous, altruistic, compassionate, changeable, prone to panic and exaggerate.
11. Extroverted. Sociable and talkative, open, efficient, frivolous, prone to excitement and risk.
12. Introverted. Idealist, reserved, philosophizing, non-conflict, principled, restrained, persistent, stubborn.

Classification of personality psychotypes depending on temperament

Most often, a personality typology is compiled based on differences in the temperaments and characters of people.

• HIPPOCRATES

The first known typology of personality depending on the type of temperament was proposed by the ancient Greek physician Hippocrates. It still remains relevant and popular, although the scientist did not individually connect typological personality traits with the properties of the nervous system (as is customary now).

A person’s psychotype according to Hippocrates depends on the ratio of various fluids in the body: blood, lymph and two types of bile.

Psychological types of temperament according to Hippocrates:

1. phlegmatic - a person in whose body lymph (phlegm) predominates, which makes him calm and slow;
2. melancholic - a person in whose body black bile (melanchole) predominates, which makes him fearful and prone to sadness;
3. sanguine - a person who has a lot of blood in his body (sanguine), active and cheerful;
4. choleric is hot and impulsive; there is a lot of yellow bile (chole) in his body.

For many centuries in a row, the doctrine of temperaments has been developed and supplemented. In particular, the German philosopher I. Kant and the Russian physiologist I. P. Pavlov were engaged in this. Today, the names of the types of temperament remain the same, but the essence has changed.

Temperament is a combination of innate characteristics of higher nervous activity. It depends on the speed and strength of the processes of excitation and inhibition in the brain. Thus, a weak type of higher nervous activity corresponds to the temperament of a melancholic person; strong, balanced, but inert – phlegmatic; choleric – strong and unbalanced; strong, balanced and agile - sanguine.

• E. KRETCHMER

At the beginning of the twentieth century, German psychiatrist E. Kretschmer identified various personality types depending on character. This was the first character classification. Kretschmer connected a person’s psychotype with the constitution of his body.

Three types of bodily constitution:

1. Asthenic. Thin and tall people, they have elongated arms and legs, underdeveloped muscles.
2. Athletic. People are strong, with well-developed muscles, average or above average height.
3. Picnic. People who tend to be overweight with underdeveloped muscles and musculoskeletal system, of average or short stature.

Since E. Kretschmer was a psychiatrist, he compared personality psychotypes with a tendency towards one or another psychopathology and grouped them into two personality types:

1. Schizothymics are mentally healthy people with an athletic or asthenic build, vaguely reminiscent of patients with schizophrenia. They are characterized by the following character traits: artistry, sensitivity, aloofness, selfishness, and authority.
2. Cyclothymics are mentally healthy people with a picnic build, reminiscent of patients with manic-depressive psychosis. These are cheerful, optimistic, sociable, frivolous people.

E. Kretschmer's theory was based only on his personal observations, but served as the basis for subsequent, more complex character typologies. Much later, scientists came to the conclusion that body shape really influences the character and individual typological characteristics of a person. The connection between the constitution of the body and the tendency to accentuate character (an extreme degree of normal functioning of the psyche) and psychopathology does exist.

Classification of personality psychotypes depending on character

People differ not only in their character traits, but also in their attitude to life, society and moral values. Although there is a concept of proper behavior, people behave differently.

The German psychoanalyst and sociologist E. Fromm introduced the concept of “social character” and defined it as a certain identical set of character traits in the personality structure of the majority of members of a particular community. Any community, class or group of people has a certain social character.

Social character was taken as the basis for the classification of psychological personality types.

Psychological personality types according to E. Fromm:

• "Masochist-sadist"

A person who is inclined to direct aggression towards himself or other people if he considers them to be guilty of ongoing personal failures or problems of the whole society. Such people strive for self-improvement, are insecure, punctual, responsible, demanding, domineering, and love to terrorize others, justifying their actions with good intentions.

Psychological masochism is almost always combined with sadism. However, there are people who are more inclined to one of the types.

Individual typological features of a “masochist”: self-deprecation, self-criticism, tendency to always blame oneself for everything. Fromm defined a “sadist” as an authoritarian personality. This is an exploitative man, domineering and cruel.

• "Destroyer"

He does not cause suffering to himself or others, but aggressively eliminates the cause of his troubles. In order not to feel powerless and frustrated, a person ends the relationship or interrupts the business he has begun, that is, he uses destructiveness as a means of resolving any trouble. “Destroyers” are usually anxious, desperate, cowardly people, limited in the realization of their capabilities and abilities.

• "Conformist Automaton"

Unlike the two previous psychological types, the “conformist” is passive. He does not fight, but resigns himself to difficult life circumstances. This is a too labile person who has practically lost his

He is an adaptable person who will change his point of view, behavior, principles and even type of thinking if the situation demands it. Such people are immoral, and therefore do not see anything shameful in changing points of view and life values.

This social typology does not characterize people from the best side, but it reveals the problems of society and remains extremely relevant in our time.

It is impossible to say which typology is better; they complement each other. Any personality typology allows an individual to know himself and at the same time realize his uniqueness.

The reason for the division into psychotypes

Philosophers and scientists at all times of the existence of civilized society have tried to distinguish and isolate psychological types of people from the diversity of the nature of human nature. Many classifications are based on observations of people, life experience, or the conclusions of the scientist who proposed a specific typology. Only in the last century, in connection with the flourishing of psychology, personality psychotypes became the object of research and received proper scientific justification.

Despite the variety of psychological types that exist today, it can be difficult to determine which personality type a person belongs to. Often, when reading the classification of types and wanting to find oneself, one cannot decide or finds several types at once, similar to the individual typological characteristics of one’s own personality.

The disadvantage of any typology is that it cannot accommodate all possible personality types, because each person is an individual. We can say that it is more likely to belong to one type or another, is more similar to it, or at some moments manifests itself in a similar way.

Any human psychotype is a generalization, an attempt to combine into a group similar and often observed together qualities, temperamental characteristics, and other individual typological personality traits.

Personality types are often exaggerated and simplified, describing deviant behavior (even psychopathology) or only those personality traits that are pronounced and stereotypical.

Pure types are rare. However, every second person, reading this or that typology or passing a psychological test, easily determines his psychotype and agrees with the characteristics given to him.

The more developed an individual’s personality, the more difficult it is for him to classify himself as one or another personality type. A harmoniously developed personality and bright individuality hardly “fits” into any particular psychotype.

Despite the imperfection of typologies and personality types, they allow you to understand yourself, notice shortcomings, and identify ways of development. It is easier for people around an individual, who know what psychological type he belongs to, to build relationships with him and predict behavior in a specific situation.

Personality typology helps professional psychologists conduct psychodiagnostics of the client. A psychological portrait of a person necessarily includes a description of his psychotype. Individual typological characteristics of a person are extremely important, because they will tell about temperament, character, abilities, emotional-volitional sphere, orientation, attitudes, motivation and values ​​- about all components of individuality.

There are many pseudo-scientific classifications of psychological types that people use in everyday life. For example, dividing people depending on the time of day when the greatest activity and ability to work is observed, into “larks” and “night owls”.

There are a huge number of pseudoscientific tests on the Internet, more likely to be entertaining than to help you understand yourself. But even such psychological tests have a right to exist, since they give rise to a person’s desire to know himself. What psychotypes of people are described in the science of psychology?

Mikhail Borodyansky

8 colored psychotypes: who are you?

© Borodyansky M.

© AST Publishing House LLC, design

* * *

Dedicated to Viktor Tolkachev

Preface to the second edition

Dear reader!

More than five years have already passed since the release of the first edition of my book in Russian. During this time, vector psychology has taken a stable place among practical methods available not only to specialists, but to any person who wants to better understand themselves and the people around them.

I received hundreds of responses from readers: doctors and teachers, actors and entrepreneurs, representatives of many other professions - all of them were able to take new heights in their activities and in their relationships with people.

In the last few years, many articles and trainings on this technique have appeared on the Internet. And the more of them there are, the louder the debate about vector psychology sounds: is it a means to solve all problems or a simplified description of a person that has no practical meaning? In fact, neither one nor the other. Vector psychology is a simple and accessible guide to the secrets of the human soul, which answers two important questions: “How to understand?” and “What to do?”

You can start reading the book from anywhere: on every page you will find something interesting about yourself or someone close to you. And numerous examples and stories from life will amuse you with all your heart.

I wish you joy from reading this book and ease in communicating with people!

Mikhail BorodyanskySt. Petersburg, 2017

In 1994, I attended a strange seminar. It was not curiosity that brought me there, but rather a longing for something new. This was not the most fun period of my life: I did not have the personal and sexual relationships that I dreamed of, I earned much less than I wanted, and, as it seemed, I was not doing at all what God gave me Life for.

The host of the seminar, an energetic guy named Viktor Tolkachev, promised to teach everyone present to understand themselves and others, live in harmony with themselves and others, achieve success in their careers and get all the joys from life in 12 lessons. When sexual harmony and a happy family life were added to this list, I, like a “normal” person, stood up and headed for the exit. At that moment it became absolutely clear to me that all this was complete nonsense.

At the door I turned around. The presenter looked at me and without any emotion said: “Stay until the third lesson.” Why did I stay? I just wanted to go up to him later and defiantly ask: “Well? Why the hell did I lose three evenings here?”

And indeed, a week later I approached Tolkachev, but for something completely different. I told him that I also want to conduct such training. “You can do it,” Victor answered after thinking a little (he loved being called that way - with the emphasis on the last syllable). And two weeks later he gave me his first book - “The Luxury of Systems Thinking” - with a dedicatory inscription:

I understood perfectly well what it was about, and even then I thought about the book that you are now holding in your hands.

Many years have passed since then. Now I feel fulfilled in my profession and in my personal life. The understanding of myself that Viktor Tolkachev once gave me has become more holistic, every day it helps me to reveal my potential: I publish a psychological magazine, create large-scale Internet projects, conduct live trainings, build a successful company and make money in those ways. which bring me pleasure.

Thanks to our deep understanding of each other, my wife and I have been able to maintain our senses for many years and successfully overcome the natural difficulties of family life. Accepting our children's natural characteristics helps us provide them with support and the conditions for their development so that they grow up free, responsible and happy. Plus, I feel healthier and stronger than I did 20 years ago.

Therefore, I have a great desire to pass on my knowledge and experience further: over the years, in St. Petersburg and other cities, I have conducted more than four hundred trainings, which have trained more than six thousand people. They successfully apply the acquired knowledge in work and in personal relationships, and some already conduct training in vector psychology themselves.

Our relationship with Victor was not always smooth: we argued, proved something to each other, and each moved on - in our own direction. Sometimes we disagreed so much that we might not communicate for several months. When all the disagreements were behind us, Victor gave me a collection of articles, one of the authors of which he was. This happened shortly before his death, and the inscription on this book to this day gives me strength to continue our common cause:

Mikhail BorodyanskySt. Petersburg, 2012

From the publisher of the first edition: about vector psychology

In 1908, Sigmund Freud published the article “Character and Anal Eroticism,” which became the beginning of the psychoanalytic teaching on character. Having briefly described in this article the psychological characteristics of people with high sensitivity of the anus, Freud set a task for his followers:

"You should pay attention

and on other types of characters and find out

Is there any connection in other cases?

with certain erogenous zones."

And the followers did not have to wait long. Soon new articles on this topic appeared: Ernest Jones - “On anal-erotic character traits”, Hans von Hallingberg - “Anal eroticism, love of fear and stubbornness”, as well as two articles about other erogenous zones (holes on the body) and related with them characters: Isidore Zadger - “Urethral Erotica” and “Erotics of the Skin and Muscular System”. Thus, at the beginning of the last century, the character types associated with the openings on the torso were briefly described: anal, urethral, ​​cutaneous and muscular.

At the end of the twentieth century, St. Petersburg psychologist Viktor Konstantinovich Tolkachev (1947–2011), inspired by the work of Freud and his colleagues, described character types associated with openings on the head (eyes, ears, nose and mouth). As Tolkachev himself said, this became possible thanks to his teacher, Academician Vladimir Aleksandrovich Ganzen (1909–1996), whose book “System Descriptions in Psychology” served as the basis for a systematic view of sensitive openings.

Thus, Viktor Tolkachev created a holistic system that includes eight human characters. He introduced the concept of “vector” and called his theory “system-vector psychoanalysis.” A vector is understood as a set of psychological and physiological qualities (character, habits, health, etc.) associated with one of the sensitive openings on the human body. Unlike the usual concept of “personality type” (which is usually one), there are several vectors in a person, and all of them can have different potential: from 0 to 100%. This system became the basis of Viktor Tolkachev’s training, which he conducted for thirty years in Russia, Germany and the USA: during this time, more than six thousand people became his students.

Mikhail Borodyansky, one of the first students of Viktor Tolkachev, turned vector theory from cognitive-descriptive into practical and called it a “system of psychological vectors.” His main contribution was the introduction of a new concept "vector acceptance", which turned out to be key for the practical application of this knowledge. Acceptance is an attitude towards the manifestations of our own or someone else’s vector when we perceive them without judgment, that is, without dividing them into good and bad, necessary and unnecessary. In addition, acceptance is the recognition that any manifestation of a vector serves something, even if we cannot understand it now. Mikhail Borodyansky created a formula for calculating the acceptance of a vector and co-authored a test that allows one to assess the innate potential of each vector and the degree of its acceptance. Anyone can take the Tolkachev-Borodyansky test on the Internet at www.psy8.ru

In addition to Mikhail Borodyansky, several students of Viktor Tolkachev are developing vector theory in various directions, conducting trainings, writing articles and books. Among them are Lyudmila Perelshtein (the book “Beware: Children! Or a manual for parents who can be surprised”), Elena Kudryavtseva (trainings and articles on the use of the vector system in consulting), Yuri Burlan (portal “System-vector psychology”), Alexander and Tatyana Prel (book “Why did we grow up like this?”) and others.

One of the main aspects of human existence is his self-realization in various fields of activity, among which successful adaptation and productive interaction with other people are of key importance. Since time immemorial, philosophers, and then psychologists, have tried to establish certain patterns in human behavior and attitude in order to make relationships between people more understandable and mature.

Preface

Thus, even at the dawn of psychology, the Austrian psychiatrist S. Freud formulated a theory about the structure of the psyche, and the Swiss psychiatrist K.G. Jung, relying on this knowledge and his own many years of work experience, created the first concept about psychological personality types. This teaching today has become the basis for many competent socio-psychological theories and even entire areas of modern psychotherapy.

One of these modern theories is socionics as the doctrine of the interaction between a person and the outside world, depending on the personal characteristics of a particular person, which classify him as one of 16 socionic personality types.

Socionics as a science was created in the seventies of the last century by the Lithuanian scientist Ausra Augustinavichiute on the basis of computer science, sociology and psychology. In the scientific community, socionics is rather not a science, but one of the famous personality typologies, which serves as a diagnostic method in psychological counseling.

K.G. Jung - the forefather of socionics

In the 19th century, K.G. Jung created his famous theory about personality types, the definition of which is based on ideas about attitudes and basic functions of the psyche. He identified two main personal attitudes: introversion, when a person’s interest is directed into the depths of his own inner world, and extroversion, when a person is directed to the outside world. At the same time, there is a concept about a person’s inclination towards a specific attitude, but not about its complete predominance.

Jung considered thinking, sensation, intuition and feeling to be the main functions of the psyche. Sensation means interaction with the world based on the senses, thinking and feeling help to understand these sensations at the level of comprehension and emotional experience, and intuition answers the question of the origin of these phenomena at the subconscious level.

For each person, one of these functions is dominant, and the rest complement it.

These functions have been divided into two groups:

• rational, to which thinking and feeling belong;
• irrational (sensation and intuition).

In this case, rationality implies an orientation towards the objective norms of society. Based on these aspects, Jung created a classification consisting of 8 main personality types, which in socionics expanded to 16 psychotypes.

The birth of socionics

To create a new full-fledged typology and highlight more specific personality types, A. Augustinaviciute combined Jung’s concept with the theory of information metabolism of the Polish psychiatrist A. Kempinski. This theory is based on the concept of the exchange of information between a person and the outside world in comparison with metabolism in the body, when information is food for the human psyche, therefore mental health is directly related to the quality of incoming information. Thus, socionics calls personality types types of information metabolism. The presence of dominant characteristics should not be confused with.

Socionic personality types are not a constant, “frozen” characteristic of a person; their definition reflects only the way of information exchange, without affecting the individual characteristics of a person (education, culture, experience and character), which are studied by individual psychology. Accentuation is a pointed character trait of a person, which should be paid attention to as bordering on pathology, but accentuation is not the goal of research in socionics.

Formation of names

How did socionics get its name from specific personality types? The name of the type comes from the dominant attitude (extroversion or introversion), and the two most powerful functions of the four, while the names of the functions have undergone some changes: thinking and feeling became logic and ethics, respectively, and sensation was called sensory.

Rationality and irrationality are determined by the location of functions in the names of psychotypes. If we talk about rational personality types, then the first word in the name will be logic or ethics, and for irrational personality types – sensory or intuition.

The names of the 16 types were added over time by various scientists to provide a clearer accessible description of a person. The most popular names of these types are: formulaic names based on Jung’s theory, pseudonyms of famous historical figures - bearers of the designated characteristics, pseudonyms that characterize a person’s professional predisposition.

Basic socionic types

Jung owns a classification of 8 main psychotypes, on the basis of which socionics proposed a more detailed classification consisting of 16 psychotypes.

• Logical-intuitive extrovert(LIE), "Jack London", "Entrepreneur". He is able to clearly identify his own capabilities and abilities, is easily inspired and starts new things, and is interested in dynamic sports that give extreme sensations. Feels new trends, takes risks, relying on intuition. Confidently uses new technologies in her work, deeply analyzes herself and the world around her. Tends to communicate closely with people.
• Logical-sensory extrovert(LSE), “Stirlitz”, “Administrator”. A very efficient, socially adapted type, he always feels the need to bring the work he has started to completion. Plans activities and treats surrounding things practically. Tends to show love and care for loved ones, loves noisy fun and company. He is good-natured, but harsh, can be hot-tempered and stubborn.
• Ethical-intuitive extrovert(EIE), “Hamlet”, “Mentor”. A very emotional person, prone to empathy and displaying a wide range of emotions. He has expressive facial expressions and eloquence. Able to anticipate various events and prepare for them in advance. Picks up inconsistencies in other people's words and emotions. Often unsure of a partner's love and prone to jealousy.
• Ethical-sensory extrovert(ESE), “Hugo”, “Enthusiast”. Able to influence people through emotional pressure, he gets along well with them, can cheer them up, is inclined to sacrifice his own interests for the sake of another person and show love and care for loved ones. In his work he achieves everything on his own, loves when other people emphasize his merits.
• Logical-intuitive introvert(LII), “Robespierre”, “Analyst. He knows how to distinguish the important from the secondary, does not like empty talk, and is prone to clear, practical thinking. In their work, this type likes to use unusual ideas, while demonstrating their independence. Uses intuition where he does not know the exact answers. Does not like noisy companies, finds it difficult to establish relationships with other people.
• Logical-sensory introvert(LSI), “Maxim Gorky”, “Inspector”. Loves order and rigor, delves deeply into work, analyzing information from different angles. It is distinguished by a certain pedantry. He looks at things realistically and takes on a task only if he knows for sure that he can complete it. Inspires trust, but prefers short business contacts with other people.
• Ethical-intuitive introvert(EII), “Dostoevsky”, “Humanist”. He subtly senses the nature of relationships between people, attaches great importance to trust, and does not forgive betrayal. He is able to identify the hidden abilities of others and is endowed with the talent of an educator. He is passionate about self-education, people often turn to him for advice. We are very vulnerable, it is difficult to tolerate aggression and lack of love.
• Ethical-sensory introvert(ESI), “Dreiser”, “Keeper”. Recognizes pretense and falsehood in relationships, divides people into friends and strangers, managing psychological distance. He defends his views and principles. He knows how to stand up for himself and his loved ones, and cannot tolerate the moral superiority of other people. Able to deeply analyze himself and others.
  
• Intuitive-logical extrovert(ILE), “Don Quixote”, “The Seeker”. He has a wide range of interests, knows how to adapt to new conditions and easily switches to new methods of work. He is a generator of ideas and does not like traditions and routine. Able to explain complex ideas, being a pioneer in them. He is more prone to synthesis in thinking, creates a new idea from ready-made components.
• Sensory-logical extrovert(SLE), "Zhukov", "Marshal". Tends to use physical force in order to achieve victory at any cost. Obstacles only increase his desire to win. Likes to lead and cannot stand being subordinated. Analyzing the situation, he likes to draw up a specific action plan and strictly follows it.
• Intuitive-ethical extrovert(IEE), "Huxley", "Adviser". He is able to subtly feel other people and has a developed imagination. Loves creative work and cannot stand monotony and routine. Sociable, likes to give practical advice in the field of interaction with people.
• Sensory-ethical extrovert(SEE), "Napoleon", "Politician". Able to see the capabilities of others, using this knowledge for the purpose of manipulation. Leads over
  weak, clearly identifying their weak points. He likes to keep his distance; in communication he is more likely to be guided by his own interests. In the eyes of others he tries to look like an outstanding, original person, but often he is not.
• Intuitive-logical introvert(OR), "Balzac", "Critic". This type is an erudite with a philosophical mindset. He is careful, makes a decision only with confidence in its correctness, analyzing the vulgar in its connection with the future. Does not like violent manifestations of emotions, appreciates coziness and comfort.
• Sensory-logical introvert(SLI), "Gaben", "Master". Sensations are for him the main source of knowledge of the world. Shows empathy, subtly feels and loves other people, rejects artificiality and falsehood. He is distinguished by a technical mindset, loves to work with his hands, while always meeting the required deadlines.
• Intuitive-ethical introvert(IEI), “Lyric”, “Yesenin”. A dreamy and lyrical person, he knows how to intuitively predict events, has a good understanding of people, loves and “feels” them. He has a good sense of humor and wins the affection of other people. This type attaches great importance to appearance. He doesn’t know how to save money, and while working he likes to rest for a long time.
• Sensory-ethical introvert(SEI), “Dumas”, “Mediator”. Knows how to enjoy ordinary life, calmly enduring monotony and routine. Gets along easily with people, respecting their personal space, while demanding the same attitude from them. Likes to joke, entertain, avoids conflict situations. He is often a helper and loves to feel needed and significant in the eyes of other people.

Nowadays, developed technologies make it possible for everyone, without exception, to undergo testing and find out their socionic types, but we should not forget that a person’s personality is very multifaceted and ambiguous, therefore only a professional psychologist can qualitatively compose and describe a socio-psychological portrait of a personality during multi-level psychological diagnostics , where socionics is one of the methods.

A personality's psychotype is a set of character traits from a psychological point of view. The correct definition of a psychotype will help not only to better understand the person himself, but also to find the necessary approach to him.

Basic theory

There is no unified system of criteria and assessments with the help of which one can derive one current classification of psychotypes. The most popular is the theory of Carl Jung, which is based on mental functions and attitudes. First of all, he identified the scale of introversion and extraversion.

Introverts' energy is directed inward. Such a person will prefer to develop himself and spend time with himself over active communication with the outside world. An introvert is active and happily “wastes” his own energy on the people around him.

Also, K. Jung used the concept of “personality function” in his works. He included sensation and thinking, intuition and feeling among them.

Depending on the predominance of a particular function, their combination and psychological attitude, he identified 8 personality psychotypes. They are needed not only for researching and organizing a huge variety of psychological characteristics, but also are an excellent help for a practicing psychologist.

Extraversion Based Types

Based on introversion

Personality accentuation

Psychologists distinguish several personality types or types of accentuation. Personality type is a set of character traits that determine not only the behavior of an individual, but his lifestyle and behavior in society. In practical psychology and psychotherapy, types are used that were derived and systematized by Andrei Lichko. In its pure form, each type is quite rare, but if you have the necessary skills, you can determine the leading type of accentuation in a person.

personality type	Description
Hyperthymic type	Such people are highly active, excitable, and cheerful. They are active, lead a fairly successful and varied lifestyle, easily get along with people and take on the role of leader. Their unquenchable thirst for activity and ebullient energy attracts others and makes such people the soul of the company. However, they often give up what they started and quickly lose interest in everything. Often their actions are dictated not by principles or morals, but by momentary desires and a thirst for new experiences. They are not able to take their responsibilities seriously, and are not adapted to long, monotonous work.
Cycloid type	Such people are often subject to mood swings. The phase of cheerfulness and vigor after a short time (1-2 weeks) is replaced by lethargy and passive behavior. During periods of high mood, they can easily be mistaken for a hyperthymic personality type; during a low mood, traits of a dysthymic type of accentuation appear.
Dysthymic type	Such people are usually called pessimists. They are serious, withdrawn, often in a depressed mood, and taciturn. People of the dysthymic type prefer to avoid noisy companies and do not enter into conflicts. Their social circle is small, they have strong morals and are guided by their principles. Professions that require activity and vigorous activity are not suitable for them. People of the dysthymic type value a calm, measured life and choose the same type of work.
Epileptoid type	People of this type of accentuation are driven by emotions. They have poor control over their own impulses, tend to fly into rage, are impulsive, and lack self-restraint. In conflict situations, they feel like fish in water, often starting squabbles and scandals themselves. They do not get along well with other people and are unable to maintain a healthy working atmosphere in the team. They subconsciously destroy all relationships, often oppress and suppress weaker individuals.
Stuck type	Personalities of this type literally get “stuck” in their own thoughts, experiences, and situations. It is quite difficult for them to switch, they are difficult to forget grievances and acutely feel injustice towards themselves. Vengeful, vindictive, prone to protracted conflicts. At the same time, such people like to dominate and clearly define friends and enemies for themselves. Their character is dominated by selfish affect, to which all his actions are subordinated.
Labile type	People of this type are subject to frequent mood swings and react sharply to attention from others. Due to their heightened sensitivity, they often become emotionally distant from their loved ones as a result of some kind of trauma.
Astheno-neurotic type	A striking example of this type of personality are hypochondriacs. They get tired quickly, irritable, and prone to emotional breakdowns. Professionally, they try to do their work carefully and are very zealous about their responsibilities.
Sensitive type	Personalities of this type are sensitive and very impressionable. They often suffer from complexes and feelings of inferiority, and often become the object of ridicule. With proper relationships with society, they show kindness and try to help loved ones.
Psychasthenic type	Such people are prone to self-examination and excessive reflection. It is difficult for them to make decisions; they weigh all options for a long time. Their distinctive feature is a high level of self-criticism and reliability; they are not prone to frequent mood changes.
Schizoid type	Such people are characterized by isolation and an absolute inability to find a common language with other people. They are characterized by emotional dullness and an almost complete lack of intuition. People of the schizoid type are stable and have a rich inner world.
Hysteroid type	Such people love to be the center of attention, they are quite selfish, but at the same time they are not confident in themselves. They do not tolerate blows to their own pride and are prone to demonstrative behavior.
Unstable type	The main character trait of such people is laziness and reluctance to work. It is difficult for them to concentrate, the ability to self-learn is almost zero. People with unstable personality types are prone to empty entertainment for the sake of having fun. They strive for a lack of control over themselves and rarely recognize other people's authorities.
Conformal type	The main feature is the desire not to stand out. These people love to be in the crowd and obey its laws. Their conformism and blind faith in public opinion make them ideal performers and members of society.

8 colored psychotypes: who are you? Mikhail Borodyansky

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Title: 8 colored psychotypes: who are you?

About the book “8 Psychotypes of Color: Who Are You?” Mikhail Borodyansky

At the beginning of the last century, Sigmund Freud suggested that a person's character is somehow connected with the sensitive openings on our body (mouth, nose, ear, eye and others).
A hundred years ago, Freud did not yet know or was not ready to openly declare that the sensitivity of these holes determines all areas of a person’s life: from health to sexual preferences, from the choice of profession to the style of doing business.

From this book you will learn what types of people exist depending on the leading sensitive zone, and how this knowledge can help in various situations in your life.

In fascinating and sometimes funny stories, the author talks about psychological tools that you can use to build harmonious relationships with children and parents, loved ones and strangers, in business and in your personal life.

Mikhail Borodyansky is a psychotherapist, consultant and business coach, author of numerous publications on the art of management and communication, father of three children.

Since 1994, he has conducted 680 trainings in Russia, Europe and the USA, where more than 12,000 people have trained.

2nd edition, corrected and expanded.

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