Cities have always played and are now playing a decisive role in the economic, socio-political and cultural progress of society, and therefore, although urban studies have long been among the pressing issues of Russian historical science, reality itself again and again returns researchers to the problems of urbanization in Russia. Scientists are always attracted by universally significant problems, without solving which it is impossible to find the right answers to a whole range of questions dictated by the practical needs of society. A.A. Preobrazhensky emphasized that “the study of historical trends in the city-forming process in all its diversity remains an important and promising scientific task that has access to modern problems1.”

A.C. Cherkasova rightly believes that “to successfully study the processes of urban development in Russia, first of all, it is necessary to determine clear criteria for classifying cities by social types (early feudal, feudal, early capitalist), clarify the patterns of decline and rapid growth of cities in different eras, and the role of manufacturing in the process of city formation, identifying the actual ratio of the rural and industrial population at the time in question, etc.

All these issues can be resolved only on the basis of studying the actual history of both official cities and commercial and industrial villages and manufacturing centers"2.

At the present stage of development of historical science, the conclusion of A.S. Cherkasova acquires particular relevance. It is obvious that generalizing studies, which are certainly necessary, useful and have played a positive role, can no longer give a satisfactory answer to all questions that arise. A monographic study of the history of individual populated areas will undoubtedly make it possible not only to obtain new information, but also to identify patterns of urban development that could not be discovered during studies “with a lesser degree of approximation.” The wealth of factual materials acquired in the course of concrete historical research gives scope for the formulation of hypotheses, ultimately, for creating an objective picture of urban development.

In the last decade in Russian historical science, due to a not always justified change in the scientific paradigm, the study of the socio-economic history of cities, especially regional ones, has been undeservedly forgotten, giving way to features of their political

1 Preobrazhensky A.A. City, village and state power in Russia in the 17th-18th centuries // Village and city of the Urals in the era of feudalism: the problem of interaction. Sverdlovsk, 1986. P. 13.

2 Cherkasova A.S. Some questions of the historiography of a Russian city of the 18th century // Research on the history of the Urals. Vol. 1. Perm, 1970. P.61. and cultural history. This situation cannot be considered normal and this work is an attempt to correct it.

The city of Verkhoturye, Sverdlovsk region, is one of the oldest on the eastern slope of the Urals; it occupies a special place in the history of the region. A stronghold of Russian colonization of the Trans-Urals and Siberia, the most important transit, transport and cultural-confessional center played a significant role in the history of the country for centuries. For this reason, close attention to its history promises new discoveries. Back in 1959, at an international conference in The Hague, the question was raised about including the architectural ensemble of Verkhoturye among the most significant architectural monuments of the world, subject to protection even during military operations. Verkhoturye Resolution of the State Construction Committee and the Ministry of Culture of the RSFSR No. 36 dated 06/31/1970 “On approval of the list of cities and other populated areas of the RSFSR that have architectural monuments, urban planning ensembles and complexes that are monuments of national culture, as well as preserved natural landscapes and ancient cultural layers of the earth, representing historical and archaeological value" was included in the number of historical cities of our country3.

The relevance of the chosen topic is thus multifaceted: the conclusions resulting from this study, on the one hand, should serve as a theoretical understanding of the processes of urbanization and the methodology for studying historical cities, on the other hand, they should prove useful in practical activities in managing cities, preserving and reconstructing historical architectural environment of urban areas of the Urals.

The historiography of the Russian city is extremely extensive (about 500 works in 1966 alone), complex and multifaceted, just like this problem in Russian historical science. Researchers of even individual periods already prefer to list historiographical works rather than individual studies in literature reviews. So, for example, B.N. Mironov, who dealt with the demographic, social and economic development of Russian cities in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, considered it inappropriate to include a traditional historiographical review in his book, but limited himself to referring to a long list of special historiographical essays4. We can only direct the reader interested in general issues of urban history to his monograph.

The peculiarity of this work is that the object itself and the method of its research involve consideration of the main problems of studying the Russian city of the 16th - early 20th centuries, and not only them. Speaking about Verkhoturye, one cannot help but touch upon the problems of Russian

3 For more details, see: Comprehensive program for identifying, certification, registration, restoration, museumization, propaganda and use of historical and cultural monuments of the Sverdlovsk region. B/m, 1989. colonization of Siberia, the formation and development of the mining industry of the Urals, the history of the Ural and Siberian monasteries, the customs service of Russia, the history of the zemstvo and much more, which has its own historiography, which is not possible to fully disclose in this work.

A review of historiographical works that, in one way or another, touches on the problems of studying Verkhoturye, must begin with the brilliant essay by S.B. Bakhrushin “The Question of the Annexation of Siberia in Historical Literature,” where the author gave capacious and comprehensive characteristics of the main sources, pre-revolutionary and first post-revolutionary works on the history of Siberia5. As for the cities of the Urals, perhaps the first historiographical essay belonged to B.A. Sutyrin, who quite rightly divided all the literature published by that time into “fundamental research works and numerous popular brochures” and noted that “the history of the cities of the Urals during the period of capitalism and imperialism remains the least studied”6.

There are also historiographical works devoted to the study of Verkhoturye itself. This is, first of all, an article by T.E. Kvetsinskaya “The city of Verkhoturye in the 17th - early 18th centuries. in Russian historiography"7. In general terms, the historiography of the city is touched upon in the works of the same T.E. Kvetsinskaya “Historiography of Siberia in the 16th - early 20th centuries”8, V.G. Mirzoev “Historiography of Siberia in the 18th century”9, D.Ya. Rezun “On the history of the study of a Siberian city of the 18th century. in Russian pre-revolutionary historical science" and "Essays on the history of the study of a Siberian city of the late XVII - first half of the XVIII century."10 and the work of A.S. Cherkasova “Some questions of the historiography of a Russian city of the 18th century”11. The work of JI.H stands somewhat apart. Volskaya, dedicated to the historiography of urban planning in Siberia12.

4 Mironov B.N. Russian city in the 1740-1860s: demographic, social and economic development. JL, 1990. P.5.

5 Bakhrushin S.B. The question of the annexation of Siberia in historical literature // Bakhrushin S.B. Scientific works. T.Z.Ch.1.M., 1955. P.17-71.

6 Sutyrin B.A. History of the cities of the Urals in the XVIII-XIX centuries. in Soviet historical literature//Historical science in the Urals for 50 years. 1917-1967. Materials of the 3rd scientific session of universities of the Ural economic region (historical sciences). Issue 1. History of the USSR. Sverdlovsk, 1969. P.55-59.

7 Kvetsinskaya T.E. The city of Verkhoturye in the 17th - early 18th centuries. in domestic historiography//Historiography of the cities of Siberia at the end of the 16th - beginning of the 20th centuries. Novosibirsk, 1984. P.61.

8 Kvetsinskaya T.E. Historiography of Siberia XVI - early XX centuries. M., 1983.

9 Mirzoev V.G. Historiography of Siberia in the 18th century. Kemerovo, 1963.

10 Rezun D.Ya. Essays on the history of studying the Siberian city of the late 17th - first half of the 18th century. Novosibirsk, 1982; him. On the history of studying the Siberian city of the 18th century. in Russian pre-revolutionary historical science//Cities of Siberia (the era of feudalism and capitalism). Novosibirsk, 1978.

11 Cherkasova A.S. Some questions of the historiography of the Russian city of the 18th century // Research on the history of the Urals. Perm, Issue 1. 1970. P.55.

12 Volskaya JI.H. On historiography on the urban heritage of Siberia // Historiography and sources of studying the historical experience of the development of Siberia. Abstracts of reports and communications of the All-Union Scientific Conference (November 15-17, 1988) Issue 1. Pre-Soviet period. Novosibirsk, 1988.

Verkhoturye first came to the attention of scientists in the 18th century, primarily in the works of G.F. Miller13 and I.E. Fischer14. And although the history of the city was considered in the context of the colonization of Siberia, the original history of the city was clarified by researchers quite fully. Since then, not a single general work on Russian history has been complete without mentioning Verkhoturye and its role in Russian history15.

And yet, the most substantive history of Verkhoturye was studied by regional scientists who were interested in the past of the Urals and Siberia. P.A. Slovtsov, in his “Historical Review of Siberia,” which was published in its first edition in 1823, examined the early stages of the city’s history in connection with the general course of colonization of Siberia16. I approached the study of the history of Ver in the same way.

1 7 Khoturya and V.K. Andrievich in his general work on the history of Siberia.

In the book by P.N. Butsinsky’s “The Settlement of Siberia and the Life of its First Inhabitants” contains a small but very succinct outline of the history of Verkhoturye in the first quarter of the 17th century, probably one of the best pre-revolutionary studies on this topic. It addresses issues of founding, construction, population growth, economic development and management18.

Wonderful local historian A.A. Dmitriev could not ignore the problems of the past of Verkhoturye and, although the history of the city did not become the subject of his special, monographic study, in his general works he considered its place in the processes of colonization of Siberia, the development of trade in the region, etc.19 A series of small anniversary publications is dedicated to the city itself in periodicals devoted to its foundation and initial appearance, the economy (especially the activities of customs), monasteries and temples; Dmitriev also considered changing the area of ​​the county dependent on Verkhoturye20. Unfortunately, the author did not have the opportunity to bring his materials under one cover, but together these works give a detailed picture of the development of the city in the 17th-18th centuries.

13 Miller G.F. History of Siberia. T. 1-2. M.-L., 1937-1941.

14 Fisher I.E. Siberian history from the very discovery to the conquest of this land by Russian weapons. St. Petersburg, 1774.

15 See at least: Soloviev S.M. History of Russia from ancient times. TT.7-8. M., 1989. P.364-366,419,511; TT.9-10. M., 1990. P.119.

16 Slovtsov P.A. Historical review of Siberia. St. Petersburg, 1886.

17 Andrievich V.K. History of Siberia. St. Petersburg, 1889.

18 Butsinsky P.N. The settlement of Siberia and the life of its first inhabitants. Kharkov, 1889.

19 Dmitriev A.A. Verkhoturye region in the 17th century // Perm antiquity. Issue 7. Perm, 1897; him. Wine trade and feeding in the Urals and Siberia in the last century // TGV. No. 39-40; him. On the history of Trans-Ural trade. Bashkiria at the beginning of Russian colonization // Perm antiquity. Issue 8. Perm, 1900.

20 Dmitriev A.A. From the history of Verkhoturye customs // PGV. 1898. No. 79-80; him. To the tercentenary of the city of Verkhoturye // PGV. 1898. No. 1; him. The city of Verkhoturye in the 17th century. To his 300th anniversary // PGV. 1898. No. 44; him. Antiquities of Verkhoturye//Memorable book of the Perm province for 1899. Perm, 1899. Appendix. P.3-22.

The book of the famous Russian archivist researcher I. Tokmakov21 gives an extensive outline of the history of the city, but since it was created by direct order of the administration of the St. Nicholas Monastery, the main emphasis in it is on the description of the city shrines. Despite this, Tokmakov’s work remained, perhaps, the best pre-revolutionary general work on the history of the city, which to some extent replaced the failed work of A.A. Dmitrieva. Works by the priest of the Znamenskaya Church

Verkhoturye P. Toropov, who collaborated with PUAK, represent the most successful of the compilations of the propaganda plan.

N.K. Chupin contributed to the study of the history of the city: his works were of a scientific reference nature or were dedicated to the famous Verkhoturye residents. Biographical sketches of the Verkhoturye breeder M.M. Pokhodyashin were created by E.P. Karnovich24 and F.A. Prydilytsikov25.

Due to the fact that Verkhoturye was a major religious center of the Urals in the 19th - early 20th centuries, many works were published on the history of the city's monasteries, churches and the cult of St. Simeon of Verkhoturye. Some of them were of a local history nature, but for the most part they were small brochures containing a minimum of historical information, published for distribution among pilgrims. Book published in 1854

26 o. Makaria is entitled “Description of the city of Verkhoturye”, it contains a small section devoted to the economic and cultural state of the city in the middle of the 19th century, but mostly contains a description of the city’s church shrines. To one degree or another, this is characteristic of almost all popular pre-revolutionary literature about Verkhoturye. Among the most interesting works, it is necessary to note Baranov’s books, now actively

97 republished by the Verkhotursky Nikolaevsky Monastery, and the anonymous article “Verkhotursky Monastery” in the Yekaterinburg Diocesan Gazette28, which is sometimes attributed

21 Tokmakov I. Historical, statistical and archaeological description of the city of Verkhoturye with the district (Perm province), in connection with the historical legend about the life of the holy righteous Simeon of Verkhoturye the Wonderworker. M., 1899.

22 Toropov P. Tercentenary of the city of Verkhoturye. Perm, 1897; His own. The city of Verkhoturye and its shrines. Verkhoturye, 1912.

23 Chupin N.K. Geographical and statistical dictionary of the Perm province. Issue 2. "IN". Perm, 1875. P.265; Chupin N.K. About the Bogoslovsky factories and the breeder Pohodyashin. Dept. impression from PGV. B.m., 1872.

24 Karnovich E.P. Remarkable wealth of private individuals in Russia. St. Petersburg, 1875. P.252-253.

25 Pryadilshchikov F.A. Maxim Mikhailovich Pohodyashin//Collection of articles about the Perm province. Issue 2. Perm, 1890. P.60-64.

26 Macarius. Description of the city of Verkhoturye. St. Petersburg, 1854.

27 Baranov B.S. Ancient Kremlin in Verkhoturye, Holy Trinity Cathedral and chapel. Nizhny Novgorod. 1908; him. Chronicle of the Verkhoturye Nikolaevsky male monastery. Verkhoturye, 1910 (2nd ed. 1991); him. Holy Trinity Cathedral in Verkhoturye. Verkhoturye. 1990; him. Verkhoturye Intercession Convent. B.M., 1991; him. The new Cathedral of the Exaltation of the Cross and the celebration of the consecration of the main altar of this majestic cathedral. Verkhoturye, 1992.

28 Verkhoturye Monastery//Ekaterinburg Diocesan Gazette. Ekaterinburg, 1893. No. 12-13, 1894. No. 12.17-18.22. sent to the same author. Works of B.C. Baranov are methodologically already outdated, but since they were partially made on the basis of sources that have not reached the present day, they have not lost their scientific significance.

The rest of the pre-revolutionary literature on the history of Verkhoturye, as extensive as it is monotonous, fully justifies the characterization given by B.A. Sutyrin. An essay by V.P. published in the Historical Bulletin. Polyakov, although it contains quite interesting information characterizing the state of the city in the late 60s. XIX century, has the character

9Q is not so much scientific as artistic. Historical essay by I.N. Bozheryanino-va30, written based on materials from A.B. de Chamborant, awarded a silver medal at the First All-Russian Exhibition of Monastic Works, generally repeated the book of Macarius in a somewhat truncated form. In addition, the type of popularization and propaganda literature with

In 1911, a work by V. Trapeznikov appeared, in which an attempt was made to illuminate

32 history of the Urals from Marxist methodological positions that were new for that time. A.A. Savich, in his essays “The Past of the Urals”33, continued the efforts of Trapeznikov after the revolution. These works are united by the fact that they were written using only published sources, and facts from the history of Verkhoturye serve to illustrate the general conclusions of both authors. They are also related by some similarity in the interpretation of the history of the Urals with the position of the “school” of M.N. Pokrovsky, although they had nothing to do with her. They are accompanied by popular science essays by JI.M. Kapterev34, who summarized the publications of previous years from the perspective of local history.

Significantly higher than these works in terms of scientific level are the works of the 20s. C.B. Bakhrushin, which became the basis of “Essays on the history of the colonization of Siberia in the 16th and 17th centuries,” you

2 from 1927. Essays.” became, in our opinion, the first work of modern scientific level.

In the 30s and 40s. XX century for obvious reasons, there was a long pause in the creation and publication of historical works devoted to the history of Verkhoturye, which was interrupted

29 Polyakov V.P. Past and present of the city of Verkhoturye. (To the upcoming 300th anniversary of its founding) // Historical Bulletin. T.64. May. 1869. P.586-604.

30 Bozheryaninov I.N. 300 years since the founding of the Verkhoturye Nicholas Monastery and the two-century stay of St. relics of the wonderworker Simeon of Verkhoturye. St. Petersburg, 1904. 2nd ed. - Ekaterinburg, 1997.

31 Kurd B.G. The city of Verkhoturye in the 17th century/LObilny collection of the historical and geographical circle at Kiev University. Kyiv, 1914.

32 Trapeznikov Vl. Essay on the history of the Urals and Kama region in the era of enslavement (XV-XVII centuries). Arkhangelsk, 1911.

33 Savich Kh.A. Past of the Urals (Historical Sketches). Perm, 1925.

34 Karterev JI.M. Russian colonization of the Northern Trans-Urals in the 17th-18th centuries. Sverdlovsk, 1924; him. How the Ruhrites came to the Urals. Sverdlovsk, 1930.

Bakhrushin S.B. Scientific works. T.Z. 4.1. M., 1955. published in 1946 and 1956. essays on the history of agriculture and colonization of Siberia in the 17th and early 18th centuries by V.I. Shunkov, in which the author examined the problems of peasant colonization and agricultural development of Siberian districts, including Verkhoturye, which turned out to be extremely important for characterizing the formation of the rural district of the city.

It should be noted that in general in the 50-70s. XX century The development of the cities of the Urals was more often studied by geographers. Issues of the development of Verkhoturye were touched upon in the historical and geographical works of P.M. Kabo and E.G. Animits. The most interesting of these

39 types of works is the monograph JI.E. Iofa, in which the author sought to “show how the modern pattern of the urban network of the Urals was formed, how and why the largest of the Ural cities arose and developed, sometimes achieving great economic prosperity, sometimes, on the contrary, losing it, how and why their economic structure changed " In general, the author managed to solve the problem he set. Verkhoturye was first shown in interaction with other cities in the region, changes in its place in the systemic urban network were traced over time, however, the generalizing nature of the work meant that the picture of the development of Verkhoturye turned out to be incomplete and inaccurate, especially in the early stages of its existence. Historian V.I. Sergeev in articles of 1960 and 1967. considered the problems of the prerequisites for the founding and early history of Siberian cities, including Verkhoturye40.

In the works of these authors, the scientific term “fortress city” first appeared as a definition of the first stage in the development of urban formations in border and colonized territories. Only after passing this stage could the Ural and Siberian urban centers turn into administrative, commercial, commercial and industrial cities. In this regard, let us draw attention to two circumstances: firstly, some tautology of this term (until the 18th-19th centuries, cities without fortresses did not exist at all; a city was understood, first of all, to be a fortified place, i.e. every city was a fortress , wherever it is located - on the border or in the interior of the country) and, secondly, the military-administrative function is broader than just defense (and fortresses cannot have other functions). However, the term “fortress city,” despite its inaccuracy, has taken root, broadly in

36 Shunkov V.I. Essays on the history of colonization of Siberia in the 17th - early 18th centuries. M.-L., 1946; His own. Essays on the history of agriculture in Siberia in the 17th century. M., 1956.

37 Cabo P.M. Cities of Western Siberia. Essays on historical and economic geography (XVII - first half of the 19th century) M., 1949.

38 Animitsa E.G. Types of small and medium-sized cities in the Sverdlovsk region // Our region. Materials of the V Sverdlovsk Regional Local History Conference. Sverdlovsk, 1971; His own. Cities of the Middle Urals. Past present Future. Sverdlovsk, 1983.

39 Iofa L.E. Cities of the Urals. M., 1951.

40 Sergeev V.I. The first Siberian cities, their military, economic and cultural significance / UVIMK. 1960. No. 3. Sergeev V.M. Government policy in Siberia on the eve and during the founding of the first Russian cities. // New information about the past of our country. In memory of academician M.N. Tikhomirov. M., 1967. S. 174-179. regarded as a city with a single military-administrative function, and found its way into popular science publications and architectural works.

The role of Verkhoturye as a stronghold of Russian colonization of Siberia on the basis of new sources and approaches was considered by B.JL Nazarov, N.I. Nikitin41. Not a single scientific work covering the problems of urban development, crafts and trade, customs policy, and the socio-economic development of Siberia as a whole could do without mentioning the role of the city, as was the case in the works of M.M. Gromyko, O.N. Vilkova42. It is especially necessary to note the articles by A.N. Kopylov, in which the customs crisis of the last quarter of the 17th century was first described.43.

A special place in the series of studies of the history of the Urals and Siberia is occupied by the works of A.A. Preobrazhensky, which examine a variety of issues of Russian colonization of the vast subcontinent, the social division of labor, the construction of the first mining enterprises in the region, class struggle and the development of the Ural monasteries44.

No less important for the study of the history of Verkhoturye were the works of V.A. Oborin, dedicated to the problems of colonization of the Urals, which touched upon the problems of the formation and development of cities and, in particular, Verkhoturye45. V.A. Oborin was the first to note that the Russian population of the Urals preferred to found cities on the sites of former aboriginal settlements. He also created, perhaps, the first work in Soviet times devoted directly to the history of Verkhoturye in the 17th century. (foundation, development, layout, economics, demography), unfortunately, remained in the manuscript46.

41 Nazarov B.JL Trans-Ural epic of the 16th century//VI. 1969. No. 12; Nikitin N.I. The Siberian epic of the 17th century: The beginning of the development of Siberia by Russian people. M., 1987.

42 Gromyko M.M. Western Siberia in the 17th century. Novosibirsk, 1965; Vilkov O.N. Craft and trade in Western Siberia in the 17th century. M., 1967; him. Essays on the socio-economic development of Siberia at the end of the 16th - beginning of the 17th centuries. Novosibirsk, 1990.

43 Kopylov A.N. Customs policy in Siberia in the 17th century//Russian state in the 17th century. M., 1961; him. To the characteristics of a Siberian city of the 17th century // Cities of feudal Russia. M., 1966.

44 Preobrazhensky A.A. From the history of the first private factories in the Urals at the beginning of the 18th century // Historical notes. T.58. 1958; His own. Entrepreneurs Tumashevs in the 17th century//Russian state in the 17th century. M., 1961; His own. The grain budget of the monasteries of Western Siberia at the end of the 17th - beginning of the 18th centuries // Abstracts of reports and messages of the XII session of the inter-republican symposium on the agrarian history of Eastern Europe (Riga-Sigulda, October 1970). M., 1970. No. 1; His own. The Urals and Western Siberia at the end of the 16th - beginning of the 18th centuries. M., 1972; His own. On the problem of the social division of labor in the Russian state of the 17th century // Historical geography of Russia in the 17th - early years. XX century M., 1975.

45 Oborin V.A. Settlement and development of the Urals at the end of the 11th - beginning of the 17th centuries. Irkutsk, 1990; His own. Use by the Russian population in the 16th-17th centuries. settlements of the non-Russian population in the Urals // Antiquities of Volgokamia. Kazan, 1977; His own. Some features of the formation and development of cities on the outskirts of the Russian state in the XV-XVII centuries. (using the example of the Urals) // Issues of the formation of the Russian population of Siberia in the 17th - 19th centuries. Tomsk, 1978;

46 Oborin V.A. History of the city of Verkhoturye in the 16th-17th centuries/Yutchet on economic contract topic No. 659. The manuscript is kept in the Verkhoturye State Historical and Architectural Museum-Reserve.

A serious contribution to the development of issues of socio-economic development of Verkhoturye in the 17th century. became articles by T.E. Kvetsinskaya about grain trade and craft47. Close to them in theme are the works of G.A. Leontyeva48 and M.D. Kurmacheva49. All these works are written on the materials of the Verkhoturye customs books and their only drawback is the fact that the sources were analyzed only for individual years, therefore it is impossible to objectively judge from them both the economic dynamics of Verkhoturye as a whole, and the factors and reasons causing this dynamics. Questions of the extent to which Verkhoturye was involved in the formation of industry in the Urals in the 17th and 18th centuries were addressed in major monographs by P.G. Lyubimov on the history of Russian metallurgy and B.B. Kafengauza, dedicated to the Demidov household50.

The dynamics of population changes in Verkhoturye were studied by V.N. Peshkov and G.E. Kornilov51 are the first reports of data on the demography of the city at the end of the 18th - mid-19th centuries. and XX century For this reason alone they have special value. But, unfortunately, the authors used sources without proper criticism and study of their inherent nature of accounting (auditing, police, etc.), did not adhere to the principle of the unity of the territory, so information about the general demographic dynamics of Verkhoturye sometimes turned out to be distorted. So, according to V.N. Peshkov, the number of city residents decreased from 3,965 people in 1801 to 1,954 people in 1815 (i.e., by 2,011 people - two-thirds of the population), which is tantamount to a catastrophe, which, of course, did not happen.

The development of education in Verkhoturye in the pre-reform period was considered by T.A. Kalinina in connection with the general development of education in the Urals during this period52. The settlement of the Middle Urals, which once formed the territory of the Verkhoturye district, ethnodemographic and ethnocultural processes, and the material culture of the rural population of the region were analyzed by G.N. Chagin, who convincingly proved that the Russian old-timer population of the Verkhoturye district came from the North Dvina basin, which passed

47 Kvetsinskaya T.E. Verkhoturye was a transit and transport center of Western Siberia in the 70-80s. XVII century//Cities of Siberia (the era of feudalism and capitalism). Novosibirsk, 1978; Hers. Crafts of Verkhoturye in the 17th century // History of Siberian cities of the pre-Soviet period (XVII - early XIX centuries). Novosibirsk, 1977; Hers. Grain trade in Verkhoturye in the 17th century//Trade in Siberian cities at the end of the 16th - beginning of the 20th century. Novosibirsk, 1987.

48 Leontyeva G.A. Place of revenues from trade in the budget of the Tobolsk category of the 17th century // Trade in Siberian cities of the late 16th - early 20th centuries. Novosibirsk, 1987; Leontyeva G.A. The monetary budget of Siberia and the place in its composition of revenues from trade at the end of the 17th - beginning of the 18th century // Exchange operations of the cities of Siberia during the period of feudalism. Novosibirsk, 1990.

49 Kurmacheva M.D. Trade of Siberia in the 17th century. (Based on materials from the Verkhoturye customs book of 1635/36) // Problems of the socio-economic history of feudal Russia. M., 1984.

50 Kafengauz B.B. History of the Demidov household in the 1st-19th centuries. Experience in research on the history of Ural metallurgy. T.1. M.-L., 1949; Lyubimov P.G. Essays on the history of Russian industry. M.-L., 1947.

51 Kornilov G.E. The population of Verkhoturye in the last hundred years // Verkhoturye region in the history of Russia. Ekaterinburg, 1997. pp. 144-147; Peshkov V.N. Population of the cities of the pre-reform Perm province // Our region. Sverdlovsk, 1971. P.35-38. rez districts of the Perm Kama region, thus being “an organic part of the North Russian ethnographic community53.” In the most general form, the history of Verkhoturye is touched upon in modern general works on the history of individual regions of the country54.

During the Soviet period, the history of the Verkhoturye monasteries, one way or another, was considered in the general works of A.A. Preobrazhensky, M.Yu. Nechaeva, L.P. Shorokhov55, the authors were mainly interested in the problems of the development of their agriculture and land tenure, as well as relationships with the authorities. Directly the history of the Nicholas Monastery of the 17th-20th centuries. articles by P.A. Korchagin, who studied the patterns of its economic evolution and the problems of restructuring the economy on capitalist principles56, and E.V. Pul, whose focus was mainly on the events of the last years of the obi’s existence

The widely celebrated 400th anniversary of Verkhoturye gave rise to a large wave of republication of old works and new publications. But it should be noted that modern literature on historical topics published by the St. Nicholas Monastery, as a rule, is a compilation, and sometimes even a textual collage, from pre-revolutionary publications, with the exception of some local history publications in the newspaper “Verkhoturskaya Starina”.

Scientific centers of the Middle Urals prepared informative popular science essays for the anniversary, in which issues of the historical and architectural-planning development of the city were considered for the first time in parallel58, and collections, many of the articles in which became a significant contribution to the study of regional history, contained hitherto unknown information59.

52 Kalinina T.A. Development of public education in the Urals in the pre-reform period (80s of the 18th century - first half of the 19th century) Perm, 1992.

53 Chagin G.N. Ethnocultural history of the Middle Urals at the end of the 16th - first half of the 19th century. Perm, 1995.

54 History of Siberia. L., 1968; History of the Urals from ancient times to 1861. T.1. M., 1989; Shashkov A.T., Redin D.A. History of the Urals from ancient times to the end of the 18th century. Ekaterinburg, 1996.

55 Preobrazhensky A.A. The grain budget of the monasteries of Western Siberia at the end of the 17th - beginning of the 18th centuries // Abstracts of reports and messages of the XII session of the inter-republican symposium on the agrarian history of Eastern Europe (Riga-Sigulda, October 1970), M., 1970. No. 1; Nechaeva M.Yu. Monasteries and authorities: Management of the monasteries of the Eastern Urals in the 18th century. Ekaterinburg, 1998; Shorokhov L.P. Corporate-patrimonial land ownership and monastic peasants in Siberia in the 17th-18th centuries. (Development of feudal relations and their features). Krasnoyarsk, 1983.

56 Korchagin P.A. History of the Nikolaevsky Monastery in Verkhoturye and the restructuring of its economy in the 19th century: Periodic patterns of development // Research on the history and archeology of the Urals. Perm, 1998. pp. 184-200.

57 Pul E.V. The main stages of the history of the Verkhoturye St. Nicholas Monastery //Verkhoturye region in the history of Russia. Ekaterinburg, 1997. P.75-86; Hers. The fate of the last abbot of St. Nicholas Monastery/UVerkhotursky region in the history of Russia. Ekaterinburg, 1997. P.87-92.

58 Essays on the history and culture of the city of Verkhoturye and the Verkhoturye region: (To the 400th anniversary of Verkhoturye). Ekaterinburg, 1998.

59 Verkhoturye region in the history of Russia. Ekaterinburg, 1997; Cultural heritage of the Russian province: History and modernity. To the 400th anniversary of the city of Verkhoturye. Abstracts of reports and communications of the All-Russian Scientific and Practical Conference on May 26-28, 1998 Ekaterinburg-Verkhoturye. Ekaterinburg, 1998.

A special and large branch of historiography consists of literature about the architectural and historical heritage of Verkhoturye. In the pre-revolutionary period, the architecture of Verkhoturye was the subject of consideration by, perhaps, only one author - A. Glagolev, who gave a brief overview of the architectural monuments of the city60. In the works of other researchers, city churches and monastery buildings were considered only as Orthodox shrines (Hegumen Macarius), and the Kremlin, fort and guest courtyard as necessary elements of the military-administrative and economic functioning of the city (A.A. Dmitriev, A. Romanov).

Verkhoturye again became the focus of attention of domestic architects only in the 50s and early 60s. XX century in connection with the study of general patterns of planning and development of Russian cities. Moreover, initially it served for researchers as practically the only example of a Ural city that was a stronghold of colonization61. But fiJ f\"\ then in the works of N.N. Lyaptsev, N.S. Alferov and R.M. Lotareva, these problems were studied more purposefully, Verkhoturye was considered in the context of the all-Ural urban construction of the 16th-18th centuries and here also served as a kind of standard. For example, the general scheme of a phased development of the composition of administrative-commercial cities was created by N. N. Lyaptsev using the example of Verkhoturye.However, in these works the city layout was taken only as a first approximation, as evidenced by schematic and inaccurate reconstructions illustrating the text.

In the second half of the 70s. Siberian architects became more active, releasing a series of works devoted to the history of architecture and planning of Siberian cities, which at one time included Verkhoturye64. S.N. Balandin clearly showed the characteristic features of the wooden defensive architecture of Siberia as a standard structure

60 Glagolev A. A brief overview of ancient Russian buildings and other domestic monuments, compiled under the Ministry of Internal Affairs. 4.1. Notebook 1. About Russian fortresses. St. Petersburg, 1838; him. Brief overview of ancient Russian buildings and other domestic monuments/Materials for statistics of the Russian Empire. T.1. 1839.

61 Bunin A.B. History of urban planning art. T.1. M., 1953; Tverskoy JT. Russian urban planning until the end of the 17th century. Planning and development of Russian cities. JT.-M., 1953; Shkvarikov V.A. Essay on the history of planning and development of Russian cities, Moscow, 1954.

62 Lyaptsev N.H. Planning and development of the fortified city of Verkhoturye // Issues of architecture and urban planning. Sverdlovsk, 1970. P. 15; him. Historical features of the compositional construction of small cities of the Urals // Questions of the theory and practice of architectural composition. No. 7. M., 1976. P.40-47; him. The role of landscape in the composition of Ural cities // Questions of theory and practice of architectural composition. No. 7. M., 1976. P.47-53.

63 Alferov N.S., Lotareva R.M. Features of the typology and composition of fortified cities in the Urals // Questions of the theory and practice of architectural composition. No. 7. M., 1976. P.28-40.

64 Kochedamov V.I. The first Russian cities of Siberia. M., 1978; Ogly B.I. Construction of cities in Siberia. L., 1980; His own. Formation of planning and development of Siberian cities at the end of the 18th - first half of the 19th centuries // Cities of Siberia (the era of feudalism and capitalism). Novosibirsk, 1978. bodies65. His work still serves as a methodological basis for the reconstruction of walls and towers of Ural and Siberian cities.

Since the 60s Research began on individual architectural complexes of Verkhoturye. History of the construction of the city stone Kremlin, organization and technology of stone construction in Verkhoturye at the beginning of the 18th century. was considered in the works of P.A. Teltevsky, A.S. Terekhin and G.D. Kantorovich, S.B. Kopylova66. The focus is on A.Yu. Kaptikov turned out to be the history of the construction of religious monuments in Verkhoturye and the determination of their location

67 in the architecture of the Russian North, Vyatka and the Urals, and these problems were solved by the author in terms of art history. Book by S.P. Zavarikhin’s “Gateway to Siberia” has an overview and popular character68.

In recent years, E.K. has been fruitfully engaged in problems of construction and architecture. Zolotov69. He developed a periodization of construction and development of the functional planning organization of the city, identified a formal scheme for the placement of urban architectural dominants and a special, unique for Siberian cities way of placing buildings.

70 buildings on two banks of the river and many more. etc. Attention of another Yekaterinburg architect E.V. Dvoinikova turned out to be focused on the formation of a three-dimensional model of the city and issues of protecting the historical and architectural heritage71. These works constitute the modern stage of research into the architecture of Verkhoturye. The architecture of Verkhoturye was also reviewed in foreign works72.

Thus, in the historiography of the Soviet period, no monographic study dedicated to Verkhoturye appeared, although the volume of surviving sources

65 Balandin S.N. Defensive architecture of Siberia in the 17th century // Cities of Siberia (economics, management and culture of Siberian cities in pre-Soviet times). Novosibirsk, 1974.

66 Teltevsky P.A. Trinity Cathedral in Verkhoturye // Architectural Heritage. 1960. No. 12; Terekhin A.S., Kantorovich G.D. Old Russian builders of the Urals//Design, construction and operation of buildings and structures. Perm, 1971; Kopylova S.B. Some issues of organization and technology of stone construction in Siberia at the end of the 17th-18th centuries // Cities of Siberia. The era of feudalism and capitalism. Novosibirsk, 1978. P.285-312; Hers. Stone construction in Siberia: The end of the XVII-XVIII centuries. Novosibirsk, 1979.

67 Kaptikov A.Yu. Compositional and decorative features of the “Moscow Baroque” in the Urals // Questions of theory and practice of architectural composition. No. 7. M., 1976. P.69-80; him. Architectural monuments of the Urals of the 18th century. Baroque in Ural architecture. M., 1978; Folk masons in Russian architecture of the 18th century (on the example of Vyatka and the Urals). M., 1988; His own. Stone architecture of the Russian North, Vyatka and the Urals of the 18th century: Problems of regional schools. Sverdlovsk, 1990.

68 Zavarikhin S.P. Gateway to Siberia. M., 1981.

69 Zolotov E.K. Architecture of the pilgrimage to the relics of the righteous Simeon of Verkhoturye // Verkhoturye region in the history of Russia. Ekaterinburg, 1997. P.48-54; His own. Monuments of Verkhoturye. Ekaterinburg, 1998.

70 Zolotov E.K. Architectural ensemble of Verkhoturye. Issues of its preservation and development. Author's abstract. diss. for academic competition Ph.D. degrees architecture. M., 1988. P. 1-10.

71 Dvoinikova E.V. On the issue of protective zoning of the territory of the historical city of Verkhoturye (formation of a volumetric-spatial model of the city of Verkhoturye as a medieval Russian city) // Archaeological and historical studies of the city of Verkhoturye. Ekaterinburg, 1998. P.16-26.

72 Brumfield M. Siberian Odissey//The Newsletter of the American Association for the Advancement of Slavic Studies. v.40.n.2/March 2000. p. 1-5; Brumfield M. Yekaterinburg passage to Asia//Russian life. March-April 2000. p.56-57. seemed to allow this to be done. This work is an attempt to fill this gap in the history of the Urals and Western Siberia.

The purpose of the study is to reveal the history of the city as a socio-economic and urban planning organism, to identify general patterns and development features unique to Verkhoturye. Achieving this goal is possible only by solving two main problems. The first is a functional analysis of the socio-economic development of the city throughout its pre-Soviet history, identifying the patterns that determined this development. A comprehensive study of the history of the construction of Verkhoturye in connection with its socio-economic development became the second task; as a result, the process of the formation of the city’s layout, its initially wooden and then stone buildings, the formation of the unique historical and architectural complex of Verkhoturye should be reconstructed with possible accuracy.

The main methodological principles when writing the dissertation were the principles of historicism and objectivity. Since the city as a historical phenomenon represents a unique model of society as a whole, it seems appropriate to use a systems approach, and, on the one hand, a specific historical city is studied as a set of its functional subsystems (production, public administration, trade and transit, military and cultural). confessional), and on the other hand, it is considered as part of a systemic urban network.

Both general scientific research methods were used - analysis and synthesis, classification, induction and deduction, as well as special historical ones - comparative, retrospective. The problem-chronological method of research is taken as the basis; the provisions and conclusions of the dissertation are based on an analysis of the functional and structural connections of the phenomena being studied. The work widely used statistical methods and the method of harmonic analysis. Mathematical processing of statistical data was carried out using the computer program “Шз1.2-1995” created by O.G. Pensky.

Now, when the works of numerous domestic and foreign historians have outlined the main stages in the evolution of urban life in Russia, it seems possible and necessary to try to trace how these general patterns manifest themselves in the development of a particular city. Naturally, we are not talking about creating a complete, exhaustive history of the city - this is impossible, if only because of the incompleteness of the sources and the limited scope of the dissertation. We can only talk about identifying the core around which the city was formed, its dynamic vector, the main stages of its evolution and specific events through which objective patterns paved their way.

The history of cities in general and of an individual city in a condensed form contains almost all the problems of the historical development of Russian society. But dismemberment of the study, which is possible and necessary when analyzing individual aspects of the functioning of the city as a social organism, is unacceptable if the goal of the researcher is an objective assessment of its place and role in the historical process. The main task is to discover moments of interaction and natural connections between its various aspects and functions, and, if possible, a general principle that determines the development of the city. With this approach, a comprehensive historical study, ideally covering all sources and addressing all problems, is extremely relevant.

A work of 1986 by V.A. became a kind of manifesto for a comprehensive historical study of the cities of the Urals. Oborin and V.A. Shmyrova. In it, the authors, who noted the insufficient degree of knowledge of the history of cities, not only characterized the state and capabilities of the source base, but also formulated the main goals facing researchers: “...establishing the exact dates of the emergence of cities, their geographical location, conditions of emergence, general layout and social topography ; identifying the architectural appearance, landscaping elements, graphic reconstruction of defensive structures and individual buildings, deciphering the names of cities and establishing the relationship of Russian cities with the settlements of the local population.

It is also necessary to comprehensively study the economic life of cities (form of organization, share, the relationship between agriculture, fishing, crafts and trade, the size and form of land ownership of townspeople, etc.), their social composition and the development of class struggle, the origin of the Russian population, its ethnic composition, the structure of city government, the role of the church, the history of the development of material and spiritual culture and the life of citizens, their influence on the rural area.

The most difficult problems are the following: establishing the criteria necessary to define the concept of an urban settlement of this period; determination of types of cities by their subordination (state, privately owned, etc.), by stages of socio-economic development (early feudal, developed, late feudal); evolution of cities (complete death, transformation into rural settlements); transformation of old cities at a new stage of historical development, the emergence of cities of a new type.

A detailed study of all these issues is possible only with the integrated use of various sources, the introduction of new ones into circulation and with mutual verification of their reliability, for example, written documents - archaeological data and vice versa73.” Besides, aw-torv! introduced such a special type of historical sources as architectural monuments and proposed some specific ways of conducting comprehensive research.

By the end of the 80s. More than one and a half dozen historical cities of the Kama region and the Middle Urals were studied archaeologically74. The result of many years of work was the doctoral dissertation of V.A. Oborin, published, unfortunately, only partially - the colonization processes covered in the monograph were traced only to the beginning of the 17th century.75 The work carried out by the KAE PSU in the last decade, in our opinion, already belongs to a new stage of complex research. If earlier the study was of a “survey” nature with the aim of obtaining primary information on all historical cities of the Kama region of the 16th-17th centuries, now we are talking about a targeted study of each specific city throughout its pre-Soviet history.

Obviously, it is worth first of all to understand the definition of the subject of research itself, which, it should be noted, still causes controversy: In Russian historical science, unfortunately, there is still no uniform definition of the term “city”. This situation is due, firstly, to the fact that the nature of the Russian city has changed over time and, secondly, to changes in methodological approaches in the historical science of cities itself. P.P. Tolochko stated in 1989: “The most difficult problem continues to be the origin of ancient Russian cities. The perspective of domestic historiography convinces us that the difficulties in solving it are associated not only with the lack of sufficient source bases, but also with theoretical inadequacy. Many difficulties in understanding such a complex social phenomenon as the ancient Russian city, as shown by the history of domestic and foreign historiography, occur due to the lack of clarity in the definition of the very concept of “city”.

Difficulties with definition are experienced not only by domestic studies. The British historian L. Mumford pessimistically stated back in 1966: “No single definition can be applied to all manifestations, and no single description can cover all its transformations from the embryonic social core to the complex forms of maturity. The city's origins are dark, with much of its past buried or erased beyond recovery."77

73 Oborin V.A., Shmyrov V.A. Characteristics of sources on the history of the cities of the Urals in the 16th-16th centuries.//Village and city of the Urals in the era of feudalism: The problem of interaction. Sverdlovsk, 1986. P.16-17.

74 Makarov L.D. From the history of archaeological research of Russian urban settlements in the river basin. Ka-my//Research on archeology and history of the Urals. Perm, 1998. pp. 137-154.

75 Oborin V.A. Settlement and development of the Urals at the end of the 11th - beginning of the 17th centuries. Irkutsk, 1990.

76 Tolochko P.P. Old Russian feudal city. Kyiv, 1989. P.6.

77 Quoted. by: Tolochko P.P. Old Russian feudal city. Kyiv, 1989. P.7.

Although it should be noted that domestic scientists have been working quite fruitfully on the problem of defining a city for a long time. Ya.E. Vodarsky in the 70s even proposed a classification of existing definitions. In total, he identified four points of view: 1) officially called the city in the sources (S.M. Solovyov, V.O. Klyuchevsky, A.D. Chechulin); 2) commercial and industrial settlement (N.A. Rozhkov, B.D. Grekov, S.V. Bakhrushin, K.N. Serbina, M.Ya. Volkov); 3) a commercial and industrial settlement, a military-administrative center or a settlement that combines the features of both (P.N. Milyukov, Yu.R. Klokman); 4) a commercial and industrial settlement with an urban settlement, i.e. posad community (N.I. Kostomarov, M.N. Tikhomirov, A.M. Sakharov, J1.B. Cherepnin)78. Ya.E. himself Vodarsky joined the latter point of view.

There have also been attempts to define the concept of “city” in historical and geographical studies. P.M. Kabo proposed the following: “the city is one of the forms of placement of ma

70 terial production and settlement of people, participants in production." Perhaps the reduction of the concept of city, which is very convenient for the purposes of geographical science, to “the geographical concentration of the non-agricultural population in individual locations,” cannot be accepted in historical research, since in this case the defined concept includes trading posts, factory settlements, and much more.

Of interest is the definition of a city for the purposes of ethnographic study, proposed by M.G. Rabinovich: “The city is a local economic and cultural center, a relatively large settlement, with a more complex social and economic composition of residents than in rural settlements, the majority of whom are engaged in production for exchange and in exchange, which gives rise to a set of features of home and public life, how different

YAP for those looking for an urban lifestyle." As can be seen from the formulation itself, its main goal was to identify a specific urban way of life. Despite the importance of studying this aspect of the existence of urban settlements, a comprehensive historical study of cities cannot be reduced to it.

However, already in the 80s, scientific thought went further. In 1983 O.G. Bolshakov and V.A.

Jacobson defined a city as “a populated area in which surplus product is concentrated and redistributed.” A.B. Cuza in 1985 somewhat developed this formulation in relation to the early feudal city (the work had an archaeological character

78 Vodarsky Ya.E. Cities and urban population of Russia in the 17th century // Questions of the history of the economy and population of Russia in the 17th century. Essays on historical geography of the 17th century. M., 1974. P.98-99,101-107; Vodarsky Ya.E. Population of Russia at the end of the 17th - beginning of the 18th century. M., 1977. P.115-117.

79 Cabo P.M. Cities of Western Siberia. S.Z.

80 Rabinovich M.G. Towards the definition of the concept “CITY” (for the purpose of ethnographic study)//SE, 1983. No. 3. P. 19.

81 Bolshakov O.G., Yakobson V.A. On the definition of the concept of “city” // History and culture of the peoples of the East (antiquity and the Middle Ages). L., 1983. ter): “...a permanent settlement in which, from the vast rural district-volost, most of the surplus product produced there was concentrated, processed and redistributed.” Contributed by A.B. The additions were supposed to emphasize: 1) the difference between the city and the temporary camps for collecting polyudia - “permanent”; 2) the connection between the city and the rural district (volost) - “extensive”; 3) the most important economic function of the city (craft production) was “processed”; 4) a high degree of concentration in the city of surplus product, means and possibilities for its processing and redistribution

82 in contrast to graveyards, trading posts, fortresses.

And finally, in a 1990 paper by B.N. Mironov meant by city (meaning late feudal): “...a multifunctional settlement with a significant (at least several hundred people) population (its commercial and industrial part constitutes the townsman community), which lives in conditions of a specific way of social life, by its activities organizes in all respects (economic, political, administrative, cultural) the rural district gravitating towards it and unites it

83 into a single state-economic mechanism."

As the same B.N. noted. Mironov, there is still no common point of view among researchers whether a general formational concept of “city” is possible or whether it is fundamentally impossible to find a general definition of a city throughout the entire length of its existence within a region or even one country. Moreover, he himself is inclined to the second view. It seems to us that the first path is more fruitful, since if in the course of its historical development a phenomenon changes so much that it loses its original essence, then it is necessary to recognize the emergence of a completely new phenomenon and, accordingly, give it a new name. It is obvious that such a phenomenon as a city, with all its historicity, has not lost its basic content, as evidenced by the immutability of the very concept of “city”. The task is to discover this unchangeable, fundamental, essential content of this phenomenon.

Despite the obvious differences in the above definitions, it is quite obvious that they proceed from the same premises, and, specifically, the views of K. Marx and F. Engels, who considered cities to be a natural product of the process of social division

82 Archeology of the USSR. Ancient Rus': City, castle, village. M., 1985. P.52.

83 Mironov B.N. Russian city in the 1740-1860s: demographic, social and economic development. L., 1990. P.18. the division of labor in the conditions of the emergence of private property and antagonistic classes84 (however, these views were not disputed by non-Marxist historians85).

O/G functions of cities as their essential quality. Its individual aspects, such as production (redistribution of objects of labor in the process of social production based on the division of labor between city and countryside, individual branches of industry), trade and transit (redistribution of material goods between individuals and regions through commodity exchange), state administrative ( redistribution of surplus product between classes and estates in the form of taxes, etc.), military (redistribution of material wealth through armed violence) and cultural-confessional (based on the division of mental and physical labor) can act at various stages of the city’s existence as historical (transitory) functions inherent to varying degrees in specific cities in different periods of their history.

Historically, the first and main urban function was production, formed on the basis of the second division of labor. It is known that cities are formed as centers of agricultural regions. The development and complexity of production and then trade functions gave rise to others (state-administrative, military, cultural-confessional), which provided the opportunity for cities, through the emerging institutions of power (political, military, judicial) and public institutions (religious), to exercise their dominance over the rural area , manage it.

As the state developed, cities turned from relatively autonomous centers into elements of a systemic urban network, which not only organized the territories subordinate to them, but also united them into a single economic and political organism, into a single country. A hierarchy (in relation to Russia - district, provincial and capital) urban centers was taking shape, each of the highest links of which carried out the function of organizing rural areas on an ever-expanding scale.

Thus, based on already known definitions, a city can be characterized as a permanent settlement, the center of an agricultural territory, in which most of what is produced in it is concentrated, processed and redistributed

84 Marx K., Engels F. Works. Edition 2. T.Z. pp.28-39,49-58; T.21. P.160-163,170-171.

85 Braudel F. Material civilization, economics and capitalism. XV-XVIII centuries T.1. The structure of everyday life: the possible and the impossible. M., 1986. P.509.

86 “The function is understood as the activity of city residents, directed outward, towards communication with the external (for the city) world, the activity that justifies the existence of the city, provides the necessary resources for life.” See Mironov B.N. Russian city in the 1740-1860s: demographic, social and economic development. L., 1990. P. 194. surplus product, e by the population, which lives in conditions of a specific way of social life, through its activities organizes the rural district economically, politically, administratively, culturally and unites it into a single state-economic mechanism.

The presence or absence of individual functions, the degree of their maturity, and more often their specific combination characteristic of a given city, determines the picture of its development at each specific point in time. At the same time, the system of historical urban functions as a whole is variable over time and their specific combination (the predominance of one or more of them) depends on the historical conditions in which the urban settlement itself exists. Thus, the study of the history of a city is, in general, a study of the dynamics of its functioning, and the researcher’s task is to create an objective periodization of this process and characteristics of each identified period. At the same time, it is necessary to reveal the mechanism of the city’s functioning at each stage of its history, to identify the prerequisites, causes, specific historical events and the time of change from one functional period to another.

Naturally, it is impossible to consider the history of an individual city (in our case, Verkhoturye) without its connection with other Russian cities. It is necessary to determine its place in the city system network, i.e. such a structure of cities in which they lose the economic and administrative autonomy of their existence and become an element

87 mi interconnected whole, a single economic and political organism.

On the other hand, the city, being a complex structural formation, consists of several relatively independent institutions (state authorities and public self-government, monasteries and churches, customs, manufacturing enterprises, etc.), which have their own history and patterns of development. They must be taken into account in the course of scientific analysis, but the history of the city cannot be reduced to a simple combination of them. Therefore, this work examines only those aspects of the activities of these institutions that had a significant, determining impact on the development of the city. In our case, there is no need to disclose the details and features of the functioning of customs, city authorities, township communities, etc., just as when studying industrial cities in general, it is unnecessary to study the technological processes of specific urban enterprises. It is especially important to discuss the fact that the history of the Verkhoturye monasteries is considered by us only as the evolution of one of the economic components of the city, and the spiritual sphere of development of the monasteries is left outside the scope of the study. For how

87 Mironov B.N. Russian city in the 1740-1860s: demographic, social and economic development. L., 1990. P.235. wrote V.O. Klyuchevsky: “The pattern of historical phenomena is inversely proportional

88 their spirituality."

Verkhoturye appeared on the map of Russia in 1598, its construction marked the completion of the first stage of Russian colonization of Siberia, therefore the starting date of the study is determined as 1574, i.e. from the moment when the first harbingers of the colonization impulse of the Moscow state to Siberia appeared. At the same time, the formation of the prerequisites for the founding of Verkhoturye as the most important transit and transport center began, through which the Siberian pioneers and pioneers were provided with food. In Soviet times, the economy of the country and Verkhoturye developed within the framework of a planned system, which, unlike the market system, to some extent concealed the visibility of the manifestation of patterns in the economic and socio-political life of the entire society and cities in particular, therefore we did not consider the Soviet period of the existence of Verkhoturye. In 1926, Verkhoturye lost its city status and this non-random event, which characterizes an important stage in its history, is conveniently placed as the upper chronological limit of the study. The chronological framework of the work thus covers three and a half centuries: the last quarter of the 16th century - the first quarter of the 20th century.

From the definition of a city follows the inextricable nature of its connection with the rural district: urban centers not only dictated the order and conditions of its activities, but also significantly depended on it (especially economically); this fact has been observed since their very inception and has not yet lost its significance. relevance. This determines the territorial scope of the study: the history of the city is unthinkable without studying the Verkhoturye district.

Verkhoturye, in a sense, was lucky - this city has always attracted the attention of historians and therefore a large number of sources on its history have already been identified and published, primarily by G.F. Miller, as well as in AI, DAI and RIB90. Many documents, especially on the early history of the city, have been published in various thematic collections, such as “Monuments of Siberian History of the 18th Century.”91 “Ancient Letters of the 16th-17th centuries relating to the foundation and initial structure of the city” are devoted directly to the history of the founding and first years of the existence of Verkhoturye Verkhoturye"92 in "Vremennik."

88 Klyuchevsky V.O. Aphorisms Historical portraits and sketches. Diaries. M., 1993. S.Z.

89 Miller G.F. History of Siberia. T.1. M.-L., 1937, T.2. 1941.

90 Historical acts collected and published by the Archaeographic Commission. T.1-5. St. Petersburg, 1841-1842; Additions to historical acts collected and published by the Archaeographic Commission. T.1-12. St. Petersburg, 1846-1872; Russian Historical Library, published by the Archaeographic Commission. T.1-39. St. Petersburg, 1872-1927.

91 Monuments of Siberian history of the 18th century. Book 1. 1700-1713 St. Petersburg, 1882.

92 Ancient documents of the 16th-17th centuries relating to the foundation and initial structure of the city of Verkhoturya//Vremennik of the Imperial Society of History and Russian Antiquities. Book 25. M., 1857, Book 25.

OIDR and published by the Russian State Library “Verkhoturye charters of the late 16th - early 17th centuries.” , in the article by P.S. Bogoslovsky in “Materials for the Study of the Perm Region”94 and in the work of Abbot Macarius95.

Some documents were published again, and some were published for the first time in the extensive work of V.V. Shishonko “Perm Chronicle”96, which, however, requires a critical approach due to errors and distortions made by the author, a non-professional historian. At the same time, no other work has yet been created that could compare with the “Chronicle.” thematic breadth of sources and chronological coverage. Documents characterizing the state of the wooden and stone fortifications of Verkhoturye were published by A.A. Dmitriev and A. Romanov97. These publications serve as the basis for creating a detailed chronology of the construction of city fortifications. Separate documents related to the construction of the stone Kremlin and the Gostiny Dvor were published in the Kazan “Zavolzhsky ant”98. The Siberian Chronicles have also been published, which reveal many facts that help to shed new light on the history of Verkhoturye in the 17th century, when it was part of the Tobolsk category99.

An important source for studying the history of Verkhoturye are legislative acts published in the Complete Collection of Laws of the Russian Empire100 and individual collections101.

General descriptions of Verkhoturye are contained in diaries and descriptions of travelers traveling to Siberia and back through the city. M.P. Alekseev published the most

102 early description of a foreign officer’s trip to Siberia in the 17th century. E.V. Chernyak 1 managed to identify the author of this diary. Most of these descriptions

93 Verkhoturye charters of the late 16th - early 17th centuries. 4.1-2. M., 1982.

94 Bogoslovsky P.S. Verkhoturye royal charters (beginning of the 17th century)//Materials on the study of the Perm region. Issue 5. Perm, 1915. P.10-32.

95 Macarius. Ancient letters of the 16th and 17th centuries relating to the foundation and initial structure of the city of Verkhoturya // Vremennik OIDR. T.25. P.4-12.

96 Shishonko V.N. Perm Chronicle. Lane 1. Perm, 1881; Lane 2. 1882; Lane Z. 1884; Lane 4. 1884; Lane 5. 4.1. 1885.4.2. 1887.4.3. 1889.

97 Dmitriev A.A. Verkhoturye Kremlin and its subordinate fortresses according to descriptions of the 17th and early 17th centuries // PGV. 1885.No. 4.7-14; Romanov G. Wooden fortress of the city of Verkhoturye in 1687 // PGV, 1860, No. 46; him. Servicemen and military shells of the Verkhoturye fortress in 1687 // PGV. 1861, No. 29.

98 Certificate of construction of the fortress and the former Gostiny DvorU/Zavolzhsky Ant. No. 13. July 1854. pp. 284-294.

99 Complete collection of Russian chronicles. T.36. Siberian Chronicles. 4.1. Group of the Esipov Chronicle. M., 1987.

100 PS31. St. Petersburg, 1830.

101 Class-legal status and administrative structure of the indigenous peoples of North-Western Siberia (horses of the 16th - early 20th centuries). Collection of legal acts and documents. Tyumen, 1999.

102 Alekseev M.P. An unknown description of a foreigner’s journey to Siberia in the 17th century // Historical archive. M.-JL, 1936; him. Siberia in the news of Western European travelers and writers. Irkutsk, 1941.

103 4ernyak E.V. New information about the diary of a trip to Siberia by an unknown foreign author in 1666 // Russian state of the 17th - early 20th centuries. Economics, politics, culture. Abstract. report conf., dedicated 380th anniversary of the restoration of Russian statehood (1613-1993). Ekaterinburg, 1993. was made in the 18th - early 19th centuries. participants of academic expeditions104. And although most of these descriptions are very general, they complement other sources well.

In recent years, in connection with the 400th anniversary of the city, new publications of hitherto unknown documents have appeared in the press. Among them, one can note a collection of documents dedicated to the churches of the city of Verkhoturye, published by GASO105; the “List of Paintings” of the Kremlin and Gostiny Dvor of 1777 was also published106

The main iconographic images of Verkhoturye (lithographs, engravings, watercolors)

107 li) were published in various kinds of albums and illustrated publications. There are numerous photographs with views of the city taken by V. Metenkov, photographers of the Nikolaevsky Monastery and other authors108. Partially published plans for the city of Verkhoturye109. The particular significance of iconographic sources was evident during the reconstruction and restoration of buildings and structures in Verkhoturye. Without them, it would be impossible to restore in detail the appearance of the city’s historical and cultural monuments.

Historical, biographical and, especially, statistical information is concentrated in all kinds of reference books, dictionaries110 and catalogs111, in the corresponding sections of various “Descriptions”, “Materials”, “Lists”, etc.112, specialized articles

104 Lepekhin I.I. Continuation of the day's notes of the trip in 1771. Ch.Z. St. Petersburg, 1780. P.77-78; Pallas P.S. Travel to different places of the Russian State in 1770 T.Z. St. Petersburg, 1786. P. 337, etc.

105 Evidence from history. Publication of documents. Issue 7. From the history of Verkhoturye temples. Ekaterinburg, 1998.

106 Korchagin P.A. “Mural list” of the Kremlin and the Verkhoturye Gostiny Dvor in 1777 // Archaeological and historical research of the city of Verkhoturye. Ekaterinburg, 1998. P.58-67.

107 Alekseeva M.A. Collection of Russian and Siberian cities. Series of engravings from the 18th century//Collection of the State Russian Museum. T.8. M.-L, 1964. P.65-66; GPB. Album of engravings by M.I. Makhaev St. Petersburg, 1770. P. 7; Published: History of the Urals from ancient times to 1861. M., 1989. P. 185. Fig.33; Murchison R. Geology of European Russia and the Ural Mountains. London, 1845. (in English); Kupfer A.Ya. Traveling through the Urals. 1828. Album. Paris, 1833 (French), etc.

108 See for example: GASO. Photo fund; GAPO. Photo fund; POKM. Photo fund; Bib-ka UV RAZHVIZ. Kart. "A-B". Rub. Verkhoturye.

109 Zolotov E.K. Monuments of Verkhoturye. Ekaterinburg, 1998. P.15-18.

110 New and complete geographical dictionary of the Russian state or lexicon. 4.1. A-J. M., 1788; German K. Statistical studies regarding the Russian Empire. 4.1. St. Petersburg, 1819; Nevolin K.A. General list of Russian cities//Nevolin K.A. Full composition of writings. T.6. St. Petersburg, 1859; Chupin N.K. Geographical and statistical dictionary of the Perm province. Issue 2. "IN". Perm, 1875; Krivoshchekov I.Ya. Dictionary of the Verkho-Tursky district of the Perm province, with a general historical and economic outline and an appendix of a map of the district within the boundaries of the administrative division of Russia in 1734. Perm, 1910.

111 Romodanovskaya E.K. Slavic-Russian manuscripts of the scientific library of Tomsk University//TODRL. T.26. L., 1971; Manuscripts from the library of the Tobolsk Provincial Museum. Systematic catalog compiled by M.V. Filippov/Yearbook of the Tobolsk Provincial Museum. Issue 16. Tobolsk, 1907.

112 Historical and geographical description of the Perm province, composed for the atlas of 1800. Perm, 1801; Popov N.S. Economic description of the Perm province according to its civil and natural state. Ch.Sh. St. Petersburg, 1804; Mosel X. Materials for the geography and statistics of Russia, collected by officers of the General Staff. Perm Province. 4.1-2. St. Petersburg, 1864; Balbashevsky G.I. Historical sketch of the civil structure of the Perm region.//Collection of materials for familiarization with the Perm province. Perm, 1891. Issue III and other scientific publications113, “Address calendars and memorial books of the Perm province”114, “Reviews of the Perm province”115, as well as numerous zemstvo publications116 and many other publications. Unfortunately, data for the same years, given in various sources, vary significantly (this is especially true for information about the number and class of the population of Verkhoturye) depending on the type - audit, police or other - registration117. However, they are enough to present the general dynamics of the city's development.

At the same time, the bulk of sources on the history of Verkhoturye, naturally, remains unpublished, although much has already been done to familiarize the scientific community with the contents of the most interesting funds of the central archives118. The research involved materials from several collections of central and regional archives, regional and district museums.

The Russian State Archive of Ancient Acts (RGADA) contains the most interesting materials on the early (XVIII-XVIII centuries) history of Verkhoturye, both socio-economic and the history of its construction. In fund 199 (Miller's Portfolios) documents were found on the construction and repairs of the wooden and stone kremlins of Verkhoturye, the Intercession Convent, on city fires, in fund 210 (Rank Order) on the construction of a prison at the end of the 17th century. and the discovery of the “famous stone” by T. Gusev. In Fund 214 (Siberian Order), the greatest interest is presented by the censuses of M. Tyukhin in 1624 and M. Bibikov and E. Mikhailov in 1670, the materials of the 1st revision of 1720, “City Lists” of 1700-1711, as well as “Book. structures of the stone guest yard." Separate, sometimes very interesting documents were discovered in fund 248 (Senate) - about the settlement of captured Swedes in Verkhoturye at the beginning of the 18th century, about the renovation of the Gostiny Dvor in 1751, in fund 415 (Siberian Provincial Chancellery) there is correspondence about the repair of the Kremlin in the 1770s Statement

113 See at least: Cities of Russia in 1904. St. Petersburg, 1906; Urban settlements in the Russian Empire. St. Petersburg, 1863; Statistical tables of the Russian Empire. Issue 2. Current population of the empire for 1858. St. Petersburg, 1863, etc.

114 Address-calendar and memorial book of the Perm province for 1894-1917. Perm, 1893-1917.

115 Review of the Perm province for 1898-1915. Perm, 1899-1917.

116 For example: General report of the Verkhoturye district zemstvo government to the 4th regular meeting on its activities for the first three years, from June 1870 to September 1873. St. Petersburg, 1874; Journals of the Verkhoturye District Zemstvo Assembly of the 43rd Regular Session of 1912 with related reports and other documents. Verkhoturye, 1912.

117 Scientific criticism of such sources should be based on the development of a holistic methodology for reconstructing the size and social structure of the population of Russian cities, which, unfortunately, is now in an embryonic state. A complete reconstruction of the socio-demographic dynamics of Verkhoturye would require work no less than this dissertation, so the author had to resort to such research only in cases where it was necessary to achieve the goals of this study.

118 Report on fund 1111 TSADA - documents of the Verkhoturye administrative hut // Questions of history. 1973. No. 12; Omakina E.H. Archive of the Verkhoturye official hut at the end of the 16th - beginning of the 18th century. in the meeting of N.P. Rumyantse-va//GBL. Notes from the manuscript department. Issue 41. M., 1980.

Verkhotursk customs for 1743, City list of 1741, documents on the commercial and industrial activities of M.M. Pokhodyashin are stored in fund 474 (Verkhotursk Voivodeship Office).

Of greatest interest to researchers is Fund 1111 (Verkhotursk Prikaznaya Izba), where the census books of Verkhoturye by M. Tyukhin from 1624, G. Chertkov and A. Bernatsky from 1666, documents on the exploration and development of ore resources of the Urals by D. Tu-mashev in 1647, 1654-55, 1669, 1672, expeditions in search of silver by Ya.T. Khitrovo 1672-1673, certificates of grain shortages in 1657 and 1673, letters of unrest and raids of the local population in 1604, 1640-1641, 1652-1653, 1663-1666, 1673, 1687, 1692-1693 and 1699 associated with them military preparations in Verkhoturye and the district, numerous orders of the central government, reflecting the social and economic policy of the government - on the melting of copper coins into wine cubes in 1665, the ban on hunting in yasak lands in 1676, decrees on the construction of the Nevyansk plant in 1700, documents documenting the development of the customs crisis in Verkhoturye in the 70s. XVII century The fund contains many documents about city fires, construction, deterioration and repair of wooden Kremlin and fort, Gostiny Dvor, prison, city monasteries in 1605, 1644, 1650, 1664-1665, 1672, 1682-1683, 1692-1693. There are documents related to stone construction, among them, a description of the Gostiny Dvor and a drawing of the executive chamber. Of particular value are the materials of the first revision, which clarify the place of birth of M.M. Pohodyashin.

Economic notes to the General Land Survey (f. 1355) characterize the economic situation of Verkhoturye, contain a description of the occupations of its population, give an idea of ​​the appearance and layout of the city (down to street names), the state of education and much more. Fund 1398 (Verkhoturye district commissar) contains documents on registration in the Verkhoturye merchant class, but the most interesting is the “Painted list. to the building of the city of Verkhoturye", which contains a detailed description of the buildings of the Kremlin and the Gostiny Dvor in 1777.

The Russian State Historical Archive (RGIA) preserves mainly documents related to urban management and construction. Fund 1285 (Department of State Economy and Public Buildings) contains materials on the renovation of two wine shops on Gostiny Dvor in 1794, “Inventory. Verkhoturye mayor Major Silin" 1818, estimates in 1828 for the construction of a public office building, extensive correspondence about the construction of a new prison stockade in the 30s. XIX century, in fund 1286 (Executive Police Department), drawings of facades and floor plans of the building of public places were discovered. Fund 1287 (Economic Department) contains documents containing the conditions for registration as merchants and philistines of the city of Verkhoturye in 1849, the decision to allocate funds in 1829 for the construction of a guest courtyard, long-term (1829-1844) correspondence about the construction of shops Gostiny Dvor, as well as a description of Verkhoturye in 1900. In the fund of the Land Survey Department (f. 1350) “Economic notes to the Atlas of the Perm province” of 1800 were deposited, containing information about the number of the population of Verkhoturye, and in the fund 1399 (Maps, plans and drawings of the St. Petersburg Senate archive) a “Plan for a currently existing stone building in the city of Verkhoturye” from the end of the 19th century was discovered.

In fund 28 (Verkhotursk voivodskaya hut) of the archive of the St. Petersburg branch of the Institute of Russian History of the Russian Academy of Sciences, documents from the 1620s were identified. about the conversion of exiles into arable peasants, about the founding of the village. Merkushino and the construction of ships there, about the replacement of Pomeranian districts with “Siberian holidays” from bread to money (1632) and back (1643), the transfer of the distillery outside the city limits (1639), about the fires of 1627 and 1639, the construction of a fort after the fire and Gostiny Dvor. Unfortunately, the fund does not have an inventory, so it has not been fully explored.

In the auxiliary fund of the Verkhoturye Historical and Architectural Museum-Reserve (VF VGIAMZ) handwritten memoirs about the establishment of Soviet power and the civil war in Verkhoturye “Obelisk of Eternal Glory” (1968) and memoirs of N.M. Likhanov “Contemporaries about the past.”

In the funds of the State Archives of the Perm Region (GAPO), documents characterizing almost all aspects of life in Verkhoturye were studied. Fund 36 (Perm provincial government) contains the “Report of the 7th class mayor Cherkasov” from 1802, fund 65 (Office of the Perm governor) contains materials on the creation of the Verkhoturye fair (1802), a message from the Verkhoturye lower court to the Perm governor about the absence of district of wineries (1806), “Report on the cities of the [Perm] province for the approval of the staff of the city police” (1814-1815), “Information of the Verkhoturye mayor for the Statistical Department of the Police Department” (1824), report of the mayor I. Popov to the Statistical Department about population of the city (1826), “Gazette of the Verkhoturye city government on the number of residents in the city of Verkhoturye” (1826), “On the condition in the Perm province. stone establishments” by the vice-governor of Prince Volkonsky and the mayor’s report on this matter (1804), “Description. existing in this city of Verkhoturye, an ancient building from the remnant of 1827.” district judge I. Popov, I. Popov’s response to a circular request from the Department of State Economy and Public Buildings of the Ministry of Internal Affairs (1826) and many others. etc.

In the fund of the Perm Treasury Chamber (f. 111) a “Journal on the verification of trade and industrial enterprises and personal trade activities in the city of Verkhoturye” of 1912 was found, in fund 297 (Historical archive of PUAK) information was found that in 1826 the population of Yamskaya Sloboda was classified as a peasant and was in this status according to

1836. It also contains the responses of the priest of the Znamenskaya Church P. Toropov to the “Program for the description of church buildings, monasteries and parishes of the Perm province” of 1901. In fund 316 (Perm viceroyal government) a number of interesting documents have been preserved, among which: the decree of Catherine II from March 16, 1792 to the Verkhoturye mayor about the improvement of the city, a report from the elder I. Zelentsov from the Verkhoturye city magistrate dated June 3, 1781 about the condition of the Kremlin buildings, information about the fires of 1716 and 1762.

In fund 603 (Nikolaevsky Monastery) of the State Archives of the Sverdlovsk Region (GASO) an undated list of the monastery property of the late 18th century with additions from the beginning of the 19th century, audit tales of 1816, 1834 have been preserved. and materials of the 10th national census of 1858, a letter from Abbot Afanasy in 1824 to the Bishop of Perm and Verkhoturye about the canonization of Simeon of Verkhoturye, copies of letters from private individuals for 1857-1865, “testifying miraculous healings from funeral prayers to righteous Simeon.” Documents from 1860 on the development of a system for distributing monastic publications, materials on the construction and repairs of the Nicholas and Transfiguration churches, and the “main stone building” were also discovered here. In f. 606 (Verkhoturye district treasury) it was possible to find an estimate for the construction of a stone building of the district treasury in 1905 and a “List of residents of the city of Verkhoturye subject to progressive income tax for 1918.”

The Manuscripts Department of the Russian State Library (RSL, f. 218) preserves individual documents from the third quarter of the 17th century. about the significant strengthening of the Verkhoturye garrison in connection with the peasant war of S. Razin and the Bashkir uprising. But the census of the population of the city of I. Koryakov, which took place in 1669, is of greatest value.

A total of 186 cases were studied in 40 collections of nine archival repositories. Most of these sources are being introduced into scientific circulation for the first time. During the research in GAPO119, RGVIA120, RGIA and RGADA, a collection of plans of the city of Verkhoturye from the last quarter of the 18th - 19th centuries was selected, as well as a number of architectural drawings that helped clarify many aspects of urban construction that were not sufficiently reflected in written sources.

A separate topic and relatively new direction of research in Verkhoturye is the archaeological study of the city. It began in 1967 with small exploration work by KEA

119 GAPO. F.278 - Drawing room of the Perm provincial government; F.279 - Collection of plans, maps and drawings deposited in the funds of the provincial drafting and survey commission and in the Perm land management detachment; F.716 - Collection of cartographic plans.

120 ppg^jA. F.Military-scientific archive.

PGU121. After a long break in 1988, by order of the State Research and Production Center for the Protection of Historical and Cultural Monuments of the Sverdlovsk Region, Ural State University archaeologists established small excavations on the territory of the Verkhoturye Kremlin. Since 1989, the forces of the KAE PGU122 were involved in the historical, architectural and archaeological research of the State Scientific and Practical Center in the Kremlin and Verkhoturye Posad and this work continued until 1995, and from the moment of the creation of the archaeological research department of the State Scientific and Practical Center until the end of the decade, complex work was carried out annually together with the PGU , IERZh Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, etc. In parallel, in 1989-1990. An archaeological study of the Nikolaev Monastery was carried out by the USU expedition. The available archaeological materials not only significantly complement the existing written sources, in a number of cases they make it possible to obtain new information that is missing in the documents. This is especially true for the material culture of Verkhoturye: urban housing, the life of citizens. Excavations in the Kremlin created the prerequisites for the reconstruction of its walls and towers. The main results of these studies were highlighted in a thematic collection published by the State Scientific and Practical Center.

The scientific novelty of the work lies, first of all, in the development of a scientific definition of an urban settlement as a redistribution center. A definition applicable to any city of any historical era, applicable to both early feudal, late feudal, and capitalist cities. Although in the scientific literature, on the contrary, there were voices that recognized the formulation of a general definition of the city as impossible. This functional definition also implies the approach to studying the history of a city as an analysis of changes in a set of basic urban functions, and the creation of a periodization of the city’s history in accordance with the dynamics of its socio-economic development.

The work is the first to highlight the “preliminary” period of the emergence of an urban settlement, which has well-defined chronological boundaries. What is considered is not the reasons in general, not the most general preconditions, but very specific events that predetermined the specific time and place of the city’s emergence. The preliminary period must be considered as an integral part of history, not only of Verkhoturye, but also of any other city.

The period of formation of Verkhoturye as a socio-economic and urban planning organism is especially highlighted. For a set of urban functions does not appear ready-made at the moment

121 Denisov V.P., Oborin V.A. Research in the Perm and northern Sverdlovsk regions//Archaeological discoveries of 1967. M., 1968;

122 Korchagin P.A., Oborin V.A., Sokolova N.E. Archaeological research of the city of Verkhoturye//Archaeological discoveries of the Urals and the Volga region. Izhevsk, 1991. pp. 174-176; Korchagin P.A., Oborin V.A. Archaeological research in the historical cities of the Northern Urals // Archaeological discoveries in 1993. M., 1994. P. 146. foundation of a settlement, it takes some time for the city’s inherent way of existence to form, for the optimal infrastructure to provide the most significant sectors of the city’s economy, for the population to reach a minimum sufficient level, and for the social structure of urban society to meet the requirements of city development.

Using the example of Verkhoturye, the peculiarity of the formation of cities that arose in the areas of Russian colonization was revealed. They did not grow in a “classical” way as a result of the development of the agricultural region, but, on the contrary, from the moment of their founding they served as centers from which the agricultural development of the region was directed. Before the creation of their own agricultural district, the Pomeranian counties served as a kind of “allocated” agricultural periphery for them, from which grain and commodity “exempts” were sent to Siberia for several decades. For the first time, a scientific analysis of the fullness of the city budget, the search for escaped peasants and townspeople, unrest and raids of the indigenous population was carried out. These processes turned out to be very closely related to the frequency of crop yields in the county. The economic and political situation in Verkhoturye directly depended on the prosperity of agriculture, which is not surprising for a feudal country.

In the second half of the 18th century. In the era of the unfolding price revolution, Verkhoturye acquired the features of a “dispersed city,” which was a consequence of the general “dispersal” of urbanization and industrialization in a country where the separation of city and countryside had not yet completely occurred. Verkhoturye, as the center of the “Pokhodyashinsky” private mining district, was a special case of this phenomenon.

The generally accepted point of view needs correction that the decline in the economic life of Verkhoturye in the second half of the 18th century. was exclusively connected with the closure of customs and the opening of the Siberian Highway. Although the significance of these events cannot be denied, however, one cannot ignore the economic power of M.M.’s mining empire. A similar tire, which had a serious impact on the city economy. The beginning of the decline of Verkhoturye must be dated not to 1764, but to 1781-1791, when the Great Postal Road through Perm - Kungur - Yekaterinburg - Kamyshlov was opened, and the Bogoslovsky factories were sold to the treasury, coming under the jurisdiction of Yekaterinburg.

The crisis of Russian cities” captured at the beginning of the 19th century. and Verkhoturye. The causes of the crisis have already been analyzed in detail in the scientific literature, but its scale and dynamics in relation to an individual city have been analyzed for the first time. City income statistics

123 Archaeological and historical research of the city of Verkhoturye. Ekaterinburg, 1998. The data of Verkhoturye is incomplete, and is not suitable for analysis, since during this period the city was subsidized, therefore data from revision tales about the number of merchants were used. The method for reconstructing the weather population of urban merchants is the author’s development.

Using the example of Verkhoturye, a type of transformation of a feudal city into a capitalist city, which has not yet been fully described in historical science, has been studied. Center for religious pilgrimage, as a special case of performing a recreational function. B.N. Mironov identifies recreational functions among urban functions, but among the types of cities he distinguishes only administrative-military, agricultural, mixed type, commercial and industrial 124. And although this type of city is rare in Russian history, it is necessary to highlight it as one of the ways of “transforming a city from a predominantly agricultural to a predominantly industrial and commercial center.” This is exactly the path that was characteristic of Verkhoturye in the second half of the 19th - early 20th centuries.

The novelty also lies in the implementation, on the one hand, of the always declared, and on the other hand, the still undeveloped research principle of the dependence of the formation of the urban historical and architectural environment on the socio-economic development of the city. As a result of a comprehensive study, socio-economic, socio-political and other factors that influenced the architectural and historical environment of Verkhoturye were identified, the dynamics of the construction of individual buildings and ensembles, the development of urban planning were studied, and the appearance of individual objects and parts of the city was reconstructed. Using examples of the construction and functioning of wooden and stone city kremlins, St. Nicholas and Intercession monasteries, parish churches, Gostiny Dvor and ordinary buildings, it was possible to show specific forms and ways of determining the architectural appearance of a city by its economic and social development.

In addition, this work is the first monographic study of the socio-economic history of Verkhoturye in Russian historiography.

The structure of the work is predetermined by the general logic of the study. The first chapter examines the socio-economic history of Verkhoturye: the reasons and prerequisites for the founding of the city, the features and timing of its formation as an urban center, the dynamics of the main historical functions inherent in it as a redistribution center of the agricultural district, an administrative, transit-transport and cultural-confessional center. The patterns of its economic and social development are studied.

124 Mironov B.N. Russian city. P.205.

The second chapter is devoted to the history of urban construction. The history of construction in Verkhoturye, the formation of its architectural face with a “non-general expression”, along with the history of the city society, is an integral part of the general history of the city. The study of the formation of the urban historical and architectural environment allows us to comprehensively and, most importantly, objectively reconstruct a living and visual picture of the historical past. Although the mere statement of the fact of the influence of socio-economic conditions on urban construction and architecture is by no means new, only a comprehensive historical study allows us to fully reveal the specific forms of this influence. And to the extent that this is possible, architecture turns from “frozen music” into “frozen history.”

The section reveals the pattern of the founding of Verkhoturye precisely at the specific place of its origin. Based on a sufficient number of documentary and archaeological sources, the stages of construction of individual architectural and historical ensembles of Verkhoturye, the patterns of formation of the architectural and historical environment of the city in close connection with its socio-economic development are determined. Trying not to intrude into the areas of interest of professional architects and art historians, the author sought to show the inextricable unity and interaction of the “city of people” and the “city of houses.”

The work is supplied with tables and graphs that clearly illustrate the author’s conclusions, and graphic reconstructions of architectural objects and ensembles discussed in the study.

As world practice shows, the sustainable development of cities (the main modern criterion for the effectiveness of investments) is impossible without the preservation and reconstruction of their historical and architectural environment and, more broadly, the historical and cultural heritage in general. The results obtained in the dissertation can be used to create general works, lecture courses and textbooks on the history of Russia and the Urals; the materials and conclusions of the study are applicable in the activities of government bodies, especially at the city and regional levels.

During archaeological research in 1989-1998. Verkhoturye served as a kind of testing ground for the development of methodology and techniques for complex historical research.

125 findings, the results of excavations by the KAE PSU team and the author’s archival research were reflected in scientific reports and historical references, on the basis of which the State Research and Production Center for the Protection of Historical and Cultural Monuments of the Sverdlovsk Region is now carrying out extensive work on

125 Korchagin P.A. Some questions of methodology, methods and organization of complex historical and archaeological research in the cities of the Urals/Southern archaeological research in the Middle Urals. Issue 3 Ekaterinburg, 1999. P.210-221. reconstruction and restoration of the walls and towers of the stone Kremlin, Nikolaevsky and Pokrovsky monasteries of Verkhoturye. Collections from the excavations of the KAE PSU served as the basis for the archaeological exhibition of the Verkhoturye Museum-Reserve, copies of identified archival and literary sources were made available to the directorate, and scientific conclusions formed the basis for the emerging concept of the museum-reserve. The successful experience of historical and archaeological research on a monument of the late Middle Ages and modern times served as a precedent for the development of research of this kind in Yekaterinburg,

Izhevsk and Chelyabinsk. The research results were presented in reports and communications at international, Russian and regional scientific and scientific-practical conferences in Berezniki (1994-2000), Yekaterinburg (1998-1999), Kungur (1997), Moscow (1999), Perm (1990-1997), Tobolsk (2000). The content of the dissertation work is presented in 26 scientific publications, including one monograph.

126 Kuznetsova E.V., Pogorelov S.N. Archaeological research in Yekaterinburg//Perm region: History, modernity and prospects. Materials of the international scientific-practical conferences. Berezniki, 2001. P.79-83; Makarov L.D., Medvedeva T.A. The first security observations of the remains of modern times in Izhevsk // Perm region: History, modernity and prospects. Materials of the international scientific-practical conferences. Berezniki, 2001. P.95-101.

CONCLUSION

The history of Verkhoturye is not the largest part of the Ural and Russian history. But no matter how small the city was, it, together with the whole country, went through all the trials, triumphs and tragedies that befell their common lot. In the history of Verkhoturye, as in a prism, the historical processes taking place in Russian society were refracted, which is why a comprehensive study of its socio-economic and cultural evolution allows us to reach a new, higher level of scientific generalization. On the other hand, Verkhoturye had a different geographical and economic location from other urban centers, which left a special imprint on its formation. Researchers have a unique opportunity to observe a wide variety of possible paths, forms and methods of economic and social development, within the framework of the general patterns of social progress.

Founding of Verkhoturye at the end of the 16th century. became a natural result of the previous historical development of the region and the country as a whole. End of the 16th century was the completion of the first stage of Russian colonization of Siberia, when its western part was developed and the need arose to provide the explorers with everything necessary, primarily food, for further advancement to the east. It was by 1597 that the Babinovskaya road was laid and the following year Verkhoturye was founded, replacing the Lozvinsky town as a transshipment point, which was located aside from the new route. The place and time of construction of the city was predetermined by the course of Russian colonization of Siberia. It arose at the most convenient place of the shortest route to Siberia, at the junction of a difficult land section (Babinovskaya road) and a river route, which provided access to any point in the Ob-Irtysh region. During the construction of Verkhoturye, the experience of colonization of the western slope of the Urals was used, when Russian settlements were established on the site or next to the settlements of the aboriginal population of the region.

The 17th century in scientific and local history literature is often called the “golden age” of Verkhoturye, and there is some truth in this. Built on the border of European Russia and Siberia, the city very quickly became the most important transit and transport point through which huge flows of people and goods passed, ensuring the unprecedented rapid development of the country's new Asian territories.

However, not only, and perhaps not so much, the developing trade and transit functions became the basis for the growth of the city. Verkhoturye almost immediately became the center of agricultural development of a vast region, covering almost the entire Middle Trans-Urals. And by the end of the first quarter of the 17th century. The main city-forming function of Verkhoturye finally took shape - the function of redistributing surplus product between the city and its rural district. The city became the center of a large agricultural region and a large grain market in Siberia. This revealed a distinctive feature of the emergence of urban centers in areas of colonization: cities here did not grow naturally out of the need to organize rural areas, but, on the contrary, were founded by the government to create an agricultural periphery around them. In order to somehow maintain the existence of cities in areas where agriculture was still absent, the government resorted to sending “Siberian holidays” to the Urals, mainly grain and flour from Pomeranian cities.

As for the customs functions of Verkhoturye (namely, they are especially famous), it should be noted that their heyday occurred during the period when in European Russia everywhere, as a result of the activities of A.L. Ordina-Nashchekin, the liquidation of internal customs was underway. Thus, we must note the peculiarity of the Siberian customs system, the emergence of which was associated not with feudal fragmentation, but with the special colonial status of the recently annexed Siberian lands. The “Golden Age” of Verkhoturye is the century of colonial Siberia, and the decline of the city was largely predetermined by the transformation of the colony into an ordinary region of the country. It was at the end of the 17th century. The area of ​​the Verkhoturye district reached its largest size; it included almost all the Trans-Ural lands, partly the Urals and territories that now belong to Western Siberia.

The first sign of the impending decline of Verkhoturye was the customs crisis of the late 17th century, which showed, firstly, the need to change the government’s customs and overall economic policy towards Siberia, and, secondly, the relative success of Siberian agriculture and crafts, indicating the end of mainly colonization processes.

At the end of the 17th - beginning of the 18th century. Due to its administrative position, Verkhoturye for a short time became the center of mining development of the Urals. City governors ensured the construction of Nevyansky, Alapaevsky, Vyysky and other plants, but after the creation of a special body for the construction and management of the metallurgical industry, the Siberian Oberbergamt, the city lost this important role for its development. At the same time, there was a sharp narrowing of the territory actually dependent on Verkhoturye due to the allocation of the Yekaterinburg government and private mountain dachas, which negatively affected the completeness of its administrative functions.

Peter's reforms and the expansion of trade and economic ties between Russia and Western Europe led to the fact that the beginning of the price revolution spurred the process of the formation of a single national market, which finally ended in the first quarter of the 19th century, but already in the 60s. XVIII century Siberia was included in Russian economic relations on a general basis. In the second and third quarter of the 18th century. Verkhoturye customs existed mainly to service trade with China, but after its temporary cessation (in 1764) it finally ceased its activities. As a result of the secularization reform of Catherine II that occurred simultaneously, the economy of the city monasteries, an important component of the economy of Verkhoturye, was undermined.

In the second half of the 18th century. For some time, Verkhoturye played the role of a regional mountain capital in a special form of a “dispersed city,” serving the private mountain district of M.M. Pokhodyashin, but with his death and the sale of the copper smelters to the treasury, the city lost this function, practically retaining only the purely administrative one from the former variety of functions.

The territory that gravitated towards Verkhoturye steadily shrank, the total area of ​​the county decreased during all the administrative and territorial transformations in the country: during the reforms of 1781, a special Irbit county was separated from its composition, and depending on the city, only 52.7 thousand square meters remained . verst.

The first half of the 19th century was especially difficult for the city, an era called the period of “the decline of Russian cities.” The decrease in the economic importance of Verkhoturye in the systemic urban network of the country and region was at its maximum at that moment. This point is well marked by the sharp decline in the number of Verkhoturye merchants from 40 in 1803 to 12 in 1823. But in Verkhoturye there was found the basis for the economic and cultural revival of the city. Moreover, the process of transformation of a feudal city into a capitalist one, to which almost all Russian cities were subjected at that time, turning into commercial and industrial centers, had its own characteristics in Verkhoturye.

The basis for the renewal of Verkhoturye at the end of the 19th - beginning of the 20th centuries. became capitalist modernization, the restructuring of the economy of the St. Nicholas Monastery, which took place in the 1820-1890s. XIX century These transformations were part of the “industrial revolution” - a broad process that covered almost all spheres of social development: industrial, economic, social and cultural, which entailed fundamental changes in the life of society. The administration of the Nicholas Monastery used all measures to attract pilgrims to the relics of St. Simeon of Verkhoturye and their ever-increasing flow became the basis for the economic well-being of the monastery and the city.

In the second half of the 19th - early 20th centuries. The leading function of Verkhoturye has become recreational, which from a modern point of view, as is known, includes the organization of tourism, recreation and treatment of people, and services for people who have retired. It was based on the traditional occupations of the inhabitants of the city, which had long been associated with trade and service activities. This function turned out to be closely connected (as a flip side) with another cultural and religious function - a function inherent in the city. It had two components: religious and educational. People employed in these areas made up a significant part of the urban population.

Conducted at the beginning of the 20th century. near the city, the railway, the appearance of the telegraph and telephone, and the improvement of dirt roads contributed to the development of external relations of Verkhoturye, ultimately “returning” it to the systemic network of Russian cities. At the same time, the main city-forming function of the organizational center of the rural district expanded noticeably due to the massive influx of immigrants to the district during the Stolypin agrarian reform.

The revolutionary events of 1917, a sharp change in the ideological foundations of society, the orientation of the authorities, primarily towards developed industrial cities, where the victorious proletariat constituted the majority, led to the fact that the cultural, religious and recreational functions of Verkhoturye were forcibly suppressed, and the administrative functions and functions redistribution center of the rural district have decreased significantly. The sufficient economic basis for the existence of the city in its traditional capacity disappeared and in 1926 Verkhoturye lost its city status and regained it only on April 2, 1947, in commemoration of its 350th anniversary.

The forward movement of the city was not carried out linearly, but through multiple recessions and ascents. The social and economic progress of Verkhoturye was realized through periodic crises (relative overproduction and structural), which forced the authorities and society to look for new ways of development in all spheres of life.

Analysis of the formation and evolution of the historical and architectural environment of Verkhoturye indicates that the construction of fortifications, public and residential buildings is closely connected with the socio-economic history of society as a whole and of the individual city. The dominant functions of the city determined the place of its foundation (at the convergence point of land and river trade and transport routes), the nature of the fortified structures (the open perimeter of the Kremlin, convenient for receiving convoys with “Siberian reserves” arriving from European Russia, the C-shaped outline of the fort, defending the pier) and many others. etc.

Socio-political events also had a noticeable influence on the layout and character of urban buildings. The aggravation of the class struggle in Russia and the Urals in the third quarter of the 17th century. literally forced the authorities to replace the fortified walls of the city, which had satisfied them for more than seventy years, with more reliable walls cut by taras; even a separate settlement arose to house a garrison. The change in the status of Verkhoturye, when it became the head of a special category, entailed the restructuring of the prison towers: the new ones were more powerful and representative.

At the beginning of the 18th century, when Verkhoturye, according to Peter I, was supposed to become the center from which all factory construction in the Urals would be carried out, intensive stone construction began here, the Kremlin, administrative buildings, the city cathedral and the guest courtyard were erected in stone. But as soon as government policy changed, and the center of gravity of the mining business moved south, Kremlin construction in the city stopped so abruptly that some of the buildings forever remained “unfinished”.

The hierarchy of elevations of religious buildings in Verkhoturye is at the same time the hierarchy of the social strata of the city, united in parishes around these churches. The historical social topography of Verkhoturye is easy to read when looking at its preserved temples. The radial-concentric system of location of city churches recorded the influence of the main transit and transport economic function of Verkhoturye (the existence of parallel land and river highways) on the formation of the system of urban architectural dominants, mediated by the development process.

Gostiny Dvor, as the center of the city's business life, was sensitive to changes in the economic situation. In the 17th century, when the well-being and sometimes even the life of the population of the eastern slope of the Urals and Siberia depended on government supplies, most of the barns and shops of the Gostiny Dvor were located within the Kremlin walls. In the 18th century, when the emphasis was placed on the mining development of the Urals, the development of local crafts and trades, the buildings of the Gostiny Dvor were entirely moved to the suburb. When in the 19th century. The Nikolaevsky Monastery became the core of Verkhoturye’s economic progress; new shopping arcades were built closer to its walls. At the beginning of the 20th century. when fair trade in cities begins to lose relevance and is increasingly replaced by shop trade, in Verkhoturye a complex of shops and shops is formed around the former Gostiny Dvor, which has survived to this day.

The history of Verkhoturye is typical for a small Ural, and more generally, Russian city. It was determined by the general course of economic development of the country, the stages of Russian colonization of Siberia, and was influenced by individual events in the political history of Russia. At the same time, in its history one can highlight unique features, features characteristic only of the main point of internal customs in the 18th-18th centuries. on the border of European Russia and Siberia. There are few cities in Russia in which the transformation from feudal to capitalist would take place in such a specific way - by forming a center of religious pilgrimage.

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