Reading functions are provided by the lexical center (lexicon center). The center of lexia is located in the angular gyrus.

Graphics analyzer, graphics center, writing function

Writing functions are provided by the graphic center (graphics center). The center of the graph is located in the posterior part of the middle frontal gyrus.

Counting analyzer, costing center, counting function

The counting functions are provided by the counting center (costing center). The center of calculation is located at the junction of the parieto-occipital region.

Praxis, praxis analyzer, praxis center

Praxis- this is the ability to perform purposeful motor acts. Praxis is formed during human life, starting from infancy, and is ensured by a complex functional system of the brain involving the cortical fields of the parietal lobe (inferior parietal lobe) and the frontal lobe, especially the left hemisphere in right-handed people. For normal praxis, the preservation of the kinesthetic and kinetic basis of movements, visual-spatial orientation, programming processes and control of purposeful actions is necessary. The defeat of the praxic system at one level or another is manifested by such a type of pathology as apraxia. The term "praxis" comes from the Greek word "praxis", which means "action". - this is a violation of purposeful action in the absence of muscle paralysis and the preservation of its elementary movements.

Gnostic center, center of gnosis

In the right hemisphere of the brain in right-handed people, in the left hemisphere of the brain in left-handed people, many gnostic functions are represented. When predominantly the right parietal lobe is affected, anosognosia, autopagnosia, and constructive apraxia may occur. The center of gnosis is also associated with an ear for music, orientation in space, and the center of laughter.

Memory, thinking

The most complex cortical functions are memory and thinking. These functions do not have a clear localization.

Memory, memory function

Various areas are involved in the implementation of the memory function. The frontal lobes provide active, purposeful mnestic activity. The posterior gnostic sections of the cortex are associated with particular forms of memory - visual, auditory, tactile-kinesthetic. The speech zones of the cortex carry out the process of encoding incoming information into verbal logical-grammatical systems and verbal systems. The mediobasal regions of the temporal lobe, in particular the hippocampus, translate current impressions into long-term memory. The reticular formation ensures optimal tone of the cortex, charging it with energy.

Thinking, thinking function

The function of thinking is the result of the integrative activity of the entire brain, especially the frontal lobes, which are involved in organizing the purposeful conscious activity of a person, man, woman. Programming, regulation and control take place. Moreover, in right-handed people, the left hemisphere is the basis of predominantly abstract verbal thinking, and the right hemisphere is associated mainly with concrete figurative thinking.

The development of cortical functions begins in the first months of a child’s life and reaches its perfection by the age of 20.

In subsequent articles we will focus on current issues of neurology: zones of the cerebral cortex, zones of the cerebral hemispheres, visual, cortical zone, auditory cortex, motor motor and sensitive sensory zones, associative, projection zones, motor and functional zones, speech zones, primary zones cerebral cortex, associative, functional zones, frontal cortex, somatosensory zone, tumor of the cortex, absence of the cortex, localization of higher mental functions, localization problem, cerebral localization, concept of dynamic localization of functions, research methods, diagnostics.

Cerebral cortex treatment

Sarclinic uses proprietary methods to restore the functioning of the cerebral cortex. Treatment of the cerebral cortex in Russia in adults, adolescents, children, treatment of the cerebral cortex in Saratov in boys and girls, boys and girls, men and women allows you to restore lost functions. In children, the development of the cerebral cortex and brain centers is activated. In adults and children, atrophy and subatrophy of the cerebral cortex, disruption of the cortex, inhibition in the cortex, excitation in the cortex, damage to the cortex, changes in the cortex, pain in the cortex, vasoconstriction, poor blood supply, irritation and dysfunction of the cortex, organic damage, stroke, detachment are treated , damage, diffuse changes, diffuse irritation, death, underdevelopment, destruction, disease, question to the doctor If the cerebral cortex is damaged, then with proper and adequate treatment it is possible to restore its functions.

. There are contraindications. Specialist consultation is required.

Text: ® SARCLINIC | Sarclinic.com \ Sarlinic.ru Photo: MedusArt / Photobank Photogenica / photogenica.ru The people depicted in the photo are models, do not suffer from the diseases described and/or all coincidences are excluded.

The cerebral cortex is present in the structure of the body of many creatures, but in humans it has reached its perfection. Scientists say that this became possible thanks to the centuries-old labor activity that accompanies us constantly. Unlike animals, birds or fish, a person constantly develops his capabilities and this improves his brain activity, including the functions of the cerebral cortex.

But let's approach this gradually, first looking at the structure of the cortex, which is undoubtedly very fascinating.

Internal structure of the cerebral cortex

The cerebral cortex contains more than 15 billion nerve cells and fibers. Each of them has a different shape, and form several unique layers responsible for specific functions. For example, the functionality of the cells of the second and third layers is to transform excitation and correctly redirect it to certain parts of the brain. And, for example, centrifugal impulses represent the performance of the fifth layer. Let's look at each layer more carefully.

The numbering of the layers of the brain starts from the surface and goes deeper:

1. The molecular layer is fundamentally different in its low level of cells. There is a very limited number of them, consisting of nerve fibers closely interconnected with each other.
2. The granular layer is otherwise called the outer layer. This is due to the presence of an inner layer.
3. The pyramidal level is named after its structure because it has a pyramidal structure of neurons that vary in size.
4. Granular layer No. 2 is called internal.
5. Pyramid level No. 2 is similar to the third level. Its composition is pyramid-shaped neurons of medium and large size. They penetrate down to the molecular level because it contains apical dendrites.
6. The sixth layer is fusiform cells, also known as “fusiform” cells, which gradually pass into the white matter of the brain.

If we consider these levels in more depth, it turns out that the cerebral cortex takes on the projections of each level of excitation that occurs in different parts of the central nervous system and is called “lower”. They, in turn, are transported to the brain along the nerve pathways of the human body.

Presentation: "Localization of higher mental functions in the cerebral cortex"

Thus, the cerebral cortex is the organ of higher nervous activity in humans, and regulates absolutely all nervous processes occurring in the body.

And this happens due to the peculiarities of its structure, and it is divided into three zones: associative, motor and sensory.

Modern understanding of the structure of the cerebral cortex

It is worth noting that there is a slightly different idea of ​​its structure. According to it, there are three zones that are distinguished from each other not only by their structure, but also by their functional purpose.

• The primary zone (motor), in which its specialized and highly differentiated nerve cells are located, receive impulses from auditory, visual and other receptors. This is a very important area, damage to which can lead to serious disorders of motor and sensory function.
• The secondary (sensory) zone is responsible for information processing functions. In addition, its structure consists of the peripheral sections of the analyzer nuclei, which establish correct connections between stimuli. Its defeat threatens a person with a serious perception disorder.
• The associative, or tertiary zone, its structure allows it to be excited by impulses coming from receptors of the skin, hearing, etc. It forms a person’s conditioned reflexes, helping to cognize the surrounding reality.

Presentation: "Cerebral cortex"

Main functions

How does the cerebral cortex of humans and animals differ? Because its purpose is to summarize all departments and control work. These functions are provided by billions of neurons with a diverse structure. These include types such as intercalary, afferent and efferent. Therefore, it will be relevant to consider each of these types in more detail.

The intercalary type of neurons have, at first glance, mutually exclusive functions, namely, inhibition and excitation.

The afferent type of neurons is responsible for impulses, or rather for their transmission. Efferent, in turn, provide a specific area of ​​human activity and are classified as the periphery.

Of course, this is medical terminology and it is worth abstracting from it by specifying the functionality of the human cerebral cortex in simple folk language. So, the cerebral cortex is responsible for the following functions:

• The ability to correctly establish connections between internal organs and tissues. And even more than that, it makes her perfect. This possibility is based on the conditioned and unconditioned reflexes of the human body.
• Organization of relationships between the human body and the environment. In addition, it controls the functionality of organs, corrects their work and is responsible for metabolism in the human body.
• He is 100% responsible for ensuring that thinking processes are correct.
• And the final, but no less important function is the highest level of nervous activity.

Having become familiar with these functions, we come to understand that it has allowed each person and the entire family as a whole to learn to control the processes that occur in the body.

Presentation: "Structural and functional characteristics of the sensory cortex"

Academician Pavlov, in his numerous studies, more than once pointed out that it is the cortex that is both the manager and distributor of human and animal activities.

But it is also worth noting that the cerebral cortex has ambiguous functions. This is mainly manifested in the work of the central gyrus and frontal lobes, which are responsible for muscle contraction on the side completely opposite to this irritation.

In addition, its different parts are responsible for different functions. For example, the occipital lobes are for visual, and the temporal lobes are for auditory functions:

• To be more specific, the occipital lobe of the cortex is actually a projection of the retina of the eye, which is responsible for its visual functions. If any disturbance occurs in it, a person may lose orientation in an unfamiliar environment and even suffer complete, irreversible blindness.
• The temporal lobe is an area of ​​auditory reception that receives impulses from the cochlea of ​​the inner ear, that is, it is responsible for its auditory functions. Damage to this part of the cortex threatens a person with complete or partial deafness, which is accompanied by a complete misunderstanding of words.
• The lower lobe of the central gyrus is responsible for brain analyzers or, in other words, taste perception. It receives impulses from the oral mucosa and its damage threatens the loss of all taste sensations.
• And finally, the anterior part of the cerebral cortex, in which the piriform lobe is located, is responsible for olfactory reception, that is, the functions of the nose. Impulses come into it from the nasal mucosa; if it is affected, the person will lose his sense of smell.

There is no need to remind once again that a person is at the highest stage of development.

This confirms the structure of a particularly developed frontal region, which is responsible for work activity and speech. It is also important in the process of forming human behavioral reactions and its adaptive functions.

There are many studies, including the work of the famous academician Pavlov, who worked with dogs, studying the structure and function of the cerebral cortex. All of them prove the advantages of humans over animals, precisely due to its special structure.

True, we should not forget that all parts are in close contact with each other and depend on the work of each of its components, so human perfection is the key to the functioning of the brain as a whole.

From this article, the reader has already understood that the human brain is complex and still poorly understood. However, it is a perfect device. By the way, few people know that the processing power of processes in the brain is so high that the most powerful computer in the world is powerless next to it.

Here are some more interesting facts that scientists published after a series of tests and studies:

• 2017 was marked by an experiment in which a hyper-powerful PC tried to simulate only 1 second of brain activity. The test took about 40 minutes. The result of the experiment was that the computer failed to complete the task.
• The memory capacity of the human brain can accommodate the n-number bt, which is expressed as 8432 zeros. This is approximately 1,000 Tb. As an example, the national British archive stores historical information for the last 9 centuries and its volume is only 70 Tb. Feel how significant the difference is between these numbers.
• The human brain contains 100 thousand kilometers of blood vessels, 100 billion neurons (a figure equal to the number of stars in our entire galaxy). In addition, the brain contains one hundred trillion neural connections that are responsible for the formation of memories. Thus, when you learn something new, the structure of the brain changes.
• During awakening, the brain accumulates a power of 23 W in the electric field - this is enough to light the Ilyich lamp.
• By weight, the brain consists of 2% of the total mass, but it uses approximately 16% of the energy in the body and more than 17% of the oxygen contained in the blood.
• Another interesting fact is that the brain consists of 75% water, and its structure is somewhat similar to Tofu cheese. And 60% of the brain is fat. In view of this, healthy and proper nutrition is necessary for the correct functioning of the brain. Eat fish, olive oil, seeds or nuts every day - and your brain will work long and clearly.
• Some scientists, having conducted a series of studies, have noticed that during a diet, the brain begins to “eat” itself. And low oxygen levels for five minutes can lead to irreversible consequences.
• Surprisingly, a human being is not able to tickle himself, because... the brain tunes in to external stimuli and, in order not to miss these signals, the actions of the person himself are slightly ignored.
• Forgetfulness is a natural process. That is, eliminating unnecessary data allows the central nervous system to be flexible. And the effect of alcoholic drinks on memory is explained by the fact that alcohol inhibits processes.
• The brain's response to alcohol-containing drinks is six minutes.

Activating the intellect allows the production of additional brain tissue, which compensates for those that become ill. In view of this, it is recommended to engage in development, which in the future will save you from a weak mind and various mental disorders.

Indulge in new activities - these are the best for brain development. For example, communicating with people who are superior to you in one or another intellectual area is a powerful means of developing your intellect.

The cortex is the most complex highly differentiated part of the central nervous system. It is divided morphologically into 6 layers, which differ in the content of neurons and the position of neural variables. There are 3 types of neurons - pyramidal, stellate (astrocytes), spindle-shaped, which are interconnected.

The main role in afferent function and excitation switching processes belongs to astrocytes. They have short but strongly branching axons that do not extend beyond the gray matter. Shorter and more branching dendrites. They participate in the processes of perception, irritation and unification of the activity of pyramidal neurons.

Bark layers:

Molecular (zonal)

External granular

Small and medium pyramids

Internal grainy

Ganglionic (layer of large pyramids)

Layer of polymorphic cells

Pyramidal neurons perform the efferent function of the cortex and connect neurons in cortical areas that are distant from each other. Pyramidal neurons include Betz's pyramids (giant pyramidal ones), they are located in the anterior central gyrus. The longest axonal processes are found in Betz's pyramids. A characteristic feature of pyramidal cells is their perpendicular orientation. The axon extends downwards, and the dendrites extend upwards.

Each neuron can have from 2 to 5 thousand synaptic contacts. This suggests that control cells are greatly influenced by other neurons in other areas, which allows them to coordinate the motor response in response to environmental influences.

Spindle-shaped cells are characteristic of layers 2 and 4. In humans, these layers are most widely expressed. They perform an associative function, connecting cortical zones with each other when solving various problems.

The structural organizing unit is the cortical column - a vertical interconnected module, all cells of which are functionally connected to each other and form a common receptor field. It has several inputs and several outputs. Columns that have similar functions are combined into macro columns.

The CBP develops immediately after birth, and until the age of 18 the number of elementary connections in the CBP increases.

The size of the cells contained in the cortex, the thickness of the layers, and their connection with each other determine the cytoarchitectonics of the cortex.

Broadman and Fog.

Cytoarchitectonic field is a region of the cortex that is different from others, but similar inside. Each field has its own specifics. Currently, there are 52 main fields, but some fields are missing in humans. In humans, areas are identified that have corresponding fields.

The bark bears the imprint of phylogenetic development. It is divided into 4 main types, which differ from each other in the differentiation of neural layers: paleocortex - an ancient cortex related to olfactory functions: olfactory bulb, olfactory tract, olfactory sulcus; archeocortex - old cortex, includes areas of the medial surface around the corpus callosum: cingulate gyrus, hippocampus, amygdala; mesocortex – intermediate cortex: outer-inferior surface of the insula; neocortex - new cortex, only in mammals, 85% of the entire cortex of the KBP, lies on the convexital and lateral surfaces.

The paleocortx and archeocortex are the limbic system.

Connections between the cortex and subcortical formations are carried out by several types of pathways:

Associative fibers - only within 1 hemisphere; they connect neighboring gyri in the form of arcuate fascicles, or neighboring lobes. their purpose is to ensure the holistic functioning of one hemisphere in the analysis and synthesis of multimodal excitations.

Projection fibers – connect peripheral receptors with the CGM. They have different inputs, as a rule, they intersect, they are all switched in the thalamus. The task is to transmit a monomodal impulse to the corresponding primary zone of the cortex.

Integrative-starting fibers (integrative pathways) – start from the motor areas. These are descending efferent pathways, they have crosshairs at different levels, the application zone is muscle commands.

Commissural fibers – ensure the holistic collaboration of the 2 hemispheres. They are located in the corpus callosum, optic chiasm, thalamus and at the level of 4-cholomium. The main task is to connect equal convolutions of different hemispheres.

Limbic-reticular fibers – connect the energy-regulating zones of the medulla oblongata with the CBP. The task is to maintain the general active/passive background of the brain.

2 body control systems: the reticular formation and the limbic system. These systems are modulating - they strengthen/weaken impulses. This block has several levels of response: physiological, psychological, behavioral.

The cerebral cortex is represented by a uniform layer of gray matter 1.3-4.5 mm thick, consisting of more than 14 billion nerve cells. Due to the folding of the bark, its surface reaches large sizes - about 2200 cm 2.

The thickness of the cortex consists of six layers of cells, which are distinguished by special staining and examination under a microscope. The cells of the layers vary in shape and size. From them, processes extend deep into the brain.

It was found that different areas - fields of the cerebral cortex differ in structure and function. There are from 50 to 200 such fields (also called zones, or centers). There are no strict boundaries between the zones of the cerebral cortex. They constitute an apparatus that provides reception, processing of incoming signals and response to incoming signals.

In the posterior central gyrus, behind the central sulcus, is located area of ​​skin and joint-muscular sensitivity. Here the signals that arise when touching our body, when it is exposed to cold or heat, or when it is painful are perceived and analyzed.

In contrast to this zone, in the anterior central gyrus, in front of the central sulcus, is located motor area. It identifies areas that provide movement of the lower extremities, muscles of the trunk, arms, and head. When this area is irritated by electric current, contractions of the corresponding muscle groups occur. Injuries or other damage to the motor cortex lead to paralysis of the body muscles.

In the temporal lobe is located auditory zone. The impulses arising in the receptors of the cochlea of ​​the inner ear are received here and analyzed. Irritation of areas of the auditory zone causes sensations of sounds, and when they are affected by the disease, hearing is lost.

Visual area located in the cortex of the occipital lobes of the hemispheres. When it is irritated by electric current during brain surgery, a person experiences sensations of flashes of light and darkness. When it is affected by any disease, vision deteriorates and is lost.

Near the lateral sulcus is located gustatory zone, where taste sensations are analyzed and formed based on signals arising in the receptors of the tongue. Olfactory the zone is located in the so-called olfactory brain, at the base of the hemispheres. When these areas are irritated during surgery or during inflammation, people smell or taste something.

Purely speech zone does not exist. It is represented in the cortex of the temporal lobe, the inferior frontal gyrus on the left, and parts of the parietal lobe. Their diseases are accompanied by speech disorders.

First and second signaling systems

The role of the cerebral cortex in improving the first signaling system and developing the second is invaluable. These concepts were developed by I.P. Pavlov. The signaling system as a whole is understood as the entire set of processes of the nervous system that carry out perception, processing of information and the response of the body. It connects the body with the outside world.

First signaling system

The first signaling system determines the perception of sensory-specific images through the senses. It is the basis for the formation of conditioned reflexes. This system exists in both animals and humans.

In the higher nervous activity of man, a superstructure has developed in the form of a second signaling system. It is peculiar only to humans and is manifested by verbal communication, speech, and concepts. With the advent of this signaling system, abstract thinking and generalization of countless signals from the first signaling system became possible. According to I.P. Pavlov, words turned into “signals of signals.”

Second signaling system

The emergence of the second signaling system became possible thanks to complex labor relationships between people, since this system is a means of communication and collective work. Verbal communication does not develop outside of society. The second signaling system gave rise to abstract (abstract) thinking, writing, reading, counting.

Words are perceived by animals, but completely differently from people. They perceive them as sounds, and not their semantic meaning, like humans. Therefore, animals do not have a second signaling system. Both human signaling systems are interconnected. They organize human behavior in the broad sense of the word. Moreover, the second changed the first signaling system, since the reactions of the first began to largely depend on the social environment. A person has become able to control his unconditioned reflexes, instincts, i.e. first signaling system.

Functions of the cerebral cortex

Familiarity with the most important physiological functions of the cerebral cortex indicates its extraordinary importance in life. The cortex, together with the subcortical formations closest to it, is a department of the central nervous system of animals and humans.

The functions of the cerebral cortex are the implementation of complex reflex reactions that form the basis of higher nervous activity (behavior) of a person. It is no coincidence that it received the greatest development from him. The exclusive properties of the cortex are consciousness (thinking, memory), a second signaling system (speech), and a high organization of work and life in general.

The cerebral cortex is the highest department of the central nervous system, which ensures the perfect organization of human behavior. In fact, it predetermines consciousness, participates in the control of thinking, and helps ensure interconnection with the outside world and the functioning of the body. It establishes interaction with the outside world through reflexes, which allows it to properly adapt to new conditions.

This department is responsible for the functioning of the brain itself. On top of certain areas interconnected with the organs of perception, zones with subcortical white matter were formed. They are important for complex data processing. As a result of the appearance of such an organ in the brain, the next stage begins, at which the importance of its functioning increases significantly. This department is an organ that expresses the individuality and conscious activity of the individual.

General information about GM bark

It is a superficial layer up to 0.2 cm thick that covers the hemispheres. It provides vertically oriented nerve endings. This organ contains centripetal and centrifugal nerve processes, neuroglia. Each share of this department is responsible for certain functions:

• – auditory function and sense of smell;
• occipital – visual perception;
• parietal – touch and taste buds;
• frontal – speech, motor activity, complex thought processes.

In fact, the cortex predetermines the conscious activity of the individual, participates in the control of thinking, and interacts with the outside world.

Anatomy

The functions performed by the cortex are often determined by its anatomical structure. The structure has its own characteristic features, expressed in a different number of layers, dimensions, and anatomy of the nerve endings that form the organ. Experts identify the following types of layers that interact with each other and help the system as a whole function:

• Molecular layer. Helps create chaotically connected dendritic formations with a small number of spindle-shaped cells that determine associative activity.
• Outer layer. Expressed by neurons having different outlines. After them, the external contours of structures having a pyramidal shape are localized.
• The outer layer is pyramidal. Assumes the presence of neurons of different sizes. These cells are similar in shape to a cone. The largest dendrite emerges from the top. connected by division into minor entities.
• Granular layer. Provides nerve endings of small size, localized separately.
• Pyramidal layer. It assumes the presence of neural circuits of different sizes. The upper processes of neurons are able to reach the initial layer.
• A covering containing neural connections resembling a spindle. Some of them, located at the lowest point, can reach the level of white matter.
• Frontal lobe
• Plays a key role for conscious activity. Participates in memory, attention, motivation and other tasks.

Provides for the presence of 2 paired lobes and occupies 2/3 of the entire brain. The hemispheres control opposite sides of the body. So, the left lobe regulates the work of the muscles on the right side and vice versa.

The frontal parts are important in subsequent planning, including control and decision making. In addition, they perform the following functions:

• Speech. Helps express thought processes in words. Damage to this area can affect perception.
• Motor skills. Allows you to influence physical activity.
• Comparative processes. Contributes to the classification of objects.
• Memorization. Each area of ​​the brain is important in memory processes. The frontal part forms long-term memory.
• Personal formation. It makes it possible to interact with impulses, memory and other tasks that form the main characteristics of an individual. Damage to the frontal lobe radically changes personality.
• Motivation. Most of the sensory nerve processes are located in the frontal region. Dopamine helps maintain the motivational component.
• Attention control. If the frontal parts are not able to control attention, then attention deficit syndrome is formed.

Parietal lobe

Covers the upper and lateral parts of the hemisphere, and is also separated by the central sulcus. The functions that this area performs differ for the dominant and non-dominant sides:

• Dominant (mostly left). Responsible for the ability to understand the structure of the whole through the relationship of its components and for the synthesis of information. In addition, it makes it possible to carry out interrelated movements that are required to obtain a specific result.
• Non-dominant (predominantly right-wing). A center that processes data coming from the back of the head and provides a 3-dimensional perception of what is happening. Damage to this area leads to the inability to recognize objects, faces, and landscapes. Since visual images are processed in the brain separately from data coming from other senses. In addition, the side takes part in the orientation of a person in space.

Both parietal parts are involved in the perception of temperature changes.

Temporal

It implements a complex mental function - speech. It is located on both hemispheres in the lateral lower part, closely interacting with nearby sections. This part of the cortex has the most pronounced contours.

The temporal areas process auditory impulses, converting them into a sound image. They are important in providing verbal communication skills. Directly in this department, the recognition of heard information and the selection of linguistic units for semantic expression occur.

To date, it has been confirmed that the occurrence of difficulties with the sense of smell in an elderly patient signals the development of Alzheimer's disease.

A small area inside the temporal lobe () controls long-term memory. The immediate temporal part accumulates memories. The dominant department interacts with verbal memory, the non-dominant one promotes visual memorization of images.

Simultaneous damage to two lobes leads to a serene state, loss of the ability to identify external images and increased sexuality.

Island

The insula (closed lobule) is located deep in the lateral sulcus. The insula is separated from adjacent sections by a circular groove. The upper section of the closed lobule is divided into 2 parts. The taste analyzer is projected here.

Forming the bottom of the lateral sulcus, the closed lobule is a projection, the upper part of which is directed outward. The insula is separated by a circular groove from nearby lobes that form the operculum.

The upper section of the closed lobule is divided into 2 parts. The precentral sulcus is localized in the first, and the anterior central gyrus is located in the middle of them.

Furrows and convolutions

They are depressions and folds located in the middle of them, which are localized on the surface of the cerebral hemispheres. The grooves contribute to the enlargement of the cerebral cortex without increasing the volume of the cranium.

The significance of these areas lies in the fact that two-thirds of the entire cortex is located deep in the grooves. There is an opinion that the hemispheres develop unequally in different departments, as a result of which the tension will also be uneven in specific areas. This can lead to the formation of folds or wrinkles. Other scientists believe that the initial development of the furrows is of great importance.

The anatomical structure of the organ in question is distinguished by its variety of functions.

Each department of this organ has a specific purpose, being a unique level of influence.

Thanks to them, all the functioning of the brain is carried out. Disturbances in the functioning of a certain area can lead to disruptions in the activity of the entire brain.

Pulse processing area

This area facilitates the processing of nerve signals coming through visual receptors, smell, and touch. Most reflexes associated with motor skills will be provided by pyramidal cells. The zone that processes muscle data is characterized by a harmonious interconnection of all layers of the organ, which is of key importance at the stage of corresponding processing of nerve signals.

If the cerebral cortex is affected in this area, then disturbances may occur in the coordinated functioning of the functions and actions of perception, which are inextricably linked with motor skills. Externally, disorders in the motor part manifest themselves during involuntary motor activity, convulsions, and severe manifestations that lead to paralysis.

Sensory zone

This area is responsible for processing impulses entering the brain. In its structure, it is a system of interaction between analyzers to establish a relationship with the stimulator. Experts identify 3 departments responsible for the perception of impulses. These include the occipital region, which provides processing of visual images; temporal, which is associated with hearing; hippocampal area. The part that is responsible for processing these taste stimulants is located next to the crown. Here are the centers that are responsible for receiving and processing tactile impulses.

Sensory ability directly depends on the number of neural connections in this area. Approximately these sections occupy up to a fifth of the total size of the cortex. Damage to this area provokes inappropriate perception, which will not allow the production of a counter impulse that would be adequate to the stimulus. For example, a disruption in the functioning of the auditory zone does not in all cases cause deafness, but it can provoke some effects that distort the normal perception of data.

Association zone

This department facilitates contact between impulses received by neural connections in the sensory department and motor activity, which is a counter signal. This part forms meaningful behavioral reflexes and also takes part in their implementation. Based on their location, the anterior zones are distinguished, located in the frontal parts, and the posterior zones, which occupy an intermediate position in the middle of the temples, crown and occipital area.

The individual is characterized by highly developed posterior associative zones. These centers have a special purpose, ensuring the processing of speech impulses.

Pathological changes in the functioning of the anterior associative area lead to failures in analysis and prediction based on previously experienced sensations.

Disorders in the functioning of the posterior associative area complicate spatial orientation, slow down abstract thought processes, and the construction and identification of complex visual images.

The cerebral cortex is responsible for the functioning of the brain. This caused changes in the anatomical structure of the brain itself, as its work became significantly more complicated. On top of certain areas interconnected with the organs of perception and the motor apparatus, sections have formed that have associative fibers. They are necessary for complex processing of data entering the brain. Due to the formation of this organ, a new stage begins, where its significance increases significantly. This department is considered an organ that expresses the individual characteristics of a person and his conscious activity.