The body of every living creature consists of a large number of cells. They consist of structural bodies between which various biochemical reactions occur. Every chemical reaction is controlled by important components. Enzymes: their functions, classification and role in the body.

There are a huge number of them in the body and each is busy with its own business: some of them break bonds in organic compounds, while others, on the contrary, form them, accelerating the synthesis of new substances.

Some can influence molecules, changing their structure, while others play a protective role, destroying foreign structures that have entered the body. Some simply perform transport functions, but are no less important than others for the body.

The role of enzymes in the human body

What it is. Enzymes in the body are represented by protein molecules or RNA molecules that accelerate the progress of any chemical reaction. Its main functions are the breakdown, as well as the formation of completely new and vital substances. They are also called enzymes, the word comes from the Latin “ fermentum", what does leaven mean? And there are over 4000 thousand of them or biocatalysts.

There are no stronger catalysts in nature that have the ability to greatly accelerate the process of life. Thanks to them, reactions in cells proceed billions of times faster and more actively.

It's interesting that... Just one microscopic molecule of the enzyme catalase, miraculously, in just one second, destroys the bonds of 10 thousand molecules of hydrogen peroxide, which are formed during the oxidative reactions of the body, and turns them into water and oxygen.

They can control all the necessary processes of breakdown, respiration, blood circulation, synthesis and metabolism, and reproduction. Without their participation, muscle contraction and transmission of nerve impulses are impossible. Even the absence of one of the thousandth army of enzymes can lead to serious consequences.

I liked one comparison that I came across on one of the forums discussing this issue. Because, without fermentum not a single chemical reaction in the body, not a single process associated with metabolism or genetic information is bypassed. One of the interlocutors compares them with workers, without whom you cannot do without if you were going to build your house.

Any element of a living organism has its own set of very complex and very interesting biocatalysts. At the moment of complete exclusion or significant reduction of any of them, strong changes can occur in the human body that can lead to one or another pathology.

Where are they located

The main part of them is associated with certain cellular organelles, where they manifest their functions. In the nuclei of cells there are enzymes responsible for the synthesis of DNA and the construction of RNA (by DNA transcription), in the mitochondria there are biocatalysts responsible for replenishing energy, and those that contribute to the rupture of bonds between amino acids forming proteins or nucleic acids “live” in lysosomes.

What conditions are favorable for biocatalysts?

Basically, reactions with their participation take place in a slightly alkaline, slightly acidic or neutral environment. But still, for each molecule there are differences in the pH values ​​of the environment.

Temperature indicators for all warm-blooded animals and humans are most favorable at values ​​from 37 to 40 degrees.

But in plants, even during winter rest, at temperatures below 0 degrees, the activity of biocatalysts does not stop.

But temperatures above 70 degrees are detrimental for them, since by their structure they are protein molecules and at this level they denature (destruct).

Classification

There are 2 known enzyme groups, taking into account the shape of their structure:

1. Simple, having a protein nature. They are independently produced by the body.
2. Complex, having a non-protein base and protein components. Non-protein molecules include substances that do not have the ability to be synthesized in a living body and therefore enter it along with consumed products. They are usually called coenzymes. These substances include: all vitamins B, C and a number of microelements.

Division by functionality. For example, digestive, responsible for all processes of breakdown of nutrients. Such molecules are mostly located in saliva, as well as in all mucous membranes of the stomach and pancreas.

By type of catalyzed reactions, in medicine there are:

• amylase, which promotes the breakdown of complex sugar into simple sugar (the enzyme can subsequently take an active part in all life processes);
• lipase, which takes an active part in the hydrolysis of fatty acids and helps break down fats into components that will subsequently be easily absorbed by the body;
• a protease that promotes the breakdown of proteins into amino acids.

There are also metabolic. They take a fairly active part in redox reactions, as well as in protein synthesis.

Protective enzymes , taking an active part in protecting the entire body. They are able to prevent the emergence of harmful bacteria and viruses, and if they enter, they are able to provide worthy resistance.

The most important enzyme of this group is lysozyme, which promotes complete breakdown of the shell of the pathogenic bacterium, after which a large number of immune reactions are activated, which can, in turn, protect the body from possible inflammatory processes.

By functions performed :

Everyone's functions are different. Each of them performs (catalyzes) only one biochemical process. According to the types of reactions catalyzed, enzymes are divided into several classes:

1. Oxidoreductases. This group takes an active part in all redox reactions. During reactions, enzymes help transfer electrons and hydrogen and catalyze oxidative processes. These include: dehydrogenase, peroxidase, oxidase),
2. Transferases. They are hugely responsible for the transfer of all atomic groups, carboxyl, amino, sulfoformyl and phosphoryl, and also contribute to the breakdown and synthesis of protein.
3. Hydrolases. Promotes the breakdown of unnecessary bonds and helps water molecules integrate into the overall composition of the body. Known representatives of this group: urease, phosphatase, asterase, amylase, lipase, glycosidase),
4. Isomerases. They are some kind of converters of all kinds of substances in the body.
5. Lyases. They take an active part in those reactions that contribute to the formation of metabolic substances and water (by eliminating CO2, H2O, NH3) from the starting substance. These include: lyase, decaminase, decarboxylase, dehydratase,
6. Ligases. Promote the transformation of complex substances into simple ones. They take an active part in the synthesis of proteins, carbohydrates, and fatty acids.

Is a deficiency of biocatalysts dangerous for health?

Enzyme deficiency according to its origin is divided into 2 types - congenital and acquired. In the first case, such a disease can actively develop at the genetic level, or against the background of disorders or ailments of the pancreas. At the same time, any treatment can be provided, it all depends on what exactly provoked the disease.

Congenital deficiency of enzymes, as well as their excess, leads to the development of diseases and even death, and there are several diseases and they are combined into a group called enzymopathies.

• When the synthesis of the catalyst responsible for the conversion of galactose into glucose is disrupted, a hereditary disease occurs in children - galactosemia.
• With phenylketonuria, mental activity is impaired due to the body’s inability to synthesize the enzyme that is involved in the conversion of phenylalanine to tyrosine.

Therefore, based on the activity of these substances in urine, blood, seminal fluid or spinal fluid, one or another diagnosis can be established. To do this, tests are performed for enzymes, which make it possible to identify diseases at an early stage of their development, for example, pancreatitis and nephritis, viral hepatitis and myocardial infarction.

Causes of enzyme deficiency in children

As for the acquired degree of development of the disease in children, the disease occurs as a result of some past pathologies:

• certain pancreatic diseases;
• all kinds of infectious diseases;
• any severe illness;
• disturbance of intestinal flora;
• intoxication due to excessive use of certain medications;
• being in a rather unfavorable environmental situation;
• with exhaustion of the body, which was caused by a lack of protein and beneficial vitamins.

The main reasons for the presence of deficiency in children under one year of age are infection of the whole body and poor nutrition. Of course, other factors can provoke this kind of violation.

As a separate disease, the lack of biocatalysts negatively affects all digestive processes. Any manifestation of the disease affects the child’s well-being and the nature of his stool.

The symptoms are:

• presence of liquid stool;
• a significant decrease in the baby’s appetite;
• feeling of nausea and even vomiting;
• the child begins to lose weight sharply and for no reason;
• physical development is blunted;
• Abdominal bloating may appear, as well as some painful sensations that can be caused by food rotting processes.

The fact that a baby is beginning to develop a disease can be easily recognized by the child’s appearance. He becomes very lethargic, there is no appetite, and the process of emptying occurs more than 8 times a day. This symptomatology is very similar to an intestinal infection, but a gastroenterologist is able to recognize the disease based on the results of a stool analysis.

An insufficient amount of enzymes in the body has a negative effect on all existing characteristics of the stool. In this case, the symptoms are clearly expressed by foamy feces, which have a rather unpleasant sour odor and are excreted in a very liquid form.

This change in bowel movements indicates that a large amount of carbohydrates predominates in the body. A deficiency of biocatalysts can manifest itself in various digestive problems. Constantly loose stools, lethargy and unexplained bloating are the main symptoms of the presence of pathology.

Enforcement measures

When a child is diagnosed with such an illness, specialists often prescribe a special diet. At this time, it is necessary to completely exclude gluten-containing foods from the baby’s diet. Doctors recommend eating mashed potatoes, rice cereal, as well as fresh vegetables and fruits.
If the child’s disease is hereditary, then he is prescribed a lifelong diet. In addition, you will need to constantly use medications that help normal functioning.

Where are enzymes used by humans?

Biocatalysts, as active protein molecules that facilitate the transformation of one substance into another, are widely used by humans due to their ability to preserve properties and functions outside the body.

• The proteolytic enzyme papaya, which is isolated from the juice of the fruit of the same name, is used to produce beer and tenderize meat;
• pepsin is used to produce instant porridges;
• trypsin - for the production of children's food;
• rennin, obtained from the stomach of calves, is used in making cheese.

Catalase is used for degradation in the rubber and food industries.

And pectidase and cellulose, which break down polysaccharide chains, are used to clarify fruit juices.

They are widely used in pharmacology for the production of drugs.

• You will learn the benefits of fermented food and how to prepare it at home from the article:

Thus, enzymes or biocatalysts are active proteins, without which human life is impossible. Understanding their functions, you should not neglect the recommendations of doctors. The role of enzymes is aimed at improving the functioning of cellular structures, which leads to the coordinated activity of the whole organism.

Health to you, dear readers!

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Enzymes or enzymes(from Latin fermentum - leaven) - usually protein molecules or RNA molecules (ribozymes) or their complexes that accelerate (catalyze) chemical reactions in living organisms without undergoing any changes. Substances that have a similar effect also exist in inanimate nature and are called attenuators.

Enzyme activity can be regulated by activators and inhibitors (activators increase, inhibitors decrease chemical reactions).

The terms “enzyme” and “enzyme” have long been used interchangeably. The science of enzymes is called enzymology.

The life activity of any organism is not possible without the participation of enzymes. Enzymatic catalysis accelerates the passage of all biochemical reactions in the body and thus ensures the phenomenon of life. Without the presence of enzymes during biochemical reactions, food will not be broken down into five main compounds: carbohydrates, fats, proteins, vitamins and microelements - the food will remain useless for the body. Thus, without enzymes, life slows down.

Functions of enzymes and their role in the life of the body

1. stimulate the process of digestion and absorption of food;
2. activate metabolism, promote the removal of dead cells from the body;
3. regulate osmotic pressure, normalize the pH value of various environments;
4. ensure metabolism, support the body’s ability to resist inflammatory processes;
5. increase immunity and the body’s ability to self-heal and self-regulate;
6. promote detoxification of the body, cleanse lymph and blood.

Necessity of enzymes for healthy functioning of the body
Most scientists are now convinced that almost all diseases are caused by the absence or insufficient amount of enzymes in the body. Medical research shows that disturbances in the production of enzymes in the body are caused by genetic factors.

In particular, such a common disease as diabetes mellitus is due to the fact that the pancreas does not produce enough or does not produce the enzyme insulin. Leukemia and other types of cancer are caused by the absence or weakness of enzymatic barriers in the body. These facts are gradually being confirmed by scientific research. We can say that if the required amount of enzymes is present in the body, there will not be a hundred diseases.

With age, as the human body ages, the production of enzymes decreases. The body begins to experience a lack of them, which affects the course of metabolic processes, the efficiency of digestion and absorption of nutrients decreases, and it becomes more difficult to influence the body with medications, because they are not absorbed enough and cause more side effects. Additional intake of a large number of enzymes into the body will compensate for their deficiency and all the resulting consequences.

Thus, a sufficient amount of enzymes in the body is a necessary condition for its health. Many diseases are caused by insufficient production of enzymes, which upsets the balance of metabolism in the body. If, in addition to the natural production of enzymes, we ensure their supply from the outside, this will be the fastest and best way to treat diseases.

The human body exists due to the constant influence of enzymes. For example, in the process of digestion, with the help of enzymes, reactions occur that decompose food into nutrients - proteins, fats, carbohydrates, vitamins and microelements; which, with their help, are absorbed into the blood and distributed to all organs. Due to this, our muscles and bones, all organs and systems are nourished, receive energy and carry out the functions necessary to maintain the body in a healthy, active state.

Not only the human body, but also all living things, between heaven and earth, exist due to biochemical reactions carried out with the help of enzymes. The enzyme is the source of life and health of any living organism.

The role of enzymes in the human body

The role of enzymes in maintaining the vital functions of the body is surprising in its importance.

The presence of enzymes and the existence of all living things are inseparable concepts. If the amount of enzyme is not enough to support life, this means death. The appearance of green leaves on trees in the spring, the light of a firefly, any act of vital activity of the human body (be it eating, walking down the street, singing, laughing or crying) - all these processes are ensured by biochemical reactions and are not possible without the mandatory participation of enzymes.

From the first day of conceiving a child, enzymes begin to fulfill their role. The sperm will not be able to enter the egg if it lacks a special enzyme to dissolve the cell wall of the egg to carry out the fertilization process.

All the food we consume goes through a complex process of breakdown into simple elements in the gastrointestinal tract under the influence of digestive enzymes. Only then can these nutrients enter the bloodstream and spread to all organs and tissues. Try chewing a piece of bread for 2-3 minutes, you will feel how it gradually becomes sweet - this is because under the influence of enzymes contained in saliva, starch is broken down and sweet maltose is released.

With the help of enzymes, the body not only breaks down substances, but also synthesizes them. For example, the synthesis of amino acids into protein molecules - the main building material for muscle cells, hair, etc., or the conversion of glucose into glycogen, which is deposited in the liver and, in case of lack of energy, with the help of the same enzymes, is again broken down into glucose molecules , which provides the body with a rapid release of energy.

The process of skin renewal also occurs due to enzymes involved in metabolic processes. If there are enough enzymes specific for this process, the skin will be soft, shiny and elastic. With enzyme deficiency, the skin becomes dry, flaky, and flaccid.

About 4,000 different types of enzymes function in the human body. Thousands of biochemical reactions take place in it, which together can be compared to a large chemical plant. But all these chemical reactions require enzymatic catalysis, otherwise they either do not proceed or proceed very slowly. Each enzyme participates in one chemical reaction. Some of the enzymes cannot be synthesized by the body. If the body lacks any enzymes, then there is a danger of developing a disease or the occurrence of a pre-disease state, which sooner or later will manifest itself in the disease.

Therefore, if you want to maintain your youth, beauty and health for many years, you need to ensure that your body contains a sufficient amount of enzymes. And if their level is low, then the main source of their replenishment is daily intake in the form of bioactive supplements.

Groups of people especially in need of additional sources of enzymes
Let's consider which groups of people especially need the use of additional enzymes.

Those who want to improve their physical fitness, improve their health or restore it after illness.

People with weakened immune systems, often susceptible to infections.

Those who experience constant fatigue complain of lack of energy and frequent weakness.

Prematurely aging, frail people.

People suffering from chronic diseases.

Cancer patients with various types of cancer, in the pre- and postoperative period.

People suffering from liver diseases.

People who prefer meat food.

People prone to neurasthenia and other neuropsychiatric diseases.

People suffering from sexual dysfunction.

Women in the prenatal and postpartum period.

People with digestive disorders.

Vegetarians (dietary supplements will promote cell stability).

People with insufficient physique, to improve physical fitness (overweight and obesity, underweight).

People with disabilities and restrictions in movement.

Children during a period of intensive growth (since modern children, for the most part, almost do not consume foods containing digestive enzymes - lipase, amylase and protease; and this is one of the main reasons for childhood obesity, frequent allergies, constipation, and increased fatigue).

Elderly people (with age, the body’s ability to produce its own enzymes decreases, the amount of enzyme that stimulates the process of “inventory” in the body decreases, which is why the consumption of additional enzymes is the path to longevity for them).

Patients with established enzyme dysfunction (since their own enzyme reserves are depleted, they especially need additional enzyme intake).

Athletes especially need a large number of additional enzymes, since due to intense physical activity, their body undergoes an accelerated metabolism, which means that enzyme reserves are also consumed intensively (figuratively, they can be compared to a candle burning at both ends).

Lecture 15. Enzymes: structure, properties, functions.

Lecture outline:

1. General characteristics of enzymes.

2. The structure of enzymes.

3. Mechanism of enzymatic catalysis.

4. Properties of enzymes.

5. Nomenclature of enzymes.

6. Classification of enzymes.

7. isozymes

8. Kinetics of enzymatic reactions.

9. Units of measurement of enzymatic activity

1. General characteristics of enzymes.

Under normal physiological conditions, biochemical reactions in the body proceed at high speeds, which is ensured by biological catalysts of a protein nature - enzymes.

They are studied by the science of enzymology - the science of enzymes (enzymes), specific proteins - catalysts synthesized by any living cell and activating various biochemical reactions occurring in the body. Some cells can contain up to 1000 different enzymes.

2. The structure of enzymes.

Enzymes are proteins with high molecular weight. Like any proteins, enzymes have primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary levels of molecular organization. Primary structure is a sequential combination of amino acids and is determined by the hereditary characteristics of the body; it is it that largely characterizes the individual properties of enzymes. Secondary structure enzymes are organized in the form of an alpha helix. Tertiary structure has the form of a globule and participates in the formation of active and other centers. Many enzymes have quaternary structure and represent a union of several subunits, each of which is characterized by three levels of organization of molecules that differ from each other, both in qualitative and quantitative terms.

If enzymes are represented by simple proteins, that is, they consist only of amino acids, they are called simple enzymes. Simple enzymes include pepsin, amylase, lipase (almost all gastrointestinal enzymes).

Complex enzymes consist of protein and non-protein parts. The protein part of the enzyme is called - apoenzyme, non-protein – coenzyme. The coenzyme and apoenzyme form holoenzyme. The coenzyme can connect with the protein part either only for the duration of the reaction, or bind to each other with a permanent strong bond (then the non-protein part is called - prosthetic group). In any case, non-protein components are directly involved in chemical reactions by interacting with the substrate. Coenzymes can be represented by:

Nucleoside triphosphates.

Minerals (zinc, copper, magnesium).

Active forms of vitamins (B 1 is part of the enzyme decarboxylase, B 2 is part of dehydrogenase, B 6 is part of transferase).

Main functions of coenzymes:

Participation in the act of catalysis.

Establishing contact between enzyme and substrate.

Stabilization of the apoenzyme.

The apoenzyme, in turn, enhances the catalytic activity of the non-protein part and determines the specificity of the action of enzymes.

Each enzyme contains several functional centers.

Active center- a zone of an enzyme molecule that specifically interacts with the substrate. The active center is represented by functional groups of several amino acid residues; it is here that the attachment and chemical transformation of the substrate occurs.

Allosteric center or regulatory - this is the zone of the enzyme responsible for the attachment of activators and inhibitors. This center is involved in the regulation of enzyme activity.

These centers are located in different parts of the enzyme molecule.

Digestive enzymes- These are protein substances that are produced in the gastrointestinal tract. They ensure the process of digesting food and stimulate its absorption.

The main function of digestive enzymes is the decomposition of complex substances into simpler ones, which are easily absorbed in the human intestines.

The action of protein molecules is aimed at the following groups of substances:

• proteins and peptides;
• oligo- and polysaccharides;
• fats, lipids;
• nucleotides.

Types of enzymes

1. Pepsin. An enzyme is a substance that is produced in the stomach. It acts on protein molecules in food, breaking them down into their elementary components - amino acids.
2. Trypsin and chymotrypsin. These substances are part of the group of pancreatic enzymes, which are produced by the pancreas and delivered to the duodenum. Here they also affect protein molecules.
3. Amylase. An enzyme is a substance that breaks down sugars (carbohydrates). Amylase is produced in the mouth and small intestine. It decomposes one of the main polysaccharides - starch. The result is a small carbohydrate - maltose.
4. Maltase. The enzyme also affects carbohydrates. Its specific substrate is maltose. It breaks down into 2 glucose molecules, which are absorbed by the intestinal wall.
5. Saharaza. Protein acts on another common disaccharide, sucrose, which is found in any high-carbohydrate food. Carbohydrates break down into fructose and glucose, which are easily absorbed by the body.
6. Lactase. A specific enzyme that acts on the carbohydrate from milk - lactose. When it decomposes, other products are obtained - glucose and galactose.
7. Nucleases. Enzymes from this group act on nucleic acids - DNA and RNA, which are contained in food. After exposure, substances break down into individual components - nucleotides.
8. Nucleotidase. The second group of enzymes that acts on nucleic acids is called nucleotidases. They decompose nucleotides to produce smaller components - nucleosides.
9. Carboxypeptidase. The enzyme acts on small protein molecules - peptides. As a result of this process, individual amino acids are obtained.
10. Lipase. The substance decomposes fats and lipids entering the digestive system. In this case, their components are formed - alcohol, glycerin and fatty acids.

Lack of digestive enzymes

Insufficient production of digestive enzymes is a serious problem that requires medical intervention. With a small amount of endogenous enzymes, food cannot be digested normally in the human intestine.

If substances are not digested, they cannot be absorbed in the intestines. The digestive system can only absorb small fragments of organic molecules. Large components that are included in food cannot benefit a person. As a result, the body may develop a deficiency of certain substances.

A lack of carbohydrates or fats will result in the body depriving the body of “fuel” for vigorous activity. Protein deficiency deprives the human body of building materials, which are amino acids. In addition, indigestion leads to changes in the character of feces, which can adversely affect the character.

Causes

• inflammatory processes in the intestines and stomach;
• eating disorders (overeating, insufficient heat treatment);
• metabolic diseases;
• pancreatitis and other diseases of the pancreas;
• damage to the liver and bile ducts;
• congenital pathologies of the enzyme system;
• postoperative consequences (enzyme deficiency due to removal of part of the digestive system);
• medicinal effects on the stomach and intestines;
• pregnancy;

Symptoms

Long-term persistence of digestive insufficiency is accompanied by the appearance of general symptoms associated with a reduced supply of nutrients to the body. This group includes the following clinical manifestations:

• general weakness;
• decreased performance;
• headache;
• sleep disorders;
• increased irritability;
• in severe cases, symptoms of anemia due to insufficient absorption of iron.

Excess digestive enzymes

Excess digestive enzymes are most often observed with a disease such as pancreatitis. The condition is associated with the overproduction of these substances by pancreatic cells and a violation of their excretion into the intestines. In this regard, active inflammation develops in the organ tissue, caused by the action of enzymes.

Signs of pancreatitis may include:

• severe pain in the abdominal area;
• nausea;
• bloating;
• violation of stool character.

A general deterioration in the patient's condition often develops. General weakness, irritability appear, body weight decreases, and normal sleep is disturbed.

How to identify disturbances in the synthesis of digestive enzymes?

Basic principles of therapy for enzyme disorders

A change in the production of digestive enzymes is a reason to consult a doctor. After a comprehensive examination, the doctor will determine the cause of the disorders and prescribe appropriate treatment. It is not recommended to deal with pathology on your own.

An important component of treatment is proper nutrition. The patient is prescribed an appropriate diet, which is aimed at facilitating the digestion of food. It is necessary to avoid overeating, as this provokes intestinal disorders. Patients are prescribed drug therapy, including replacement therapy.

Specific medications and their dosages are selected by the doctor.

(English Enzymes, Latin Fermentum) are complex organic substances of protein nature. The second name for these compounds is enzymes, which is translated from Greek as “yeast” or “leaven”. Intensive Study enzymes began in the 17th century and is still ongoing. Thanks to a huge amount of research, it has become clear that without enzymes our very existence would simply be impossible. Moreover, there is an opinion that a person’s life expectancy directly depends on the level of enzymes in his body. What is the role enzymes and why they are so important for a person - you can learn about this and more from our article.

Enzymes: in the body

It is present in the body of any, even the most primitive, living beings. Our body contains about 2000 species. The vast majority (approximately 90%) enzymes is part of the cells of various organs, although they are also present in human biological fluids, for example, in digestive juice or saliva.

It should be noted that the number enzymes in the body is not constant. Enzymes act for a limited period of time (from several minutes to several days), and then are destroyed and replaced with new ones. The speed of this update depends on how quickly new ones are synthesized enzymes, and this process is almost entirely due to the timely supply of necessary proteins and amino acids from the outside. In other words, work enzymes is directly related to a person’s diet, which is why it is so important to maintain a balanced diet.

What do enzymes do?

To understand what they are doing enzymes, you need to present a general picture of the functioning of the human body. Every second, thousands of different chemical processes take place in each of our cells. Their result is to ensure the normal functioning of the entire cellular system and the implementation of specific functions inherent in each specific cell type. The role of catalysts for all these processes is performed by enzymes. Thanks to them, the rate of reactions in the cell accelerates millions of times. Considering that without enzymes It is impossible to carry out practically any function of a living organism, including breathing, muscle contraction and neuropsychic activity, then it becomes clear how important their role is for humans. The absence or deficiency of just one enzyme can lead to serious negative consequences for the entire body.

Enzymes: human

Enzyme classes

Each cell of the body contains a huge number of different enzymes. Depending on what function they perform, everything enzymes can be divided into classes:

• class (oxiredutases) - ensure the occurrence of redox reactions in cells;
• class (transferases) - transport fragments between molecules;
• class (hydrolases) - break down various molecules into smaller components. The overwhelming number of enzymes (more than 90%) belong to this group;
• class (lyases) - form a double bond in a molecule;
• class (isomerases) - responsible for changing the spatial configurations of molecules;
• class (synthetases) - restore molecules or assemble them together.

Depending on the circumstances, many molecules are capable of working in two directions at once, for example, splitting the molecule and combining the resulting breakdown products again. However, for most processes enzymes support of so-called cofactors or coenzymes is required. These include vitamins (,), as well as other organic substances, for example.

Enzymes: composition

1. processing and absorption of food;
2. dissolution of dead cells and evacuation of their decay products from the body;
3. removal of waste and toxins;
4. healing of damaged tissues;
5. strengthening the protective reactions of the immune system;
6. preventing the occurrence of hormonal imbalance in the body;
7. long-term preservation of youth;
8. increasing human energy and endurance;
9. neutralization.

Enzymes: application

Main scope of application enzymes is medicine, but their range of use is not limited to this. For example, in the food industry without enzymes class of hydrolases does not cost the manufacture of a number of products, including:

• coffee,
• of bread,
• beer,
• dairy products,
• juices,
• guilt,
• canned food

In the chemical industry enzymes used in the production of washing powder and cleaning products. Application enzymes is one of the priority areas in cosmetology. They are used in cosmetic procedures aimed at healing and rejuvenating the skin, increasing the production of elastin.

Enzymes: treatment

Enzymes: in medicine

Main areas of use enzymes in medicine are:

• enzyme diagnostics,
• enzyme therapy.

The first direction is to use enzymes in the practice of clinical laboratory analysis. Activity Definition enzymes in various human biological fluids (saliva, urine, blood, cerebrospinal fluid, gastric and intestinal juice) makes it possible to judge the presence of functional and organic lesions of tissues and organs, and helps to establish an accurate diagnosis. The main diagnostic criteria are considered to be an increase or decrease enzymatic activity in the blood or detection in its composition enzymes, absent normally. Conducting enzyme tests is an integral component of diagnosing myocardial infarction, liver and pancreas diseases, and prostate cancer.

Enzyme therapy has been used in clinical practice for over 40 years. Moreover enzymes have found application in almost all areas of medicine. They are used as anti-inflammatory, decongestant and immunorestorative agents, as well as for the treatment of cardiovascular and gastrointestinal diseases and the elimination of adhesions. Besides, enzymes indicated in complex therapy to enhance the effect of other drugs or mitigate the side effects of various therapeutic measures, such as chemotherapy and radiation therapy.

Enzymes: for digestion

Enzymes: tablets

Widespread enzymes in tablets. It is more advisable to use the tablet form of enzymes to eliminate severe pain in pancreatitis; they reduce the activity of the pancreas, reduce swelling and relieve pain. As a rule, tablets have a lower cost, but it is worth keeping in mind that their resistance to destruction under the influence of gastric juice is also low. Some pharmaceutical companies have solved this problem by developing tablets with a special enteric coating.

Enzymes: in the pharmacy

Today enzymes You can easily buy it at a pharmacy. There is a large selection of drugs on the shelves with varying degrees of activity and different price categories. However, it is much more practical and convenient to purchase such medicines in trusted online stores. There are several reasons for this:

• online pharmacies work directly with global suppliers, which guarantees a certified product at an adequate price;
• the selection of medicines in online stores is comparable to the assortment of even the largest pharmacies, so any buyer can always choose a drug in accordance with their needs and capabilities;
• purchase enzymes or other nutritional supplements, even such exotic ones, can be taken without leaving home.

Enzymes: instructions

How do they help you? enzymes? Your feedback is very important for newbies!