Approved medications and sports products. Approved drugs in sports

Analysis of specialized literature allowed the author to propose a number of pharmacological drugs (approved for use), which are often found in sports practice (“Main medicinal substances of the metabolic type of action used in sports medicine”, 1983; Graevskaya N.D., 1987; Morozova V.V. , Chaplinsky V.Ya., 1989; Dubrovsky V.I., 1991). These drugs are aimed at restoring and increasing the athlete’s performance.

The most common and practically tested multivitamins are given below.
Askorutin- used for endurance physical activity, 1 tablet 3 times a day.
Aerovit- used for preventive purposes from 1 to 3 tablets per day for 20-30 days, depending on the intensity and duration of training loads. As a rule, when taking Aerovit, prescribing other vitamin preparations is not required.
Glutamevit- used for heavy physical exertion, when training in mid-mountain areas, in hot climates - 1 tablet 3 times a day.
Decamevit- used for heavy physical (intensity) stress, sleep disorders, neuroses - 1 tablet 3 times a day for 20-30 days.
Vitamin B complex- used in hot climates, with high sweating and vitamin deficiency - 1 ampoule or 1 tablet 2 times a day.
Polivitaplex- used for fatigue and overwork, prevention of vitamin deficiency - 1 tablet 3-4 times a day.
Supradin- used to accelerate recovery processes during periods of intense physical activity, to accelerate adaptation to extreme environmental factors, to increase the body's resistance, stimulate physical and mental performance - 1 capsule 2 times a day after meals. The course is from 3 to 4 weeks in the training period, in the competitive period - 2-3 days.
Tetravit- used after intense physical activity, when training in hot climates - 1 tablet 2-3 times a day.
Undevit- used for speed-strength loads, 2 tablets 2 times a day for 10 days, then 1 tablet per day for 20 days; for endurance loads - 2 tablets 2 times a day (course 15 days).
Folic acid- used for vitamin deficiency and high physical and psycho-emotional stress and training in mid-mountain areas - 0.5 mg or more per day.
Group of vitamins.
Among pharmacological means of restoration and improvement of sports performance and prevention of overwork, vitamins occupy a special place:
Ascorbic acid (vitamin C)- used to stimulate oxidative processes, increase endurance and restore performance. Recommended for use especially in winter and early spring. Dosage - 0.5 g 3 times a day.
Calcium pangamate - (vitamin Bis)- to accelerate the recovery of performance after heavy physical exertion with severe oxygen debt, with symptoms of myocardial overstrain, liver pain syndrome, during training in mid-mountains - ISO-200 mg per day 4-6 days before the competition and the subsequent days of stay in mid-mountains.
Moristerol- used to normalize lipid metabolism, stabilize cell membranes - 1 capsule 2 times a day for 15-20 days.
A nicotinic acid- used for preventive purposes during periods of great physical and mental stress - 0.025-0.05 g per day, often in combination with calcium pantothenate and lipoic acid. To speed up recovery processes and treat stress, up to 0.1-0.15 g per day.
Pyridoxal phosphate- used to treat conditions of overexertion in athletes, as well as for chronic hepatitis, lesions of the peripheral nervous system and as a prophylactic for vestibular sensory disorders - 1 tablet 3 times a day after meals.
Pyridoxine- used to meet the increased need for vitamin Be during physical and mental stress - 0.005-0.01 g per day, in a state of overexertion - up to 0.05 g per day.
Riboflavin- used during periods of physical and mental stress in doses of 0.002-0.01 g per day, during the recovery period, in the treatment of conditions of overexertion and anemia - up to 0.02-0.03 g per day.
Thiamine- used for preventive purposes during periods of intense physical and mental stress - 0.05-0.01 g per day.
Tocophorel acetate (vitamin E)- used for intense training, especially in conditions of oxygen deficiency (hypoxia) in mid-mountain and low temperatures - 100-150 mg per day. Course duration is 5-10 days. For overtraining and acute fatigue - 1 teaspoon of a 5- or 1% oil solution, for intramuscular administration - 1 ampoule for 10-15 days.
Antihypoxic drugs, have a positive effect on the body during the development of oxygen deficiency.
Bemitil- helps speed up recovery and improve performance - 0.25 g for 2-3 weeks or 0.5 g for 10 days. While taking the drug, a diet rich in carbohydrates is recommended. The maximum effect of bemitil after a single dose is achieved after 1-2 hours.
Glutamic acid(amino acids) - used for large-volume training aimed at developing general endurance, anaerobic performance, as well as the prevention and correction of conditions and emotional stress, to accelerate recovery processes, usually in combination with vitamin preparations - 1 g 2-3 times a day before eating.
Gutimin- increases the intensity of glycolysis, saves time spent on physical activity of glycogen, limits the accumulation of excess lactate - 1-2 tablets after training, 2-3 tablets 1-1.5 hours before competitions.
Cytamak (cytochrome-c)- used as a means of recovery, especially with high lactate, and also before the start of cyclic sports - 1 ampoule intramuscularly.
Drugs that affect energy, metabolic and plastic processes.
Energy-acting drugs contribute to the rapid replenishment of biological energy expended during heavy physical exertion, restoration of normal cell metabolism, activation of enzyme systems, and increase the body's resistance to hypoxia.
Metabolic drugs correct metabolism and create conditions for performing anaerobic and aerobic work. These products are reliable protectors for overstrain of the myocardium, muscles and other organs.
Plastic action drugs - increase the content of protein and nucleic acids, lead to an increase in muscle mass and strength, help replenish the deficiency of coenzymes and enzymes and play an important role in preventing physical overexertion.
Adenosine triphosphoric acid (ATP)- used for the treatment of conditions of overexertion, accompanied by cardiac dysfunction and decreased contractile function - skeletal muscles - 1 ml of 1% solution per day is administered intramuscularly in the first 2-3 days, and in subsequent days - 2 ml per day.
Aminalon (gammalon amino acids)- used after intense physical and emotional stress, especially in case of nervous system overstrain syndrome - 0.25-0.5 g 2-3 times a day.
Asparkam- used to prevent overwork (overexertion), during weight loss, when training in hot climates - 1-2 tablets 3 times a day.
Glutomic acid- increases the body’s resistance to hypoxia, has a beneficial effect on recovery processes during physical activity, and improves heart function. For heavy physical and mental stress - 1 tablet 2-3 times a day with food (10-15 days).
Potassium orotate- used as a prophylactic agent during heavy physical exertion. The drug is effective as a means of stimulating erythropoiesis when adapting to mid-mountain conditions - 0.25-0.5 g 2-3 times a day for 15-40 days, 1 hour before meals or 4 hours after meals. If necessary, the course of treatment can be repeated a month after the end of the first.
Calcium glycerophosphate- used for intense training loads, overtraining, recovery after heavy physical exertion, fatigue, exhaustion of the nervous system - 0.2-0.5 g 2-3 times a day.
Carnitine- used as a means of accelerating the course of recovery processes and increasing performance in sports associated with the primary development of endurance. Carnitine increases oxygen transport function, increases the concentration of hemoglobin in the blood, and enhances glucogenesis during exercise. Dosage - when used as an anabolic agent (in speed-strength sports), it is recommended to prescribe 1.5 g per 70 kg of body weight 2 times a day (25-30 days).
Cobamamide- used during intense and volumetric training at a dose of 0.0015 g orally twice a day (after breakfast and lunch). The daily dose is 0.003 g. The duration of the course of use as an anabolytic is 25-30 days. If necessary, a repeat course is carried out after 1.5-2 months. It is advisable to combine cobamide with carnitine and amino acid preparations.
Lipocerebrin- used during intense training activities and during competitions, during overtraining, fatigue, loss of strength - 1 tablet 3 times a day for 10-15 days.
Mildronate- increases performance and reduces the phenomenon of overstrain during physical overload - 0.25 g 2-4 times a day or intravenously 0.5 g 1 time a day for 10-14 days. The effectiveness of the use of mildronate by athletes in a dose of 1 g 3 hours before competitions has been shown in order to urgently increase performance in exercises associated with significant
a manifestation of endurance.
Methyluracil- used as potassium orotate to increase endurance and performance during large-volume training loads, as an anabolic agent in the treatment of overexertion - 1.0-2.0 g 3 times a day during or after meals.
Methionine (amino acids)- used to regulate protein and lipid metabolism, usually in combination with choline and vitamin preparations, to treat conditions of overexertion - 0.5-1.0 g 2-3 times a day before meals.
Nootropil- used to relieve fatigue after concussions (in boxers, bobsledders, lugers, etc.) - 1 capsule of Zraza per day - ID-12 days.
Picamilon- relieves psycho-emotional excitability, feeling of fatigue, increases self-confidence, improves mood, creates the impression of a “clear head”, makes you want to train, has an anti-stress effect, relieves pre-start stress, accelerates recovery processes, improves sleep - 1-2 tablets 2 once a day.
Piracetam (amino acids)- used as a prevention and treatment of nervous system overstrain, to accelerate recovery processes after volumetric and intense training loads, to increase performance in sports associated primarily with the state of endurance, in particular speed (in anaerobic conditions), - 2.4- 3.6 g for 4-6 days. If necessary, the duration of the course can be increased.
Pyriditol- reduces excessive formation of lactic acid, increases the resistance of brain tissue to hypoxia - 0.1-0.3 g after meals 2-3 times a day for 1-3 months.
Riboxin- used similarly to phosphaden and is considered as an anabolic agent - 0.2-0.3 g 2-3 times a day, often in combination with potassium orotate. If necessary, use a 2% solution in ampoules of 10 and 20 ml. The contents of the ampoule are administered slowly or intravenously drip once a day.
Safinor- used during periods of intense exercise, fatigue, changes in the ECG - 1 tablet 3 times a day (10-15 days).
Ferroplex - used for intense training - 2 tablets 3 times a day after meals.
Fitin- used to prevent fatigue during intense training loads and before competitions, to accelerate recovery processes and correct the phenomena of fatigue, in particular, accompanied by neurotic symptoms - 0.25-0.5 g per dose 3 times a day for several weeks.
Phosphaden- used to enhance anabolic processes, increase endurance and performance during training, accelerate recovery and enhance the hypercompensation phase after intense exercise, prevent and treat overexertion - 0.04-0.06 g - single dose; 0.12-0.14 g - daily, for 15-30 days. You can conduct repeated courses with an interval of 5-7 days.
Phosphrene- used for overwork, during training in the mountains - 1-2 tablets 2 times a day for 2 weeks.
Cerebro2-lecithin is used to accelerate recovery processes and to correct the phenomena of fatigue and overstrain, especially those accompanied by neurotic symptoms. The use of this drug is considered most appropriate when there is a relatively insufficient intake of proteins and fats from food - 0.15-0.3 g per day.
Cernilton- used when changing time zones - 2-4 tablets per day.
succinic acid- improves metabolic processes - 1-2 tablets after a training session.
Tranquilizers and sedatives. Under great physical and neuropsychic stress, athletes may experience neurotic states of anxious anticipation, hypochodriac reactions, and satiety reactions, which require medical intervention. Medicine recommends means that normalize the mental activity of an athlete.
Amizil- used for asthenic and neurotic reactions, anxious anticipation syndrome, restlessness, premenstrual tension - 0.001 g 2 times a day for 10-12 days.
Seduxen (diazepam) - use in sports is inappropriate (reduces the potassium content in the blood plasma), especially in sports where weight is lost.
Tauremisil- used for mental and physical fatigue, fatigue and overtraining syndrome - 5 mg or 30 drops of a 0.5% solution 3 times a day for 10-15 days.
Ekdisten- a natural compound with a steroid structure (obtained from the roots of the safflower leuzea), has a tonic effect, enhances processes in the liver, helps normalize metabolic processes during intense physical activity - 0.005-0.01 g 3 times a day for 15-20 days.
Echinopsin nitrate- used for physical and neuropsychic fatigue, overtraining syndrome, vegetative dystonia accompanied by headache, sleep disorders - 10-20 drops 2 times a day before meals for 2 weeks.
The importance of taking ascorbic acid in the preparation of highly qualified athletes is confirmed by the results of a study by A. P. Vasilyagin (1953). The author proves that the use of ascorbic acid increases the efficiency of the educational and training process, promotes rapid recovery of strength after training, and also accelerates the healing of sports injuries.
When examining the body of athletes, it was revealed that marathon runners had the lowest daily content of ascorbic acid. Based on this, the author concludes that ascorbic acid is most necessary during endurance work. To saturate the body of athletes with ascorbic acid, it should be additionally used during intense sports training or to enrich the diet with foods rich in it. For short-distance runners in winter and spring, it should be more than 2,800 mg, and in summer-autumn - 1,400 mg; for marathon runners - 4,800-5,000 mg; for weightlifters - from 2,500 to 4,500 mg with a daily dose of even 200 to 500 mg.
Experimental studies to determine the influence of metabolically oriented pharmacological agents on the effectiveness of the training process of athletes in cyclic sports were carried out by P. R. Vargashkin (1988). The following drugs have undergone practical testing in the educational and training process of athletes: mildronate(a natural metabolite that acts as a carrier of fatty acid residues across the mitochondrial membrane, where their oxidation occurs), carnitine, and bemityl.
It was revealed that one-time use of mildronate in highly qualified cyclists it causes an improvement in aerobic power and speed endurance (about 1 g of the active substance with a single dose 3 hours before exercise. The drug was administered orally in the form of gelatin capsules of 0.25 g). The conducted research allowed us to offer the following recommendations for the use of mildronate in order to increase the efficiency of the training process among highly qualified road cyclists. It should be used during 2-3 microcycles of the competitive period immediately before the competition. For daily training twice a day, the recommended daily dose is 0.6-1 g (10 mg per 1 kg of athlete’s body weight). Dosage regimen: daily 2 times a day, the first time - 0.5 g of the daily dose 2-3 hours before the main training session, the second time - 3-4 hours before the repeated training session.
Systematic use of carnitine in rowers also contributed to increasing the efficiency of the training process (according to the same scheme). As for bemitil, after using it, cyclists showed significant (positive) changes in indicators characterizing the strength and speed qualities of athletes, which persisted throughout the month. The drug was taken according to the following method: 0.6 g per day (O.3 g in the morning and 0.3 g after the main workout).
Application studies creatine in the training of short-distance runners (100 and 200 m), experimental studies by V. I. Oleinikov (1989) were devoted. Based on the data obtained, the author suggests using creatine in year-round training of track and field sprinters. The use of the drug helps to increase the efficiency of performing speed-strength loads, as a result of which indicators of special physical performance and sports results improve. The potentiating effect of using creatine preparations is most clearly manifested in the indicators of those qualities, the development of which training means were aimed at during the period of taking creatine preparations.
The daily dose of creatine is about 5 g per person. The total amount of creatine preparations is within 150-200 g and depends on the total number of workouts conducted in the alactic anaerobic mode.
A. G. Samborsky (1991) studied the effect of taking the drug polylactate on the performance indicators of track and field sprinters. Polylactate is a polymer of carbohydrate nature with a variable degree of polymerization, depending on the pH values of the environment. In an acidic environment, the degree of polymerization of polylactate increases, and it is able to bind a certain amount of the resulting lactate, thereby providing a buffering effect. With a decrease in intracellular pH values, which is observed after completion of maximum effort, the degree of polymerization of polylactate decreases, and it becomes a source of free lactate molecules used for glycogen synthesis. In this case, polylactate promotes a more rapid restoration of intramuscular carbohydrate resources wasted during work.
The results of the study allowed us to assert that taking the drug polylactate under conditions of intense muscle activity increases the maximum power of efforts and increases the body's buffer reserves. To the most noticeable extent, these effects manifest themselves during repeated exercises of maximum power; no significant increase in glycolysis is detected and there is no noticeable acidification of the internal environment of the body. During training with the use of polylactate preparations, there was a significant improvement in the indicators of special performance of short-distance runners. The greatest sensitivity to the use of polylactate preparations during training was found in the indicators of alactic anaerobic power and capacity. It was also found that taking the drug allows you to maintain high levels of glucose in the blood, increases buffer capacity and helps maintain a given power level during prolonged exercise.
In the studies of A. G. Samborsky, the drug polylactate was used in the form of a drink prepared from fruit juice with the addition of sweetener and citric acid at the rate of 200 mg per 1 kg of body weight. A drink containing polylactate preparations in the indicated dosage was prepared “Extempore” and taken in a volume of 300 ml 60 minutes before testing.
Medicinal plants have a more effective and gentle effect on the course of recovery processes and increase athletic performance. This allows long-term treatment in many cases.
Stimulation of performance and recovery reactions with the help of herbal preparations occurs due to more economical expenditure of the body's energy resources, strengthening of oxidative processes, earlier activation of aerobic reactions, intensification of the processes of formation of red blood cells and oxygen transport, stimulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal system, strengthening of synthesis processes, anabolism, a peculiar renewal of the body (Ivanchenko V.A., 1987). It is generally accepted that stimulants of this type contribute more to the activation of recovery reactions after exercise than to an increase in physical performance, which is limited by the development of fatigue.
The use of plant stimulants from the Araliaceae family contributes to increasing the body's resistance to the effects of adverse environmental factors, stimulating energy metabolism, and increasing and restoring performance.
Aralia manzhurensis- increases mental and physical performance, tones and stimulates the central nervous system and the circulatory system, has an antihypoxic and antioxidant effect, an immunomodulator, stress-protective effect, helps increase vital capacity and muscle strength, increases appetite - 30-40 drops 2-3 times a day.
Ginseng- has a stimulating, tonic, restorative effect, increases resistance to stress, physical and mental performance, reduces fatigue, has an antioxidant and immunomodulating effect, and prevents the development of general weakness and fatigue. Alcohol tincture of the root (10%) is taken 20-25 drops 2 times a day before meals (in the first half of the day), powder and tablets - 0.15 g before meals 2 times a day, course 10-15 days.
Zamanikha high (Echinopanax high)- has a general stimulating effect, tones the nervous system, increases physical performance, has an antioxidant effect, and an immunomodulatory effect. It is recommended to take after the off-season (i.e. before the preparatory period and in a state of detraining), when engaging in long-term physical activity - 30-40 drops of tincture 2 times a day, 15-30 minutes before meals.
Golden root (Rhodiola rosea)- increases adaptation to extreme factors, has a stimulating and tonic effect, increases the volume of dynamic and static work, accelerates recovery processes, increases mental performance, improves hearing and vision - 5-10 drops 2 times a day 15-30 minutes before meals, course ID-20 days.
Leuzea safflower (maral root)- has a stimulating effect on the central nervous system, tones the nervous system, has an anabolic effect on muscles, antioxidant and antihypoxic effects, increases the synthesis of protein and nucleic acids, normalizes the function of the immune system, prolongs the peak period of increased mental and physical performance - 15-20 drops each with water 20 minutes before meals 2 times a day (in the morning), course 2-3 weeks.
Schisandra chinensis- increases physical performance, activates metabolism, tones the central nervous system, cardiovascular and respiratory systems, increases the body’s resistance to oxygen starvation. Warm decoction of dried fruits (20 g per 200 ml of water) is taken 1 tablespoon 2 times a day before meals or 4 hours after meals, alcohol tincture - 20-40 drops 2 times a day, powder or tablets - 0. 5 g morning and afternoon.

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Eleutherococcus senticosus- has pronounced stimulating and tonic properties. In high altitude conditions, an effective dose that allows one to endure great physical and moral stress is to take at least 2-4 ml of Eleutherococcus extract. Prescribed half an hour before meals.
Echinococcus senticosus- accelerates the recovery of athletes, tones the central nervous system. Extract - 2 ml every day for a month.
The use of medicinal plants in sports is not limited to the group of ginseng-like adaptogens. Many other medicinal plants are recommended and used in practice (Ivanchenko V.A., 1987). These include plants:
caffeine-like action(tea, coffee, cocoa, nuts, cola, etc.), stimulating the nervous system;
hormonal type of action containing phytohormones or stimulating the functions of the endocrine glands (licorice and Ural, red and creeping clover, spotted orchis, rowan, common hop, pollen, etc.);
cardiotonic and respiratory type actions (two-leaved cinquefoil, Dtsamsa rhododendron, marsh cinquefoil, etc.);
metabolic type of action affecting tissue metabolism (aloe, rose hips, sea buckthorn, black currant, nettle, etc.);
sedative effect, restoring performance by improving sleep (blue cyanosis, motherwort five-lobed, valerian officinalis, etc.).
Employees of the laboratory of biologically active substances of VNIIFK R. D. Seifulla, L. G. Bocharova, N. M. Popova and I. I. Kondratyeva tested the drugs in sports practice Elton and Leveton , the components of which have long been used in general and sports medicine to accelerate recovery and correct the performance of athletes. The drugs are registered as food additives and protected by Patent (Seifulla R.D., Ankudinova I.A., 1996). Taking the drugs contributed to an increase in the level of special physical fitness and sports performance, in particular among track and field athletes.
Leveton- a complex of environmentally friendly components, such as pollen (bee pollen), Leuzea root powder, vitamin E, vitamin C in one tablet. The main effect of the drug is to increase mental and physical performance, accelerate recovery and adaptation to physical activity in extreme conditions, as well as its antioxidant effect. It is recommended to take 3-4 tablets per day for 20-30 days, 4 courses per year. The authors recommend using it during weightlifting, athleticism, and bodybuilding.
Elton- an ecological, clean product consisting of eleutherococcus root powder, vitamin E, vitamin C, and pollen. The drug stimulates the function of the central nervous system, increases physical and mental performance, sharpens hearing and vision. It is recommended to take 3-4 tablets per day for 20-30 days, 4 courses per year. The last dose of the drug should not be taken later than 18 hours; it is not recommended for persons with allergies to bee products.
Thus, the drugs Leveton and Elton are food additives that have a pronounced biological effect. In addition, the accredited doping control laboratory analyzed the drugs for the absence of psychostimulants, drugs, anabolic steroids and other doping agents, as well as radioactive inclusions and chemical contaminants. They increase a person’s adaptation to extreme environmental factors, as well as when performing excessive physical activity without unreasonable “chemicalization” (Seifulla R.D., Ankudinova I.A., Azizov A.P., 1997)

The most common and practically tested multivitamins are given below.

Ascorutin - used for endurance physical activity, 1 tablet 3 times a day.
Aerovit - used for preventive purposes from 1 to 3 tablets per day for 20-30 days, depending on the intensity and duration of training loads. As a rule, when taking Aerovit, prescribing other vitamin preparations is not required.
Glutamevit - used for heavy physical activity, when training in mid-mountains, in hot climates - 1 tablet 3 times a day.
Decamevit - used for heavy physical (intensity) stress, sleep disorders, neuroses - 1 tablet 3 times a day for 20-30 days.
Vitamin B complex - used in hot climates, with high sweating and vitamin deficiency - 1 ampoule or 1 tablet 2 times a day.
Polivitaplex - used for fatigue and overwork, prevention of vitamin deficiency - 1 tablet 3-4 times a day.
Supradin - is used to accelerate recovery processes during periods of intense physical activity, to accelerate adaptation to extreme environmental factors, to increase the body's resistance, to stimulate physical and mental performance - 1 capsule 2 times a day after meals. The course is from 3 to 4 weeks in the training period, in the competitive period - 2-3 days.
Tetravit - used after intense physical activity, when training in hot climates - 1 tablet 2-3 times a day.
Undevit - used for speed-strength loads, 2 tablets 2 times a day for 10 days, then 1 tablet per day for 20 days; for endurance loads - 2 tablets 2 times a day (course 15 days).
Folic acid - used for vitamin deficiency and during high physical and psycho-emotional stress and training in mid-mountain areas - 0.5 mg or more per day.

Group of vitamins.

Among the pharmacological means of restoring and increasing sports performance and preventing overwork, vitamins occupy a special place (Table 93).

Table 93. Daily requirement for vitamins for athletes (Dubrovsky V.I., 1991; Seifulla R.D., 1999)

Vitamins (mg)	Load direction
Vitamins (mg)	Speed-power	Endurance






PP (nicotinamide)
Folic acid
Pantothenic acid

Ascorbic acid (vitamin C) - used to stimulate oxidative processes, increase endurance and restore performance. Recommended for use especially in winter and early spring. Dosage - 0.5 g 3 times a day.
Calcium pangamate - (vitamin Bis) - to accelerate the recovery of performance after heavy physical exertion with severe oxygen debt, with symptoms of myocardial overstrain, liver pain syndrome, during training in mid-altitude mountains - ISO-200 mg per day 4-6 days before the competition and subsequent days of stay in the middle mountains.
Moristerol - used to normalize lipid metabolism, stabilize cell membranes - 1 capsule 2 times a day for 15-20 days.
Nicotinic acid - used for preventive purposes during periods of great physical and mental stress - 0.025-0.05 g per day, often in combination with calcium pantothenate and lipoic acid. To speed up recovery processes and treat stress, up to 0.1-0.15 g per day.
Pyridoxal phosphate - is used to treat conditions of overexertion in athletes, as well as for chronic hepatitis, lesions of the peripheral nervous system and as a prophylactic for vestibular-sensory disorders - 1 tablet 3 times a day after meals.
Pyridoxine is used to meet the increased need for vitamin Be during physical and mental stress - 0.005-0.01 g per day, in a state of overexertion - up to 0.05 g per day.
Riboflavin - used during periods of physical and mental stress in doses of 0.002-0.01 g per day, during the recovery period, in the treatment of conditions of overexertion and anemia - up to 0.02-0.03 g per day.
Thiamine - used for preventive purposes during periods of intense physical and mental stress - 0.05-0.01 g per day.
Tocoforel acetate (vitamin E) - used during intense training, especially in conditions of oxygen deficiency (hypoxia) in mid-mountains and low temperatures - 100-150 mg per day. Course duration is 5-10 days. For overtraining and acute fatigue - 1 teaspoon of a 5- or 1% oil solution, for intramuscular administration - 1 ampoule for ID-15 days.

Antihypoxic drugs have a positive effect on the body during the development of oxygen deficiency.

Bemitil - helps speed up recovery and improve performance - 0.25 g for 2-3 weeks or 0.5 g for 10 days. While taking the drug, a diet rich in carbohydrates is recommended. The maximum effect of bemitil after a single dose is achieved after 1-2 hours.
Glutomic acid (amino acids) - used for large-volume training aimed at developing general endurance, anaerobic performance, as well as the prevention and correction of conditions and emotional stress, to accelerate recovery processes, usually in combination with vitamin preparations - 1 g 2-3 times a day before meals.
Gutimin - increases the intensity of glycolysis, saves time spent on physical activity of glycogen, limits the accumulation of excess lactate - 1-2 tablets after training, 2-3 tablets 1-1.5 hours before competitions.
Tsitamak (cytochrome-c) - used as a means of recovery, especially with high lactate, and also before the start of cyclic sports - 1 ampoule intramuscularly.

Drugs that affect energy, metabolic and plastic processes.

Energy-acting drugs contribute to the rapid replenishment of biological energy expended during heavy physical exertion, restoration of normal cell metabolism, activation of enzyme systems, and increase the body's resistance to hypoxia.

Metabolic drugs correct metabolism and create conditions for performing anaerobic and aerobic work. These products are reliable protectors for overstrain of the myocardium, muscles and other organs.

Plastic action drugs - increase the content of protein and nucleic acids, lead to an increase in muscle mass and strength, help replenish the deficiency of coenzymes and enzymes and play an important role in preventing physical overexertion.

Adenosine triphosphoric acid (ATP) - used to treat conditions of overexertion, accompanied by cardiac dysfunction and decreased contractile function - skeletal muscles - 1 ml of 1% solution per day is administered intramuscularly in the first 2-3 days, and in subsequent days - 2 ml per day.
Aminalon (gammalon amino acids) - used after intense physical and emotional stress, especially with nervous system overstrain syndrome - 0.25-0.5 g 2-3 times a day.
Asparkam - used to prevent overwork (overexertion), during weight loss, when training in hot climates - 1-2 tablets 3 times a day.
Glutomic acid - increases the body's resistance to hypoxia, has a beneficial effect on recovery processes during physical activity, and improves heart function. For heavy physical and mental stress - 1 tablet 2-3 times a day with food (10-15 days).
Potassium orotate is used as a prophylactic agent during heavy physical exertion. The drug is effective as a means of stimulating erythropoiesis when adapting to mid-mountain conditions - 0.25-0.5 g 2-3 times a day for 15-40 days, 1 hour before meals or 4 hours after meals. If necessary, the course of treatment can be repeated a month after the end of the first.
Calcium glycerophosphate - used for intense training loads, overtraining, recovery after heavy physical exertion, fatigue, exhaustion of the nervous system - 0.2-0.5 g 2-3 times a day.
Carnitine is used as a means of accelerating the course of recovery processes and increasing performance in sports associated with the primary development of endurance. Carnitine increases oxygen transport function, increases the concentration of hemoglobin in the blood, and enhances glucogenesis during exercise. Dosage - when used as an anabolic agent (in speed-strength sports), it is recommended to prescribe 1.5 g per 70 kg of body weight 2 times a day (25-30 days).
Cobamamide - used during intense and volumetric training at a dose of 0.0015 g orally twice a day (after breakfast and lunch). The daily dose is 0.003 g. The duration of the course of use as an anabolytic is 25-30 days. If necessary, a repeat course is carried out after 1.5-2 months. It is advisable to combine cobamide with carnitine and amino acid preparations.
Lipocerebrin - used during intense training activities and during competitions, during overtraining, fatigue, loss of strength - 1 tablet 3 times a day for 10-15 days.
Mildronate - increases performance and reduces the phenomenon of overexertion during physical overload - 0.25 g 2-4 times a day or intravenously 0.5 g 1 time a day for 10-14 days. The effectiveness of the use of mildronate by athletes in a dose of 1 g 3 hours before competitions in order to urgently increase performance in exercises associated with significant endurance has been shown.
Methyluracil - used as potassium orotate to increase endurance and performance during large-volume training loads, as an anabolic agent in the treatment of overexertion - 1.0-2.0 g 3 times a day during or after meals.
Methionine (amino acids) - used to regulate protein and lipid metabolism, usually in combination with choline and vitamin preparations, to treat conditions of overexertion - 0.5-1.0 g 2-3 times a day before meals.
Nootropil - used to relieve fatigue, after concussions (in boxers, bobsledders, lugers, etc.) - 1 capsule of Zraza per day - ID-12 days.
Picamilon - relieves psycho-emotional excitability, feelings of fatigue, increases self-confidence, improves mood, creates the impression of a “clear head”, makes you want to train, has an anti-stress effect, relieves pre-start stress, accelerates recovery processes, improves sleep - 1- 2 tablets 2 times a day.
Piracetam (amino acids) - used as a prevention and treatment of nervous system overstrain, to accelerate recovery processes after volumetric and intense training loads, to increase performance in sports associated primarily with endurance, in particular speed (in anaerobic conditions), - according to 2.4-3.6 g for 4-6 days. If necessary, the duration of the course can be increased.
Pyriditol - reduces excessive formation of lactic acid, increases the resistance of brain tissue to hypoxia - 0.1-0.3 g after meals 2-3 times a day for 1-3 months.
Riboxin - used similarly to phosphadene and is considered as an anabolic agent - 0.2-0.3 g 2-3 times a day, often in combination with potassium orotate. If necessary, use a 2% solution in ampoules of 10 and 20 ml. The contents of the ampoule are administered slowly or intravenously drip once a day.
Safinor - used during periods of intense exercise, fatigue, changes in the ECG - 1 tablet 3 times a day (10-15 days).
Ferroplex - used for intense training - 2 tablets 3 times a day after meals.
Phytin - used to prevent fatigue during intense training loads and before competitions, to accelerate recovery processes and correct the phenomena of fatigue, in particular, accompanied by neurotic symptoms - 0.25-0.5 g per dose 3 times a day for several weeks.
Phosphaden - used to enhance anabolic processes, increase endurance and performance during training, accelerate recovery and enhance the hypercompensation phase after intense exercise, prevent and treat overexertion - 0.04-0.06 g - single dose; 0.12-0.14 g - daily, for 15-30 days. You can conduct repeated courses with an interval of 5-7 days.
Phosphrene - used for overwork, during training in the mountains - 1-2 tablets 2 times a day for 2 weeks.
Cerebro2-lecithin is used to accelerate recovery processes and to correct the phenomena of fatigue and overstrain, especially those accompanied by neurotic symptoms. The use of this drug is considered most appropriate when there is a relatively insufficient intake of proteins and fats from food - 0.15-0.3 g per day.
Cernilton - used when changing time zones - 2-4 tablets per day.
Succinic acid - improves metabolic processes - 1-2 tablets after a training session.

Tranquilizers and sedatives. Under great physical and neuropsychic stress, athletes may experience neurotic states of anxious anticipation, hypochodriac reactions, and satiety reactions, which require medical intervention. Medicine recommends means that normalize the mental activity of an athlete.

Amizil - used for asthenic and neurotic reactions, anxious anticipation syndrome, restlessness, premenstrual tension - 0.001 g 2 times a day for 10-12 days.
Seduxen (diazepam) - use in sports is inappropriate (reduces the potassium content in the blood plasma), especially in sports where weight is lost.
Tauremisil - used for mental and physical fatigue, fatigue and overtraining syndrome - 5 mg or 30 drops of a 0.5% solution 3 times a day for 10-15 days.
Ecdisten is a natural compound with a steroid structure (obtained from the roots of the safflower leuzea), has a tonic effect, enhances processes in the liver, helps normalize metabolic processes during intense physical activity - 0.005-0.01 g3 times a day for 15-20 days.
Echinopsin nitrate - used for physical and neuropsychic fatigue, overtraining syndrome, vegetative dystonia accompanied by headache, sleep disorders - 10-20 drops 2 times a day before meals for 2 weeks.

The importance of taking ascorbic acid in the preparation of highly qualified athletes is confirmed by the results of a study by A. P. Vasilyagin (1953). The author proves that the use of ascorbic acid increases the efficiency of the educational and training process, promotes rapid recovery of strength after training, and also accelerates the healing of sports injuries.

When examining the body of athletes, it was revealed that marathon runners had the lowest daily content of ascorbic acid. Based on this, the author concludes that ascorbic acid is most necessary during endurance work. To saturate the body of athletes with ascorbic acid, it should be additionally used during intense sports training or to enrich the diet with foods rich in it. For short-distance runners in winter-spring it should be more than 2,800 mg, and in summer-autumn - 1,400 mg; for marathon runners - 4,800-5,000 mg; for weightlifters - from 2,500 to 4,500 mg with a daily dose of even 200 to 500 mg.

Experimental studies to determine the influence of metabolically oriented pharmacological agents on the effectiveness of the training process of athletes in cyclic sports were carried out by P. R. Vargashkin (1988). The following drugs have been practically tested in the educational and training process of athletes: mildronate (a natural metabolite that acts as a carrier of fatty acid residues through the mitochondrial membrane, where their oxidation occurs), carnitine, and bemityl.

It was revealed that a single use of mildronatau by highly qualified cyclists causes an improvement in aerobic power and speed endurance (about 1 g of the active substance with a single administration 3 hours before exercise. The drug was administered orally in the form of gelatin capsules of 0.25 g). The conducted research allowed us to offer the following recommendations for the use of mildronate in order to increase the efficiency of the training process among highly qualified road cyclists. It should be used during 2-3 microcycles of the competitive period immediately before the competition. For daily training twice a day, the recommended daily dose is 0.6-1 g (10 mg per 1 kg of athlete’s body weight). Dosage regimen: daily 2 times a day, the first time - 0.5 g of the daily dose 2-3 hours before the main training session, the second time - 3-4 hours before the repeated training session.

Systematic use of carnitine in rowers also contributed to increasing the efficiency of the training process (according to the same scheme). As for bemitil, after using it, cyclists showed significant (positive) changes in indicators characterizing the strength and speed qualities of athletes, which persisted throughout the month. The drug was taken according to the following method: 0.6 g per day (O.Zgutrom and 0.3 g after the main workout).

Experimental studies by V. I. Oleinikov (1989) were devoted to the study of the use of creatine in the preparation of short-distance runners (100 and 200 m). Based on the data obtained, the author suggests using creatine in year-round training of track and field sprinters. The use of the drug helps to increase the efficiency of performing speed-strength loads, as a result of which indicators of special physical performance and sports results improve. The potentiating effect of using creatine preparations is most clearly manifested in the indicators of those qualities, the development of which training means were aimed at during the period of taking creatine preparations.

The daily dose of creatine is about 5 g per person. The total amount of creatine preparations is within 150-200 g and depends on the total number of workouts conducted in the alactic anaerobic mode.

A. G. Samborsky (1991) studied the effect of taking the drug polylactate on the performance indicators of track and field sprinters. Polylactate is a polymer of carbohydrate nature with a variable degree of polymerization, depending on the pH values of the environment. In an acidic environment, the degree of polymerization of polylactate increases, and it is able to bind a certain amount of the resulting lactate, thereby providing a buffering effect. With a decrease in intracellular pH values, which is observed after completion of maximum effort, the degree of polymerization of polylactate decreases, and it becomes a source of free lactate molecules used for glycogen synthesis. In this case, poly-lactate promotes a more rapid restoration of intramuscular carbohydrate resources wasted during work.

The results of the study allowed us to assert that taking the drug polylactate under conditions of intense muscle activity increases the maximum power of efforts and increases the body's buffer reserves. To the most noticeable extent, these effects manifest themselves during repeated exercises of maximum power; no significant increase in glycolysis is detected and there is no noticeable acidification of the internal environment of the body. During training with the use of polylactate preparations, there was a significant improvement in the indicators of special performance of short-distance runners. The greatest sensitivity to the use of polylactate preparations during training was found in the indicators of alactic anaerobic power and capacity. It was also found that taking the drug allows you to maintain high levels of glucose in the blood, increases buffer capacity and helps maintain a given power level during prolonged exercise.

In the studies of A. G. Samborsky, the drug polylactate was used in the form of a drink prepared from fruit juice with the addition of sweetener and citric acid at the rate of 200 mg per 1 kg of body weight. A drink containing polylactate preparations in the indicated dosage was prepared “Extempore” and taken in a volume of 300 ml 60 minutes before testing.

Medicinal plants have a more effective and gentle effect on the course of recovery processes and increase athletic performance. This allows long-term treatment in many cases.

Stimulation of performance and recovery reactions with the help of herbal preparations occurs due to more economical expenditure of the body's energy resources, strengthening of oxidative processes, earlier activation of aerobic reactions, intensification of the processes of formation of red blood cells and oxygen transport, stimulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal system, strengthening of synthesis processes, anabolism, a peculiar renewal of the body (Ivanchenko V.A., 1987). It is generally accepted that stimulants of this type contribute more to the activation of recovery reactions after exercise than to an increase in physical performance, which is limited by the development of fatigue.

The use of plant stimulants from the Araliaceae family contributes to increasing the body's resistance to the effects of adverse environmental factors, stimulating energy metabolism, and increasing and restoring performance.

Aralia Manzhurskaya - increases mental and physical performance, tones and stimulates the central nervous system and the circulatory system, has an antihypoxic and antioxidant effect, an immunomodulator, a stress-protective effect, helps to increase vital capacity and muscle strength, increases appetite - 30-40 drops 2-3 times a day day.
Ginseng - has a stimulating, tonic, restorative effect, increases resistance to stress, physical and mental performance, reduces fatigue, has an antioxidant and immunomodulating effect, and prevents the development of general weakness and fatigue. Alcohol tincture of the root (10%) is taken 20-25 drops 2 times a day before meals (in the first half of the day), powder and tablets - 0.15 g before meals 2 times a day, course 10-15 days.
Zamanikha high (Echinopanax high) - has a general stimulating effect, tones the nervous system, increases physical performance, has an antioxidant effect, and an immunomodulatory effect. It is recommended to take after the off-season (i.e. before the preparatory period and in a state of detraining), when engaging in long-term physical activity - 30-40 drops of tincture 2 times a day, 15-30 minutes before meals.
Golden root (Rhodiola rosea) - increases adaptation to extreme factors, has a stimulating and tonic effect, increases the volume of dynamic and static work, accelerates recovery processes, increases mental performance, improves hearing and vision - 5-10 drops 2 times a day for 15 -30 minutes before meals, course ID-20 days.
Leuzea safflower (maral root) - has a stimulating effect on the central nervous system, tones the nervous system, has an anabolic effect on muscles, antioxidant and antihypoxic effects, increases the synthesis of protein and nucleic acids, normalizes the function of the immune system, prolongs the peak period of increased mental and physical performance - 15-20 drops with water 20 minutes before meals 2 times a day (in the first half of the day), course 2-3 weeks.
Schisandra chinensis - increases physical performance, activates metabolism, tones the central nervous system, cardiovascular and respiratory systems, increases the body's resistance to oxygen starvation. Warm decoction of dried fruits (20 g per 200 ml of water) is taken 1 tablespoon 2 times a day before meals or 4 hours after meals, alcohol tincture - 20-40 drops 2 times a day, powder or tablets - 0. 5 g morning and afternoon.
Eleutherococcus senticosus - has pronounced stimulating and tonic properties. In high altitude conditions, an effective dose that allows one to endure great physical and moral stress is to take at least 2-4 ml of Eleutherococcus extract. Prescribed half an hour before meals.
Echinococcus senticosus - accelerates the recovery of athletes, tones the central nervous system. Extract - 2 ml every day for a month.

The use of medicinal plants in sports is not limited to the group of ginseng-like adaptogens. Many other medicinal plants are recommended and used in practice (Ivanchenko V.A., 1987). These include plants:

caffeine-like action (tea, coffee, cocoa, nuts, cola, etc.), stimulating the nervous system;
hormonal type of action, containing phytohormones or stimulating the functions of the endocrine glands (licorice and Ural, red and creeping clover, spotted orchis, rowan, common hop, pollen, etc.);
cardiotonic and respiratory type of action (two-leaved cinquefoil, Dtsamsa rhododendron, marsh cinquefoil, etc.);
metabolic type of action affecting tissue metabolism (aloe, rose hips, sea buckthorn, black currant, nettle, etc.);
sedative effects, restoring performance by improving sleep (blue cyanosis, motherwort five-lobed, valerian officinalis, etc.).

Employees of the laboratory of biologically active substances of VNIIFK R. D. Seifulla, L. G. Bocharova, N. M. Popova and I. I. Kondratyeva tested the drugs Elton and Leveton in sports practice, the components of which have long been used in general and sports medicine with with the aim of accelerating the recovery and correction of athletes’ performance. The drugs are registered as food additives and protected by Patent (Seifulla R.D., Ankudinova I.A., 1996). Taking the drugs contributed to an increase in the level of special physical fitness and sports performance, in particular among track and field athletes.

Leveton is a complex of environmentally friendly components, such as pollen (bee pollen), powder from Leuzea roots, vitamin E, vitamin C in one tablet. The main effect of the drug is to increase mental and physical performance, accelerate recovery and adaptation to physical activity in extreme conditions, as well as its antioxidant effect. It is recommended to take 3-4 tablets per day for 20-30 days, 4 courses per year. The authors recommend using it during weightlifting, athleticism, and bodybuilding.
Elton is an environmentally friendly product consisting of eleutherococcus root powder, vitamin E, vitamin C, and pollen. The drug stimulates the function of the central nervous system, increases physical and mental performance, sharpens hearing and vision. It is recommended to take 3-4 tablets per day for 20-30 days, 4 courses per year. The last dose of the drug should not be taken later than 18 hours; it is not recommended for persons with allergies to bee products.

Thus, the drugs Leveton and Elton are food additives that have a pronounced biological effect. In addition, the accredited doping control laboratory analyzed the drugs for the absence of psychostimulants, drugs, anabolic steroids and other doping agents, as well as radioactive inclusions and chemical contaminants. They increase a person’s adaptation to extreme environmental factors, as well as when performing excessive physical activity without unreasonable “chemicalization” (Seifulla R.D., Ankudinova I.A., Azizov A.P., 1997). In table 94 presents non-doping drugs used in related sports (Seifulla R.D., 1999).

Table 94. Use of biologically active substances in related sports

Kinds of sports	Adaptogens	Vitamins	Energy-giving substances	Drugs plastic actions	Noo-Antioxidation pathways	Immunomodulators	Antigy-poxants
Endurance
Speed-power
Martial arts

Coordination

One of the promising groups of pharmacological preparations and food products containing highly active biological substances are beekeeping products (Morozova V.V., Lukovskaya O.L., 1989; Seifulla R.D., 1996). Nature has not yet known such a nutritious and biologically active product, which contains proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, vitamins, minerals, enzymes, hormones and, due to its high biological activity, energy and healing properties. capable of influencing many body functions. In addition, they can serve as excellent natural adaptogens, that is, means that increase performance and reduce fatigue under unfavorable environmental conditions, the presence of stress factors, high emotional and physical stress.

The ability of honey to improve the digestibility of nutrients, especially fats and carbohydrates, to have a tonic effect on the body, to promote the rapid restoration of physical performance of the body’s functional systems after heavy physical exertion, makes it one of the most effective means of increasing the performance of athletes in various sports (Morozova V.V. ., Lukovskaya O.L., 1989).

The main components of honey in percentage terms are water and carbohydrates. Carbohydrates make up up to 99% of the dry matter mass of honey. It is believed that sugars in honey are represented by more than 35 types. Among them are fructose, glucose, maltose, sucrose, as well as many rare sugars that are not found in other products, are not synthesized in the body, but are always important. Their content and ratio largely determine the activity of honey as a healing and restorative agent.

Honey contains in minimal quantities such organic acids as benzoic, valeric, tartaric, gluconic, citric, butyric, maleic, lactic, formic, pyroglutamic, oxalic, succinic, malic, as well as some higher fatty acids. Honey also contains sulfates, phosphates and chlorides. The total acidity of honey depends on its type and varies from 0.85 to 4.80 (in cm - 1 N sodium hydroxide required to neutralize 100 g of honey). There are also protein substances consisting of albumins, globulins and peptones, as well as proteins in amounts up to 1.6%. Honey also contains amino acids: arginine, aspartic and glutamic acids, ala-nine, histidine, glycine, valine, isoleucine, tyrosine, leucine, methionine, serine, threonine, tryptophan, finylalanine, cystine (in total up to 20%) and pro -lin (up to 80%); vitamins - B, B2, B6, K, C, pantothenic, nicotinic and folic acids, biotin and much more useful for the athlete’s body.

Honey, being a universal product, helps build muscle mass. Consuming 12 to 16 teaspoons of honey throughout the day helps stabilize weight. It can be used by athletes who are on a reduced-calorie diet: one teaspoon of honey after a meal causes a feeling of satiety and relieves the painful feeling of hunger.

In order to stimulate the physical performance of track and field throwing athletes, J. I. Ivaskevicienė et al., (1988) conducted studies in which a group of athletes received bee products twice a day for 20 days (morning and evening after meals): a mixture of honey and beebread in a ratio of 2:1, 5 g each, royal jelly 70 mcg in the form of sublingual tablets, pollen 10 g each. The athletes trained 6 times a week for 3 hours a day using submaximal loads in the preparatory period. The results of the study confirmed the high importance of bee products. Thus, in particular, physical performance and physiological parameters improved (BMD, lactate and urea in the blood decreased, hemoglobin increased). Subjectively, the athletes felt good.

G. A. Makarova (1999), on the basis of many years of research, comes to the opinion that in the practice of sports medicine it is necessary to adhere to a truly “jewelry technique” of using pharmacological drugs, which should take into account both the subtle mechanisms of their action and the special conditions for the functioning of the leading systems of the body in conditions intense muscle activity. Based on this, G. A. Makarova considers the following principles to be the main pharmacological support for intense muscle activity:

1. Any pharmacological influences aimed at accelerating the processes of post-exertion recovery and increasing physical performance are ineffective or minimally effective in the presence of pre-pathological conditions and diseases in athletes, as well as in the absence of adequate dosing of training loads, based on the results of current medical treatment that is sufficiently reliable in diagnostic terms. pedagogical control.

2. Acceleration of post-stress recovery processes should be achieved primarily by creating optimal conditions (including through the use of certain pharmacological agents) for their natural course.

3. When prescribing pharmacological drugs to athletes, it is necessary to have a clear understanding of the chemical composition of their diets, the mechanisms of action of each of these drugs (including the effect on the effectiveness of the training process), side effects and possible results of drug interactions with each other.

4. When using pharmacological drugs to increase the physical performance of athletes, the following must be taken into account:

their immediate, delayed and cumulative effect;
differentiated impact on such parameters of physical performance as efficiency, mobilizability and feasibility;
the degree of effectiveness depends on the level of qualification, the initial functional state of the body, the period of the training cycle, the energetic nature of the current training and upcoming competitive loads;
technology of use (we are talking about doses and time of taking drugs in relation to the physical activity performed).

The third provision presupposes the existence of a clear classification of pharmacological agents used in the chosen field of activity.

The fourth provision involves the development of a unified program for testing each means and method recommended in order to increase the physical performance of an athlete.

The classification of pharmacological agents proposed in the scientific and methodological literature includes the following (Karpman V.L., 1987):

vitamins and coenzymes;
plastic action preparations;
energy preparations;
antioxidants;
adaptogens;
hepatoprotectors;
hematopoietic stimulants;
nootropics.

Analysis of this classification indicates that it is built according to the type of the first version of private classifications, i.e. the goal and task are the same - “accelerating recovery processes and increasing the physical performance of athletes,” but the groups of pharmacological agents used to solve this are different according to the mechanism of action. This approach, namely the lack of clear subtasks, deprives this classification of a direct connection with the training process.

Considering the above, G.A. Makarova offers her preliminary version of such a classification of pharmacological drugs.

1. Pharmacological preparations that satisfy the body’s increased needs for basic food ingredients under conditions of intense muscular activity, i.e. preparations used for replacement purposes (vitamins, preparations of potassium, calcium, magnesium, iron, amino acid complexes, sugars, preparations of essential unsaturated fatty acids, etc.).

2. Pharmacological drugs that help create optimal conditions for accelerating the natural processes of post-exertional recovery:

by eliminating factors that impede the maximum functioning of the main organs and detoxification systems - the urinary system, the hepatobiliary system and the gastrointestinal tract (rehydrants, cholekinetics, sugars, drugs that help eliminate intestinal dysbiosis);
by increasing their functionality (hepatoprotectors).

3. Pharmacological drugs that artificially accelerate post-exertional recovery processes:

due to the binding and removal of metabolites (sorbents, agents that improve renal blood flow, alkalis);
due to the central regulation of metabolism in cells (plant adaptogens, nootropic drugs).

4. Pharmacological drugs that help reduce the formation of toxic metabolites during intense muscle activity and reduce the damaging effects of the latter:

antioxidants;
antihypoxants.

5. Pharmacological drugs that potentiate the training effect through:

stimulation of protein metabolism (steroidal and non-steroidal anabolics);
preservation and restoration of ATP reserves (substrate antihypoxants, in particular phosphocreatine);
restructuring of metabolic processes under the influence of the production of structural proteins and enzymes that determine the energy supply of tissues (antihypoxants, which are plastic regulators of metabolism - inosine, riboxin).

6. Pharmacological drugs that prevent a decrease in immunity under conditions of intense muscle activity:

herbal preparations - sodium nucleinate, polydan, etc.;
synthetic drugs such as lycopid;
regulatory peptides - darargin, etc.;
drugs of different chemical structures - dibazol, chimes, methyluracil, a number of nootropic drugs, etc.

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Sports pharmacology is an independent branch of sports medicine, also known as “healthy person pharmacology.”

This material describes the goals and objectives of this science, discusses the main aspects and current issues dealt with by sports pharmacology. This article contains a list of permitted and prohibited drugs for athletes.

Sports pharmacology: definition, goals and objectives, application in practice

Pharmacology (from the Greek Pharmacon - medicine, logos - science) is the science of drugs, medicines and the mechanisms of their effect on the body. She studies medications and their physicochemical properties, distribution, dosing, excretion and other aspects of interaction with the body.

Sports pharmacology is one of the branches of pharmacology that defines modern sports medicine in general and rehabilitation after training in particular. It allows you to improve the body's ability to perform heavy physical activity, expanding the capabilities of a particular athlete. Science is closely related to nutrition.

Science studies drugs intended for:

Increasing physical endurance;
Strengthening psychological resistance to stressful situations;
Accelerating the recovery of the athlete’s body’s resources.

The main person in the actively developing science in Russia is the biologist and pharmacologist R.D. Seifulla. In collaboration with Oleinik S.A., Gunina L.M., Maisky A.I. he published the first reference books and textbooks, practical guides for sports doctors and wrote many scientific papers and books. They are still used today by specialists for consultations and are actively discussed by athletes on forums.

Difference from classical pharmacology

The key issue that sports pharmacology deals with is the effect of drugs on healthy, trained people under conditions of moderate and high physical activity.

The effect they produce is fundamentally different from the effect of most known drugs developed for the treatment of diseases. The average patient is not subject to intense muscle activity, therefore the principles and achievements of classical pharmacology cannot be transferred to athletes.

There is also children's and adolescent sports pharmacology, which takes into account the characteristics and capabilities of the growing body. At the same time, sports pharmacology after 50 also differs from the standard due to the different state of the athletes’ body. The age factor should be taken into account when choosing appropriate drugs.

Abuse and reasonable use

The desire to improve performance and achieve peak form sometimes leads to dire consequences. A huge interest in “miracle” drugs is typical for both aspiring young athletes and high-level professionals.

In an attempt to reach the level of record achievements, pills and injections are placed above regular training. An illiterate choice of funds can lead to serious negative consequences for the body. This approach is condemned in the sports community.

Nevertheless, you should not refuse additional recharge. Rational, targeted use of safe drugs expands the body's functional capabilities. We are not talking about doping, but about permitted additives and medications.

Thus, the list of tasks solved by sports pharmacology is as follows:

Increasing the performance of athletes, that is, expanding the body’s adaptation to stress through the use of appropriate drugs.
Reducing the recovery period.
Increasing the level of adaptation to difficult conditions (change of time zones, high humidity or heat, mountain air, frequent flights, etc.).
Correction of the immune system, which is suppressed during high-intensity exercise.
Treatment of impaired body functions, restoration of injured body parts, therapy of diseases caused by overload.

To solve the fifth problem, classical medicines are used. The first four goals are achieved through the use of drugs with different mechanisms of action, united by the principle of compliance with the IOC anti-doping list.

Groups of approved sports pharmacology drugs

Having achieved some success during training, over time, athletes begin to notice that it has become more difficult to increase the load, and the muscles have stopped growing at the same speed. Intense training has ceased to bring former pleasure, and a standard set of exercises is difficult.

The fact is that the natural capabilities of the human body to adapt to physical stress have limits. The natural need for sports is combined with the desire for relaxation. Following the desires of the body, which requires muscle comfort, will not achieve amazing results.

The solution to the problem is to realize the fact that the transition to a new level of stress is possible only after a high-quality recovery. When practicing weightlifting, kettlebell lifting, acrobatics, gymnastics and other sports at a professional level, natural muscle recovery is not enough.

To speed up the recovery of the body in speed-strength disciplines, special methods are used:

Competent organization of the training process. They alternate between different types of loads, selecting the optimal volume of exercises and controlling their intensity.
Physiotherapy. This category of restorative methods includes massage, electrical stimulation, acupuncture, and balneological procedures.
Use of approved drugs.
Intake of food products of increased biological value.

Depending on the nature of the effect on the body, there are four main groups of drugs:

Accelerators of natural recovery processes that activate the functioning of organs. This includes rehydrants, cholekinetics, choleretics.
Nutritional supplements that replenish the body's increased need for nutrients (mineral supplements, vitamins, sugars, amino acids, protein supplements, unsaturated fatty acids).
Accelerators of the recovery process, removing and binding metabolites (activators of renal blood flow, hepatoprotectors, sorbents).
Drugs that improve exercise tolerance due to:

Reducing the production of toxic metabolites (antioxidants);
Reducing the negative effects of metabolites (antihypoxants);
Directional changes in pH of liquid media;
Stimulation of protein synthesis (anabolic steroids);
Preservation and rapid restoration of ATP (substrate antihypoxants);
Activation of stress-limiting systems (adaptogens, nootropic drugs, low-molecular peptides, immunomodulators, endorphin analogues).

Permitted drugs and substances

Below is a list of the most common medications and vitamins that are included in approved sports pharmacology. The drugs are divided into groups according to their mechanism of action and composition.

Multivitamins

Ascorutin is useful for developing endurance;
Aerovit is taken for preventive purposes during regular physical activity;
Glutamevit is prescribed for heavy loads and during training in mid-altitude or hot conditions;
Decamevit helps speed up recovery during heavy physical activity, helps with insomnia and neurosis before competitions;
Vitamin B complex is taken by athletes who train in high temperatures; it is also recommended for excessive sweating and vitamin deficiency;
Polyvitaplex helps against fatigue, is useful for the prevention of vitamin deficiency;
Supradin accelerates recovery processes in the body during intense physical activity, helps to quickly adapt to extreme climatic conditions, and increases performance;
In sports pharmacology, Tetravit is recommended to be taken during the recovery period after serious physical activity;
Undevit is useful in the presence of speed-strength loads and endurance training;
Folic acid helps replenish vitamins and adapt to changing training conditions (mid-altitude).

Vitamins

Vitamins play a key role in recovery after intense training and increased productivity.

Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) stimulates oxidative processes, increases recovery rate and endurance. Recommended for use in winter and early spring.
Vitamin Bis (calcium pangamate) reduces the recovery period after hard training in cases of obvious oxygen debt, myocardial overstrain, pain in the liver, and also when training is carried out in mid-altitude areas.
Vitamin E (tocophorel acetate) is needed to normalize the condition during training in conditions of oxygen deficiency and at low temperatures. It is also prescribed for overwork.
Moristerol normalizes lipid metabolism and brings cell membranes into a stable state.
Nicotinic acid is needed for prevention during periods of increased stress on the body. In sports pharmacology, it is often combined with the parallel intake of calcium pantothenate and lipoic acid in order to accelerate recovery processes and eliminate symptoms of overexertion.
Pyridoxal phosphate is prescribed when stress therapy is needed.
Pyridoxine replenishes the body's increased need for vitamin B during increased physical activity.
Riboflavin is also beneficial for the body undergoing regular intense physical activity.
Thiamine has a restorative effect on an overworked body.

Drugs for oxygen deficiency

If hypoxia occurs, which appears due to unusual training conditions (heat or mid-altitude), doctors recommend taking the following medications:

Bemitil (accelerates recovery and enhances performance).
Glutamic acid is useful for high volume training that is aimed at developing endurance and anaerobic performance. Corrects emotional state in case of overstrain.
Humitin increases the intensity of glycolysis and reduces the accumulation of lactate.
Tsitamak is also used as a restorative drug for high lactate levels and before the start of cyclic sports.

Drugs with metabolic, energetic and plastic effects

To quickly restore expended biological energy after heavy training, it is useful to take energy-acting drugs. They activate the functioning of enzyme systems and increase resistance to hypoxia.

Drugs that affect metabolic processes improve metabolism and create optimal conditions for the lungs to work under conditions of different oxygen volumes. They protect against overstrain of muscles, myocardium and other internal organs.

Pharmaceutical drugs with a plastic effect increase the level of protein and nucleic acids, accelerate muscle growth and add strength, replenish enzyme deficiency and help prevent fatigue.

ATP (adenosine triphosphoric acid) is necessary for recovery from overexertion, which is accompanied by cardiac dysfunction.
Aminalon is recommended during an intense training process, which causes not only physical, but also emotional stress (preparation for important competitions).
Asparkam acts as a prophylactic against the risk of overexertion, helps speed up the loss of extra pounds and facilitates training in the heat.
Glutomic acid increases resistance to lack of air, has a positive effect on the body’s ability to recover, and improves the functioning of the heart muscle.
Potassium orotate is taken for prevention during increased stress on the body. The product stimulates erythropoiesis during training in mid-mountain areas.
Calcium glycerophosphate is also necessary to prevent fatigue during intense training.
Carnitine increases performance and endurance, improves the oxygen transport function of the body, increases hemoglobin levels, and activates glycogenesis.
Cobamamide is also prescribed for long and heavy workouts.
Lipocerebrin is useful for loss of strength and fatigue.
Mildronate reduces symptoms of fatigue during endurance training.
Methyluracil increases endurance and performance, and can also be used as an anabolic steroid in the treatment of overexertion.
Methionine regulates lipid and protein metabolism and helps overcome overexertion.
Nootropil relieves fatigue and helps recover from a concussion.
Picamilon relieves increased psycho-emotional excitability, improves tone and mood, helps get rid of pre-race stress, improves sleep patterns and quality.
Piracetam acts as a prevention of nervous system overstrain, increases overall performance and speeds up recovery after heavy exercise.
Pyriditol reduces the intensity of lactic acid production and improves the resistance of brain tissue to oxygen deficiency.
Riboxin is used as an anabolic steroid.
Safinor is recommended for physical activity that causes changes in the ECG.
Ferroplex is prescribed to prevent fatigue during active training.
Fitin corrects the symptoms of overwork, relieving neurotic syndromes.
Phosphaden activates anabolic processes, increases the athlete's endurance and prevents overexertion.
Phosphrene is useful for maintaining performance during the training process in the mountains.
Cerebro2-lecithin accelerates recovery and relieves symptoms of fatigue, especially in conditions of nutrition lacking fat and protein.
Cernilton helps you recover faster when changing time zones.
Succinic acid activates metabolic processes.

Sedatives and tranquilizers

Under conditions of increased physical activity, especially when preparing for major competitions, athletes often fall into a state of anxiety. Some experience hypochondria and other neurotic reactions that require medical attention. In such situations, doctors recommend taking sedatives from the list below:

Amizil relieves neurotic and asthenic reactions, eliminates anxious anticipation and anxiety, and relieves premenstrual tension.
Tauremisil is recommended for fatigue and overtraining syndrome.
Ecdisten tones, activates liver function, normalizes metabolism.
Echinopsin nitrate helps to get out of a state of nervous and physical fatigue, which is accompanied by vegetative-vascular dystonia, headache and insomnia.

Medicinal plants

The effect of taking drugs containing extracts of medicinal plants is milder, so treatment courses are longer. Stimulation of performance and enhancement of recovery reactions cause changes that occur in the body after taking herbal preparations:

Energy consumption becomes more economical;
Oxidative processes increase intensity;
Aerobic reactions are activated earlier;
The processes of red blood cell production and oxygen transport are also activated.

The most effective means for increasing the performance of athletes are considered to be stimulants containing extracts of plants from the Araliaceae family.

Aralia Manzhurskaya improves performance, activates the central nervous system and accelerates blood flow. Strengthens the immune system and protects against the negative effects of stress factors. Improves appetite and increases muscle strength.
Ginseng stimulates and tones, has a general strengthening effect on the body, and increases its resistance to stress. Under conditions of physical activity, it increases performance, speeds up recovery, and reduces fatigue. Acts as an antioxidant and immunomodulator, preventing fatigue.
High zamanika tones the nervous system and acts as an antioxidant. The best period of use is after the off-season in a state of detraining before the preparatory period.
Rhodiola rosea helps to adapt to extreme natural factors, activates recovery processes, tones the body, and improves the functioning of the brain and nervous system.
Schisandra chinensis improves metabolism, tones all body systems, and increases resistance to hypoxia.
Eleutherococcus senticosus is useful for training at high altitudes.

In addition to adaptogens with ginseng-like action, other plants with different effects are used in sports pharmacology:

CNS stimulants with caffeine-like effects (coffee, tea, cocoa, cola, nuts);
Plants with phytohormones that activate the endocrine system (red clover, Ural licorice, spotted orchis, rowan, hops and pollen);
Providing a cardiotonic effect (two-leaved cinquefoil, marsh cinquefoil);
Activators of tissue metabolism and metabolism (rose hips, aloe, sea buckthorn, nettle, black currant);
Calming, improving sleep (blue cyanosis, valerian, motherwort).

List of prohibited drugs in sports

Doping by athletes is an important problem that has been fought for decades. The issue was first raised by the UN Commission on Drugs in 1962, and the first anti-doping measures were taken at the 1968 Olympic Games.

Doping dates back to Ancient Greece, when athletes drank special herbal decoctions that helped them achieve better results in athletic competitions. Infusions, extracts and ointments were brought from China and India, where sports and classical pharmacology were already developing at a rapid pace. Soon the Egyptians also learned about their miraculous power, and began to use the new tool to improve the performance of their soldiers.

Doping is a biologically active substance that can artificially increase the body’s performance, while causing side effects on the heart and other organs. The use of such drugs is considered dishonest and dangerous to health, and is therefore strictly prohibited in professional sports.

To date, the IOC Medical Commission has allocated more than 10 thousand drugs of various dosage forms that are related to doping. Most tablets cannot be purchased at a regular pharmacy, since they are prohibited not only for athletes and are used in medicine strictly according to indications. The list of prohibited substances below is far from exhaustive and is updated every year.

A complete list of substances prohibited for athletes is also contained in the World Anti-Doping Code developed by the World Anti-Doping Agency. Information about the 2018 updates in PDF format can be downloaded completely free of charge.

List of substances prohibited in sports

Anabolic androgenic steroidsHormones and similar substances

Stimulators of erythropoietin production;
Growth hormones;
hCG and LH (prohibited for men, but allowed for women);
Corticotropins;
Insulins.

BETA-2 agonists

Hormonal antagonists and modulators

Aromatase inhibitors;
Selective estrogen receptor modulators;
Antiestrogenic substances;
Agents that alter myostatin functions.

Diuretics and masking agents

In addition to the listed classes, during competitions in sports pharmacology it is prohibited to take:

Stimulants;

Drugs;
Cannabinoids (hashish, marijuana);
Corticosteroids;

Alcohol (in certain sports, such as aeronautics, karate, archery, auto and motor sports, pentathlon, bowling, water sports, shooting disciplines);
Beta blockers.

Today, sports pharmacology offers a huge number of drugs that are not related to doping, but can improve the physical capabilities of the body. By using them wisely according to your needs and mechanisms of action, you can reduce the recovery period after hard training and simplify adaptation to non-standard conditions. Using approved sports pharmacology drugs, you can achieve excellent results without risk to health.

In accordance with Article 26 of the Federal Law of December 4, 2007 N 329-FZ “On Physical Culture and Sports in the Russian Federation” (Collection of Legislation of the Russian Federation, 2007, N 50, Art. 6242, 2010, N 19, Art. 2290, 2011 , No. 50, Art. 7355), as well as on the basis of the International Convention against Doping in Sports, adopted in Paris on October 19, 2005 (Collection of Legislation of the Russian Federation, 2007, No. 24, Art. 2835), and the Federal Law of 12/27/2006 N 240-FZ “On the ratification of the International Convention against Doping in Sports” (Collected Legislation of the Russian Federation, 2007, N 1 (1 part), Art. 3) I order:

1. Approve the Lists of substances and (or) methods prohibited for use in sports for 2012, in accordance with the list included in Appendix 1 to the International Convention against Doping in Sport, which indicates substances and (or) methods prohibited for use in sports.

2. Establish that the Lists specified in paragraph 1 of this order are changed in accordance with amendments made in the prescribed manner to the list included in Appendix 1 to the International Convention against Doping in Sports.

3. Recognize the order of the Ministry of Sports and Tourism of Russia dated 04/07/2011 N 277 “On approval of the Lists of substances and (or) methods prohibited for use in sports” (registered by the Ministry of Justice of the Russian Federation on 05/24/2011, registration N 20839) as invalid.

4. Control over the implementation of this order is entrusted to the Deputy Minister of Sports, Tourism and Youth Policy of the Russian Federation Yu.D. Nagornykh.

Minister V. Mutko

Lists of substances and (or) methods,

prohibited for use in sports

All Prohibited Substances are considered "Specified" Substances, with the exception of substances classified as Classes S1., S2., S4.4., S4.5., S6."a", as well as Prohibited Methods classified in Classes M1. M2 and M3.

SUBSTANCES AND METHODS PERMANENTLY PROHIBITED

(both in-competition and out-of-competition)

I. Prohibited Substances

SUBSTANCES NOT AUTHORIZED FOR USE (S0)

Any pharmacological substances that are not included in any section of this List and are not approved by the federal executive body exercising the functions of developing state policy and legal regulation in the field of healthcare for therapeutic use (for example, substances at the stage of preclinical and clinical trials, or clinical trials of which have been stopped, "designer" drugs, veterinary drugs) are permanently prohibited for use.

1. S1. ANABOLIC AGENTS

The use of anabolic agents is prohibited.

1.1. Anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS)

a) Exogenous 1 AAS, including:

1-androstenediol (5 α-androst-1-ene-3 ß,17 ß-diol)

1-androstenedione (5 α-androst-1-ene-3,17-dione)

bolandiol (19-norandrostenediol)

bolasterone

boldenone

boldion (androsta-1,4-diene-3,17-dione)

gestrinone

4-Hydroxytestosterone (4.17 ß-dihydroxy-androsta-4-en-3-one)

danazol (17 α-ethynyl-17 ß-hydroxyandrosta-4-enoisoxazole)

dehydrochloromethyltestosterone (4-chloro-17 ß-hydroxy-17 α-methylandrosta-1,4-dien-3-one)

deoxymethyltestosterone (17 α-methyl-5 α-androsta-2-en-17 ß-ol)

drostanolone

calusterone

quinbolone

clostebol

mestanolone

mesterolone

Methandienone (17 ß-hydroxy-17 α-methyl-androsta-1,4-dien-3-one)

methandriol

methasterone (2 α,17 α-dimethyl-5 α-androstane-3-one-17 ß-ol)

methenolone

methyl-1-testosterone (17 ß-hydroxy-17 α-methyl-5 α-androsta-1-en-3-one)

methyldienolone (17 ß-hydroxy-17 α-methylestra-4,9-dien-3-one)

methylnortestosterone (17 ß-hydroxy-17 α-methylestra-4-en-3-one)

methyltestosterone

methyltrienolone (17 ß-hydroxy-17 α-methylestra-4,9,11-trien-3-one)

mibolerone

nandrolone

19-norandrostenedione (estra-4-ene-3, 17-dione)

norboleton

norclostebol

norethandrolone

oxabolone

oxandrolone

oxymesterone

oxymetholone

prostanozol (17 ß-hydroxy-5 α-androstanopyrazole)

stanozolol

stenbolone

1-testosterone (17 ß-hydroxy-5 α-androsta-1-en-3-one)

tetrahydrogestrinone (18 α-homo-pregna-4,9,11-trien-17 ß-ol-3-one)

trenbolone

fluoxymesterone

formebolone

furazabol (17 ß-hydroxy-17 α-methyl-5 α-androsta-furazan)

ethylestrenol (19-nor-17 α-pregna-4-en-17-ol)

b) Endogenous 2 AAS with exogenous administration:

androstenediol (androst-5-ene-3ß,17ß-diol)

androstenedione (androst-4-ene-3, 17-dione)

dihydrotestosterone (17 ß-hydroxy-5 α-androstan-3-one)

Prasterone (dihydroepiandrosterone, DHEA)

testosterone,

as well as their metabolites and isomers:

4-androstenediol (androsta-4-ene-3ß,17ß-diol)

5 α-androstane-3 α, 17 α-diol

5 α-androstane-3 α, 17 ß-diol

5 α-androstane-3 ß, 17 α-diol

5 α-androstane-3 ß, 17 ß-diol

5-androstenedione (androsta-5-ene-3,17-dione)

androsta-4-ene-3α,17α-diol

androsta-4-ene-3 α,17 ß-diol

androsta-4-ene-3 ß, 17 α-diol

androsta-5-ene-3α,17α-diol

androsta-5-ene-3 α,17 ß-diol

androsta-5-ene-3 ß, 17 α-diol

3 α-hydroxy-5 α-androstan-17-one

3 ß-hydroxy-5 α-androstan-17-one

7 α-hydroxy-DHEA

7 ß-hydroxy-DHEA

19-norandrosterone

19-noretiocholanolone

epidihydrotestosterone

epitestosterone

1.2. Other anabolic agents:

zilpaterol

clenbuterol

selective androgen receptor modulators (SARMs)

2. PEPTIDE HORMONES, GROWTH FACTORS AND SIMILAR SUBSTANCES (S2)

The following substances and their releasing factors are prohibited:

2.1. Agents that stimulate the production of erythropoietin (erythropoiesis): erythropoietin (EPO, EPO), darbepoetin (dEPO), hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) stabilizers, methoxypolyethylene glycol-epoetin beta (CERA), peginesatide (hematide);

2.2. Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) and luteinizing hormone (LH) are prohibited for men only;

2.3. Insulins;

2.4. Corticotropins;

2.5. Growth hormone (GH), insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), mechanical growth factors (MGFs), platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), fibroblast growth factors (FGFs), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), hepatocyte growth factor ( HGF), as well as any other growth factor affecting the synthesis or breakdown of muscle, tendon, ligament protein, vascularization, energy consumption, regeneration ability or change in tissue type;

and other substances with similar chemical structure or similar biological effects.

3. BETA-2 AGONISTS (S3)

All beta-2 agonists, including both optical isomers, are prohibited, with the exception of salbutamol (at a daily dose not exceeding 1600 micrograms), formoterol (at a daily dose not exceeding 36 micrograms) and salmeterol when used by inhalation in accordance with the manufacturer's recommendations.

The presence of salbutamol in concentrations greater than 1000 ng/mL will not be considered therapeutic use and will be considered an Adverse Analytical Finding unless the athlete can demonstrate through a controlled pharmacokinetic study that the finding is due to the use of therapeutic doses (maximum 1600 ng/mL). micrograms per day) of salbutamol by inhalation.

4. HORMONES AND METABOLISM MODULATORS (S4)

The following classes are prohibited:

4.1. Aromatase inhibitors, including but not limited to: aminoglutethimide, anastrozole, androsta-1,4,6-triene-3,17-dione (androstatrienedione), 4-androstene-3,6,17 trione (6-oxo), letrozole, testolactone, formestane, exemestane.

4.2. Selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs), including but not limited to: raloxifene, tamoxifen, toremifene.

4.3. Other antiestrogenic substances, including but not limited to: clomiphene, fulvestrant, cyclophenyl.

4.4. Agents that alter myostatin function, including, but not limited to, myostatin inhibitors.

4.5. Metabolism modulators: peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) delta agonists (for example, GW 1516), PPAR-adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) block agonists (for example, 5-amino-4-imidazole carboxamide riboside (AICAR).

5. DIURETICS AND OTHER MASKING AGENTS (S5)

Masking agents are prohibited. These include:

Diuretics, desmopressin, plasma volume expanders (eg, glycerol, intravenous albumin, dextran, hydroxyethyl starch and mannitol), probenecid; and other substances with similar biological effects. Local use of felypressin in dental anesthesia is not prohibited.

Diuretics include:

amiloride

acetazolamide

bumetanide

indapamide

canrenone

metolazone

spironolactone

thiazides (eg bendroflumethiazide, chlorothiazide, hydrochlorothiazide)

triamterene

furosemide

chlorthalidone

ethacrynic acid;

and other substances with similar chemical structures or similar biological effects, with the exception of drosperinone, pamabrom and topical dorzolamine and brinzolamide, which are not prohibited.

When used in-competition or out-of-competition, any substance with a specified threshold concentration level (e.g., formoterol, salbutamol, morphine, cathine, ephedrine, methylephedrine, and pseudoephedrine) in combination with a diuretic or other masking agent requires a TUE (Therapeutic Use Exemption). TUE) for this substance is in addition to a therapeutic use exemption (TUE) for a diuretic or other masking agent.

II. Prohibited Methods

6. INCREASED OXYGEN TRANSFER (M1)

The following methods are prohibited:

6.1. Blood doping, including the use of blood of autologous, homologous or heterologous origin or red blood cell preparations of any origin.

6.2. Artificially increasing oxygen consumption, transport, or delivery due to the use of perfluorates, efaproxiral (RSR13), or modified hemoglobin products (such as hemoglobin blood substitutes or microencapsulated hemoglobin products), excluding the use of supplemental oxygen.

7. CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL MANIPULATIONS (M2)

The following actions are prohibited:

7.1. Falsification, as well as attempts to falsify samples taken as part of the doping control procedure in order to violate their integrity and authenticity. These manipulations include, but are not limited to, actions to replace urine and/or change its properties in order to complicate analysis (for example, the introduction of protease enzymes).

7.2. Intravenous infusions and/or injections in a volume of more than 50 ml over a 6-hour period, except when providing necessary medical care in a hospital or during clinical trials.

7.3. Sequential collection, manipulation and reintroduction of any amount of whole blood into the circulatory system.

8. GENE DOPING (M3)

The following are prohibited as they may improve athletic performance:

8.1. Transfer of nucleic acids or nucleic acid chains;

8.2. Use of normal or genetically modified cells.

III. Substances and methods prohibited during competition

In addition to the classes of substances listed in paragraphs SO - S5 and Ml - M3, the following classes are prohibited during competition:

Prohibited Substances

9. STIMULANTS (S6)

All stimulants, including both optical isomers, if any, are prohibited. The exception is imidazole, used topically, as well as stimulants included in the Monitoring Program for 2012 3 .

Stimulants include:

a) stimulants that are not classified as “special” substances:

adrafinil

amiphenazole

amfepramone

amphetamine

amphetaminyl

benzylpiperazine

benzphetamine

benfluorex

bromantane

dimethylamphetamine

clobenzorex

cropropamide

crotetamide

mesocarb

methamphetamine (D-)

methylenedioxyamphetamine

methylenedioxymethamphetamine

p-methylamphetamine

mefenorex

mephentermine

modafinil

norfenfluramine

prolintane

prenylamine

famprofazone

phendimetrazine

4-phenylperacetam (carphedon, phenotropil)

fenetylline

fenkamin

phenmetrazine

fenproporex

phentermine

fenfluramine

furfenorex

ethylamphetamine

Stimulants not included in this list are classified as “special” substances.

b) Stimulants related to “special” substances:

adrenaline 4

heptaminol

isometheptene

levmethamphetamine

meclofenoxate

methylhexanamine (dimethylpentylamine)

methylphenidate

methylephedrine 6

niketamide

norphenephrine

oxylophrine

octopamine

parahydroxyamphetamine

pentetrazole

propylhexedrine

pseudoephedrine 7

selegilin

sibutramine

strychnine

tuaminoheptane

fenbutrazate

phencamphamine

phenpromethamine

etamivan

etilephrine

ephedrine 6

and other substances with similar chemical structure or similar biological effects.

10. DRUGS (S7)

The following drugs are prohibited:

buprenorphine

hydromorphine

dextromoramide

diamorphine (heroin)

oxycodone

oxymorphone

pentazocine pethidine

fentanyl and its derivatives.

11. CANNABINOIDS (S8)

Natural (i.e., cannabis, hashish, marijuana) or synthetic delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabimimetics (e.g., Spice (containing JWH018 and JWH073), HU-210) are prohibited.

12. GLUCOCORTICOSTEROIDS (S9)

The use of glucocorticosteroids is prohibited orally, rectally, intravenously or intramuscularly.

IV. Substances prohibited in certain sports

13. ALCOHOL (P1)

Alcohol (ethanol) is prohibited only during the competitive period in the sports listed below. It is determined by analyzing exhaled air and/or blood. A violation of the rules and a case of doping is considered to be exceeding the threshold concentration (blood content) of 0.10 g per liter.

Motorsport (FIA)

Aeronautics (FAI)

Powerboating (UIM)

Karate (WKF)

Motorsports (FIM)

Archery (FITA)

14. BETA BLOCKERS (P2)

Unless otherwise noted, beta blockers are prohibited in-competition only in the following sports:

Motorsport (FIA)

Aeronautics (FAI)

Billiard Sports (WCBS)

Nine and ten pin bowling (FIQ)

Bowl Sports (CMSB)

Bridge (FMB)

Powerboating (UIM)

Golf (IGF)

Darts (WDF)

Ski/snowboard (FIS) (ski jumping, freestyle, snowboard)

Shooting (ISSF, IPC) (prohibited at all times)

Archery (FITA) (permanently prohibited)

Beta blockers include:

alprenolol

atenolol

acebutolol

betaxolol

bisoprolol

carvediol

carteolol

labetalol

levobunolol

metypranolol

metoprolol

oxprenolol

pindolol

propranolol

celiprolol

1 “Exogenous” substances mean substances that cannot be produced by the body.

2 “Endogenous” substances mean substances that can be produced naturally by the body.

3 The Monitoring Program for 2012 includes the following substances that are not prohibited: bupropion, caffeine, nicotine, pipradol, synephrine, phenylpropanolamine, phenylephrine.

4 Local administration (eg, nasal, ophthalmic) of epinephrine or its use in combination with local anesthetics is not prohibited.

5 Cathine is prohibited (the test is considered positive) if its content in urine exceeds 5 micrograms per milliliter.

6 Ephedrine and methylephedrine are prohibited (the test is considered positive) if the content of each of them in the urine exceeds 10 micrograms per milliliter.

7 Pseudoephedrine is a prohibited substance when its concentration in urine exceeds 150 micrograms per milliliter.

Pharmaceutical drugs for athletes that can be bought at a low price in any pharmacy
Most athletes who prefer a natural method of training (without steroids) to improve the quality of recovery and training prefer a limited list of drugs. It includes creatine, protein, various gainers and amino acids, which are freely sold in stores specializing in sports nutrition.
At the same time, there is a large selection of relatively harmless medications that are available without a prescription, are not doping and have been tested by a large number of athletes. They can be found in a regular pharmacy.

It should be immediately noted that although pharmaceutical drugs are safe, you should carefully read the instructions and consult a doctor before using them. This article offers you an overview of the main pharmaceutical drugs in bodybuilding, including a list of the main drugs, as well as information about their meaning and effect on the body of athletes. Do not forget that each drug has its own side effects and contraindications.

1. Asparkam

Asparkam contains potassium and magnesium in a form that allows them to be absorbed by the body easily and painlessly. These substances contribute to the effective regulation of metabolic processes. Basically, asparkam is used by athletes who want to quickly lose weight. In addition, asparkam helps prevent cramps and makes training easier in hot conditions. As a rule, this drug is produced in the form of tablets; the order of use and dosage can be found in the instructions. Taking pills should be planned for the morning and afternoon, since the body does not absorb magnesium and calcium well in the evening.

2. Riboxin

Riboxin is a stimulator of biochemical processes; it has a positive effect on the athlete’s heart. This drug has antiarrhythmic, anabolic and other beneficial effects. By increasing the force of heart contractions, it helps increase stroke volume. Riboxin generally improves blood supply to tissues, as well as coronary blood supply. When consuming Riboxin, you can observe an improvement in energy metabolism, the activity of many enzymes and metabolic processes in the myocardium. Another positive effect of taking this drug is improved muscle tissue regeneration. But, despite all its positive qualities, Riboxin is poor as a reducing agent, for this reason it is recommended to be taken in combination with potassium orate, which acts as a kind of amplifier.

3. Potassium orotate

This remedy belongs to the category of metabolic. Potassium orotate stimulates endogenous biochemical processes. You can buy it at a pharmacy without a prescription, most often it comes in tablet form. The dosage for a bodybuilder is in the range of 1.5-2 grams per day. In principle, potassium orotate is a common mineral salt found in the cells of any living organism. The positive effects of taking it include strengthening the athlete’s cardiovascular system and a general anabolic effect, which makes quick recovery after training possible. In addition, there is an increase in diuresis (removal of fluid from the body) and an improvement in appetite. But do not overestimate the positive effect of potassium orotate for bodybuilders; the effect is not that strong. On the other hand, an athlete taking this drug will not experience problems with poor tolerability and side effects.

4. Agapurin

The names “Pentoxifylline” and “Trental” are also possible. It is available in tablet form and is inexpensive. This drug must be taken separately, since its main task is to increase vascular tone, reduce blood viscosity and increase blood flow. This is an excellent way to train, when there is a feeling of maximum pumping of the working muscles. Agapurine is used mainly by experienced bodybuilders, and it should be taken with caution, since this drug, in addition to its positive effects, can cause various negative aspects if the instructions are not followed.

5. Leuzea(maral root)

This plant, growing in Eastern and Western Siberia, Central Asia and the Altai Mountains, contains phytoexidons - steroid compounds with pronounced anabolic properties. In the body of an athlete, Leuzea enhances the processes of protein synthesis and their accumulation in the muscles, heart, liver and kidneys. Using this drug you can significantly increase physical endurance and intellectual performance. Long-term use of Leuzea leads to expansion of the vascular bed and, in turn, improvement of general blood circulation. Heart rate decreases. Based on Leuzea, a food additive such as Leuzea-P is produced. One Levzeya-P tablet contains about 0.85 mg of Ecdisten, supplements with which cost from 700 to 1,800 rubles in sports stores.

6. Aralia Manchurian

This drug has the ability to cause a significant decrease in blood sugar (hypoglycemia), which is greater than the hypoglycemia caused by other RA adaptogens. Since the result of hypoglycemia in this case is the release of somatotropic hormone, the use of Manchurian aralia allows one to achieve a significant overall anabolic effect with weight gain and increased appetite. Aralia has stimulating properties and enhances anabolism. Aralia tincture can be purchased from any pharmacy. It should be taken 20-30 drops in the morning and an hour before the start of training.

7. Vitamin complexes

Vitamins should be used in combination or each vitamin separately. Among the complexes, the most popular is “Complevit”, which is taken 3 times a day, one tablet after meals. If you take vitamins separately, then first of all you need to pay attention to the following:

B1 (Thiamin). Regulates the body's main systems: cardiovascular, nervous and digestive, and also affects growth and energy balance. Thiamine deficiency is expressed in irritability, increased fatigue, lack of appetite and related ailments.

B12 (cyanocobalamin). Enhances the synthesis and accumulation of proteins, has a strong anabolic effect.

B6 (Pyridoxine). Very important in metabolism and normal functioning of the nervous system.

Vitamin C (ascorbic acid)
B vitamins are injectable; they are sold in 1 ml ampoules with a concentration of 5%. Vitamins cannot be administered together; on the first day the body should receive one vitamin, on the next - a second, on the third day - a third, repeating the cycle. Injections are made using 2 or 5 cc syringes intramuscularly, and B1 and B6 are quite painful, so you need to be prepared for discomfort.

8. Diabeton MV

Among the freely sold drugs, Diabeton MV is perhaps the most powerful in terms of anabolic properties. In medicine, this drug is used to stimulate the pancreas in the treatment of diabetes. In bodybuilding, Diabeton MV is used to maintain a high level of anabolism in the off-season. The strength of the effect is equal to that of insulin injections, and the overall effect can be compared to that produced by methandrostenolone. The product is also great for those who want to gain weight quickly. Diabeton MV is available in 30 mg tablets. At the beginning you should take no more than 30 grams per day, if tolerance is normal, in the next course (on average the course lasts 4-6 weeks) the permissible dosage can be 60 grams per day. Diabeton MV is incompatible with other drugs.

It is recommended to take this remedy once a day - with breakfast in the morning. The anabolic effect of Diabeton is based on stimulating the production of insulin, one of the main anabolic hormones. For everything to go well, when taking this drug you need to eat at least 6 times a day, and you need to reduce the amount of fat in favor of protein foods. Also, use should not be combined with dietary nutrition, as this increases the risk of side effects. These, first of all, include the above-mentioned hypoglycemia, which in this case carries only negative things.

9. Tamoxifen

In bodybuilding, tamoxifen is used to increase testosterone levels in the body, and is essentially an anti-estrogen. That is, the increase in testosterone levels is achieved by blocking estrogen. For maximum effect, it is better to combine this drug with others. Considering that tamoxifen takes a long time to start working, the course should be at least 6-8 weeks.

10. Calcium glycerophosphate

In medicine, calcium glycerophosphate is used in the treatment of rickets, dystrophy and fatigue. This drug accelerates protein absorption and metabolism. When taking this remedy, appetite increases significantly, so consumption of fatty foods should be limited. Instead, you should include as many protein-containing foods as possible in your diet. Glycerophosphate is well suited for formulating courses, and there are no analogues in sports nutrition stores. For this drug, the dosage is approximately 100 mg per 8 kg of weight.

11. Saltos

Great for burning fat (similar to clenbuterol). You can buy it at a pharmacy without a prescription. The action of saltos is as follows: it increases body temperature by 1 degree with a dosage of 3-5 tablets per day in 3 doses. An increase of 1 degree occurs due to the combustion of fat. In this case, a small side effect is possible in the form of trembling hands and nervousness. With its fat-burning effect, saltos is significantly superior to most sports drugs for burning fat.

12. Trimetazidine

Trimetazidine is very similar in its properties to the popular drug Mildronate, but the cost of the former is much lower. This drug promotes a better supply of oxygen to cells, preserves intracellular energy, prevents the action and formation of free radicals, and also increases resistance to physical stress. Taking Trimetazidine makes workouts more powerful and intense. This product can be replaced with drugs containing creatine, but this replacement will not be equivalent. In addition, Trimetazidine combines well with other drugs.

13. Vinpocetine

Vinpocetine is a drug that corrects various cerebral circulatory disorders. The active ingredient here is apovincamine. This drug has a direct effect on metabolism in brain tissue. The blood vessels in the brain dilate, which promotes better blood supply to its tissues. Taking vinpocetine increases resistance to hypoxia (oxygen starvation), activates glucose utilization processes, and also increases the level of metabolism of serotonin and norepinephrine in brain tissue. The use of this drug leads to a decrease in platelet aggregation (sticking together), and therefore a decrease in blood viscosity.

14. Metformin

The mechanism of action of metmorphine is based on its ability to suppress glucogenesis, the formation of free fatty acids and fat oxidation. This drug has no effect on insulin levels, but is capable of changing its dynamics by reducing the ratio of free insulin to bound insulin and increasing the ratio of proinsulin to insulin. Stimulation of glucose uptake by muscle cells plays an important role here. By taking metmorphine, you can increase blood circulation in the liver and speed up the process of converting glucose into glycogen.

15. Rhodiola rosea(Golden root)

Rhodiola rosea grows in the Sayan Mountains, Altai, the Far East and Eastern Siberia. The pharmacological effects of this drug are due to the presence of substances such as rhodioliside and rhodosin. In some countries they are produced in pure form. The main feature of Rhodiola rosea is its strong effect on muscle tissue. When taking Rhodiola, strength endurance and muscle strength increase. At the cellular level, the level of activity of contractile proteins such as myosin and actin increases. Mitochondria increase in size.

But mildronate, which is familiar to many, is, alas, not on the list. From the beginning of 2016, it will be considered a prohibited drug by WADA. You can read more.