There are 2 classification options for determining the stage of skin cancer (squamous cell or basal cell, excluding melanoma). One, is widely used by most oncologists. The other is intended for oncodermatology specialists. There are not many differences between them. The stages established by one and the other systems most often coincide.
Skin cancer stages are determined based on three signs. For this purpose, the TNM system was created, where the T characteristic refers to the tumor itself, the N characteristic refers to regional lymph nodes, and M encrypts metastases. Knowing the indicators in the TNM system, you can determine the stage using the table.
Also indicated and deciphered in the article.

Determination of the stage of skin cancer in the old classification.

In order to determine the stage of skin cancer in the old classification, first, the maximum size of the tumor is determined. If in one place the tumor reaches 2 cm, and in another, already 3 cm, take the largest value.

There may be several options here:

• If the growth is less than 2 cm in size and does not grow anywhere, then its size is encrypted as T1.
• If the tumor size is from 2.1 cm to 5 cm, then it is encrypted as T2.
• If the tumor is more than 5 cm in diameter and has not grown anywhere, it is encrypted as T3.
• If skin cancer grows into the muscles, cartilage and bones located underneath it, it is assigned a T4 code.
• Tis means Bowen's disease, it doesn't matter what size the tumor is, the main thing is that histology has confirmed it.

Metastases to regional lymph nodes are indicated by the letter N. If the lymph node is not classified as regional, then its lesion already falls into the M1 category (which means stage 4 skin cancer). To know which lymph nodes are regional, you need to know the structure of the lymphatic system and the pathways of lymph drainage from a specific region of the skin.
If damage to regional lymph nodes is detected (by palpation, ultrasound, puncture), then in the old classification the indicator is simply assigned the value N1. If regional lymph nodes are not affected - N0. There are no other meanings provided in the old classification.
The M indicator is related to distant metastases. In the old and new divisions of the stage of skin cancer, the methods for determining it are the same. When there are no metastases, M0 is assigned. When they are - M1.

Table for determining the stage of skin cancer based on TNM signs (old classification).

Skin cancer stage	T	N	M
0 Stage	Tis	N0	M0
First stage	T1	N0	M0
Second stage	T2	N0	M0
Second stage	T3	N0	M0
Third stage	T4	N0	M0
Third stage	T1-T3	N1	M0
Fourth stage	Any T	Any N	M1
Fourth stage	T4	N1	M0

Skin cancer stage one. Dimensions up to 2 cm in diameter, does not grow deeply. Regional lymph nodes are not affected. There are no distant metastases.

The photo shows stage 2 skin cancer in the form of a flattened growth. The dimensions are more than 2 cm, the thickness is large. Regional lymph nodes are not affected. There are no metastases.

Stage 3 skin cancer is more than 5 cm in diameter and more than 2 mm in thickness with signs of low differentiation. Regional lymph nodes are not affected.

The photo shows stage 4 skin cancer with invasion of the skull bones (visible on x-ray). To the touch there is an increase in regional lymph nodes.

New classification for determining the stage of skin cancer.

In the new system, tumor size is no longer so important. Risk factors are taken into account, the main one being depth. And growth into the bone does not always mean T4.
The new classification differs in the size of lymph nodes and their number. From here we get N1, N2, N3. But this doesn’t change the meaning much. Is it possible that metastases not only to distant organs or distant lymph nodes, but also large metastases to regional lymph nodes are now equated to the fourth stage of skin cancer.
The size of the lymph nodes is determined by the maximum measurement. Typically, the length of a lymph node exceeds its width. If there is only one lymph node, no more than 3 cm, then it is assigned N1 status. If there is only one lymph node, but its size is from 3 to 6 cm, or there are several lymph nodes, and they are all up to 6 cm, then the value N2 is assigned. If the lymph node is more than 6 cm in diameter, then the indicator N3 is set. When everything is fine with the lymph nodes.

Characteristics according to the TNM system for determining the stage of skin cancer (new classification).

Values	Their signs
Tis	Bowen's disease (by histology);
T1	Up to 2 cm in size, and there are less than two risk factors;
T2	The tumor is more than 2 cm in diameter. Or the tumor is smaller, but 2 or more risk factors are present;
T3	Growth into the bone of the upper jaw, lower jaw, orbit or temporal bone of the skull;
T4	Germination into the bones of the skeleton, base of the skull;
N0	No regional metastases;
N1	Regional metastasis in only 1 lymph node on the same side, less than 3 cm in diameter;
N2	Metastasis to 1 regional lymph node from 3 to 6 cm. Or metastases to regional lymph nodes up to 6 cm in diameter;
N3	Metastases to reginal lymph nodes more than 6 cm in maximum dimension;
M0	No metastases;
M1	Metastases to distant lymph nodes or internal organs.

Determining the stage of skin cancer using a new classification.

Skin cancer stage	T	N	M
0 Stage	Tis	N0	M0
First stage	T1	N0	M0
Second stage	T2	N0	M0
Third stage	T3	N0	M0
Third stage	T1-T3	N1	M0
Fourth stage	Any T	Any N	M1
Fourth stage	T1-3	N2	M0
Fourth stage	T4	N0	M0

Skin cancer code according to ICD-10 (and basal cell carcinoma).

This classification is for service purposes only. C 44 means skin cancer (basal cell carcinoma or squamous cell carcinoma). The number after the dot indicates a specific region. This is important for statistics and for financial calculations.

Codes by region in ICD-10:

• C44.0 Lip skin
• C44.1 Skin of the eyelid, including the commissure of the eyelids;
• C44.2 Ear and external auditory canal;
• C44.3 Other and unspecified parts of the face;
• C44.4 Scalp and neck;
• C44.5 Torso;
• C44.6 Skin of the upper limb, including the shoulder girdle area;
• C44.7 Lower limb, including hip area;
• C44.8 Skin cancer extending beyond one or more of the above areas;
• C44.9 Malignant neoplasms of skin, unspecified area.

Code in the histological report indicating the degree of differentiation.

Sometimes, for greater importance, oncologists can include the G indicator in the diagnosis. It can be important in distinguishing between the first and second stages of skin cancer. Indicates the degree of differentiation.

G values ​​in skin cancer diagnosis:

• G1 - highly differentiated;
• G2 - moderately differentiated;
• G3 - low differentiated;
• G4 - undifferentiated.

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The first place among malignant neoplasms in Russia is occupied by malignant breast cancer, which claims thousands of lives of young and active women. According to various sources, 400-600 thousand women fall ill each year. With age, the likelihood of the disease increases.

The likelihood of breast cancer increases steadily as a woman ages.

In the table below you can see how the age of the fair sex affects breast cancer:

Nowadays, many women are addicted to hormonal drugs, including contraceptives. This increases the risk of disease.

This group is at risk of developing breast cancer already at the age of 40 - 45 years. Abortion causes enormous harm to the female body in general and the mammary gland in particular.

Once a woman becomes pregnant, cells designed to produce milk are formed and gradually develop in the mammary gland.

Recently, a new trend has emerged in the world associated with the use of stem cells that have nonspecific activity and the ability to activate the cells of the organs into which they are introduced.

Let's look at what stem cells are in the human body and what functions they are responsible for at the natural level. “Stem cell” is a collective term that combines several things that have little connection with each other.

Common to all stem cells is the ability to specialize into different cell types. In some cases (as, for example, in the case of embryonic stem cells), this ability extends to everything in the body: from one fertilized egg, muscles, brain, and skin are ultimately obtained.

In other cases, stem cells may only give rise to certain types of tissue. For example, blood stem cells in the bone marrow give rise to red blood cells (erythrocytes) and, for example, lymphocytes, but it is not possible to grow a retina or spleen from them.

It is believed that transplantation of stem cells from bone marrow after radiotherapy or chemotherapy is by far the most reliable method of combating many forms of blood cancer.

One of the main problems of this approach is the difficulty of reproducing such stem cells: in a healthy person their number changes little. Researchers at the University of Pennsylvania have discovered a mechanism by which stem cells in the bone marrow maintain their numbers unchanged.

Recently, more and more scientific works devoted to stem cells have appeared. Some scientists print three-dimensional structures from them using 3D printers.

Others grow teeth, kidneys, livers and even “mini-brains” from them. Still others are developing methods that can turn stem cells into nerve cells with one click.

Liver cancer is staged depending on the size of the tumor and the extent of its spread.

Below is a description of each of them:

Stage I. There is one tumor that does not grow into blood vessels. The tumor can have different sizes.

Stage II. The tumor has grown into the blood vessels, or there are several tumors, the size of which does not exceed 5 cm. Having identified the symptoms of liver cancer at an early stage, treatment should begin immediately.

Stage III is divided into III - a, III - b and III - c.

Stage III-a means that there are several tumors whose size exceeds 5 cm; or one tumor that has grown into the main branch of a large vein (portal or hepatic).

Stage III-b means that the liver tumor has grown into another organ (other than the gallbladder), or the tumor has grown into the outer lining (capsule) of the liver.

Stage III-c means that the tumor has spread to nearby lymph nodes. Moreover, it can be either single or multiple.

Causes

According to the ICD-10 classification, basal cell carcinoma belongs to the group of malignant skin tumors of unknown origin.

However, there are general risk factors that can cause a tumor:

• age over 40 years;
• prolonged exposure to direct sunlight;
• light skin tone;
• frequent contacts with toxic and carcinogenic substances;
• systematic injury to a certain area of ​​the skin;
• ionizing radiation;
• taking immunosuppressants.

Initial basal cell carcinoma rarely causes any concern to the patient. Later stages are characterized by the appearance of specific symptoms, which becomes a reason to consult a doctor.

Important! The prognosis for basal cell carcinoma is generally positive, but treatment should not be neglected. Severe growth of the tumor and its subsequent removal can cause the appearance of unaesthetic scars.

The etiology of basal cell carcinoma is still unclear. It is thought to grow from stem cells located in protected, vascular, and well-innervated anatomical sites such as the junction of the levator pili muscle and the external root sheath.

One hypothesis is that tumor formation caused by local carcinogens depends on the hair growth cycle, since the accumulation of carcinogens in hair is 10 times higher in the telogen phase than in the anagen phase.

The important role of ultraviolet radiation (primarily UV-B) in the pathogenesis of basal cell carcinoma is confirmed not only by the predominant location of the tumor on open, light-damaged areas of the skin, but also by the special predisposition to it of people with skin phenotype I, II.

Statistics on the causes of cancer: in terms of the number of both cases and deaths, lung cancer ranks first. Breast cancer occupies the second place in the statistics of cancer patients in the structure of the incidence of malignant tumors in the world, and fifth place in terms of mortality.

In third place in terms of incidence, according to statistics of cancer cases, is colon cancer, and in terms of the number of deaths, colon cancer ranks fourth.

Stomach cancer ranks fourth in terms of incidence, although cancer of this localization ranks second in mortality.

In terms of the number of people affected by malignant tumors, liver cancer ranks fifth, and in terms of mortality of those who die from cancer, liver damage ranks third.

With the development of medical and biological sciences, viruses are becoming increasingly important in studying the causes of oncology. In oncology, a viral theory of cancer has been formed, based on modern advances in virology, which have revealed the presence of viruses in a number of malignant tumors.

Can viruses cause cancer and how do they do it? Among them, cervical cancer is one of the most common tumors. Harold Zurhausen received the Nobel Prize in Biology or Medicine in 2008.

He proved that cancer can be caused by a virus and showed this in cervical cancer. Essentially, in the example under consideration, cancer is a virus that infects healthy cells of the cervical tissue.

The Nobel Committee's resolution said that this discovery, made 20 years ago, is of great importance. By the time the Nobel Prize was awarded, the world's first vaccination against cervical cancer was made.

Few people know that the theory of the viral nature of cancer itself has its homeland in Russia.

The first in the world to discover the viral nature of cancer was the Soviet scientist Leah Zilber; he made this discovery in prison. His theory that viruses cause cancer was written on a tiny piece of tissue paper and given to the public.

At that moment, the scientist’s family was in a concentration camp in Germany. His son, the now famous professor Fyodor Kiselev, together with Zurhausen, studied the human papillomavirus, which causes cervical cancer.

This led to the creation of a preventive vaccine against human papillomavirus or a cancer vaccine. Today this vaccine is available in Russia.

Not all viruses that cause cancer are known to modern science; research continues.

It should be administered preventively, since this disease is sexually transmitted, before sexual activity begins. For those who already have cancer, this vaccine does not help.

In many countries around the world, this vaccination is given free of charge, as it saves women, saving enormous amounts of money for the state, because cancer treatment costs enormous amounts of money.

There is a particularly sharp difference between them of a biological and physiological nature: the ability of infiltrative and peripheral growth and the ability to produce a toxin, which, when a piece of tumor is transplanted into the brain of a rabbit, causes the death of the latter.

Soviet professor M.M.

Nevyadomsky, studying tumors, saw that they differ from normal tissues, which are characterized by complexity, polarity, immobility of location, reproduction in the basal layer, and so on.

A cancer cell does not form tissues and does not possess their properties. If the introduction of such drugs abroad is not a problem, then in Russia the situation is different.

Fungi, releasing external and internal toxins, change the metabolism and structure of the affected organ. With the arrival of the imperfect species of fungus Mycosis fungoides into this conglomerate, the process acquires a malignant character.

This fungus reproduces by division, spores, and budding. Small spores are quickly carried by the bloodstream to other organs.

According to the theory of the German scientist Enderlein, all warm-blooded animals, including humans, are initially infected with the RNA and DNA of all microorganisms. Under conditions favorable to them, they begin to develop from primitive forms to higher ones and transform into one another.

Clark calls the second component of the cancer process the presence in the body of propylene or benzene, which contain heavy metal compounds and other toxins.

In order for cells to begin to divide - this factor is called orthophosphating (the initial stage of cancer), it is necessary to accumulate a certain amount of propyl alcohol, propylene (or isopropylene) in the body.

All 100% of patients studied by Dr. Clark had these two components - propylene and trematode.

Liver cancer is a serious disease of the digestive system, which is characterized by the development of a malignant tumor in the liver. It is relatively rare and accounts for only about 0.7% of the total number of all neoplasms.

Currently, the exact causes of liver cancer are not known, but some of the most common risk factors can be identified:

• chronic viral hepatitis B and hepatitis C (it has been proven that pathogens of viral hepatitis cause mutations in liver cells and contribute to their transformation into cancerous ones);
• chronic alcoholism, alcoholic hepatitis, liver cirrhosis;
• consumption of foods containing aflatoxin B1 (a substance produced by the mold “Aspergillus flavus”, which multiplies during improper cultivation, processing and storage in rice, wheat, soybeans, corn, peanuts). Aflotoxin is also found in the milk and meat of domestic animals that eat contaminated foods.

There are two types of liver cancer: primary (about 25% of cases) and secondary (about 75%).

Primary liver cancer can develop from:

• liver cells (hepatoma);
• bile duct cells (cholangiocarcinoma);
• immature hepatocytes (hepatoblastoma);
• liver vessels (angiosarcoma).

Types of cutaneous keratoses

On forums, doctors identify several types of basal cell carcinoma. They may differ in appearance and location. There are several clinical forms of the tumor:

• nodular-ulcerative - has a round shape, surrounded by a specific “pearl” belt;
• perforating - develops in an area of ​​constant injury to the skin, grows very quickly and rapidly destroys nearby tissues;
• warty - looks like a cauliflower inflorescence;
• large-nodular - spider veins are visible on the surface, grows outward, gradually protruding;
• pigmented – has a dark color, which is why it can be confused with melanoma;
• sclerodermiformis - over time it becomes similar to a flat, rough plaque;
• cicatricial-atrophic - growing, an ulcer forms in the center, which moves to a certain edge;
• flat superficial - does not grow deep into the skin, forms peculiar pink plaques on the surface of the skin.

The most recognized classification is proposed by W. F

Lever, according to which, depending on the type of cell complexation and the direction of their differentiation, all basaliomas are divided into three groups: differentiated, undifferentiated and special forms.

The author includes cystic, adenoid, keratotic, granular and adamantine-like neoplasms as differentiated forms, and solid, pigmented, scleroderma-like (morphea) and superficial variants as undifferentiated.

In Russia they usually use the classification of A.K.

Apatenko (1973), which largely overlaps with the Lever classification, although it has a number of features. Of particular interest is the classification proposed by T.

V. Ackerman, in which 26 independent histological variants of basal cell carcinoma were identified, not combined into any groups.

Describing what skin basal cell carcinoma looks like, the author identified four histological subtypes of basal cell carcinoma (superficial, nodular, micronodular and aggressively growing) taking into account the nature of growth, shape, size of tumor complexes and the relief of their borders, the presence of a palisade-like arrangement of cells, the formation of strands or trains of tumor cells cells, type of stroma and epithelial-stromal relationships, depth of invasion and cellular polymorphism.

Lowe proposed his own classification, based mainly on morphological features that have prognostic significance. According to L. Lowe, such a division is of fundamental importance, since the histological structure of the tumor determines its biological behavior and has prognostic significance, and therefore affects treatment tactics.

Most often, histologically, basal cell carcinoma is a solid type of tumor and consists of strands and cells of various shapes and sizes, compactly located basaloid cells resembling a syncytium.

The superficial multicentric type is manifested by multiple solid cell strands, as if “sliding” from the basal layers of the epidermis into the superficial areas of the dermis.

The pigment type is characterized by a large number of melanocytes between tumor cells. There are also basal cell carcinomas with glandular, peloid, sebaceous, and squamous cell differentiation.

Special types are the scleroderma-like “morphea” type with the development of sclerotic connective tissue and the fibroepithelial type, in which narrow and long strands of basaloid cells are found in the dermis, surrounded by a mucoid-altered stroma with a large number of fibroblasts.

A major factor determining the success of treatment is early diagnosis. And here, dear readers, you cannot rely on chance, you yourself must take care of your health, the main thing is that you should not be afraid to go to the doctor.

Breast cancer is diagnosed by weekly self-examination and self-palpation of the breast, as well as mammography (best - a combination of these two methods).

According to the latest data, the method of breast self-examination is not an effective diagnosis, since it allows one to notice formations of only 0.5 mm, which corresponds to stages II-III of cancer, and in these cases therapy will be ineffective.

Cancer diagnostic methods make it possible to detect tumors much earlier.

Testicular cancer can be diagnosed at an early stage by testicular self-examination, which is why it is recommended for men with a family history of cancer. The American Urological Association recommends monthly self-exams for all young men.

High-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) - to destroy the tumor.

Description of the stages of liver cancer

Modern cancer diagnostics makes it possible to detect the oncological process in 100% of cases. Cancer is a long, multi-stage process.

It is known that it takes 5-10 years for a tumor of the lung, stomach or mammary gland to reach a size of 1-1.5 cm in diameter. Thus, most tumors develop between 25 and 40 years of age.

To protect the body, we must eat properly and take preventive measures.

The intensity and nature of tumor growth is difficult to predict; this process depends on many factors: the patient’s body, tissue resistance, and the characteristics of the tumor.

Depending on these and many other factors, the tumor may double in size within a few weeks. Sometimes this takes many months and years.

It is difficult to predict the rate of tumor growth. There are known factors that accelerate it: excessive exposure to the sun, thermal procedures, trauma, physiotherapeutic procedures (quartz, UHF, etc.

), depressed state of the patient, fear. The later treatment is started, the more difficult the cure.

In stage I, complete cure can be achieved. With stage IV cancer, the cure rate is almost zero.

Timely consultation with a doctor, a thorough history taking, and a careful examination of the patient often contribute to the diagnosis of cancer in its early, treatable stages. Particular attention should be paid to identifying precancerous diseases (xeroderma pigmentosum, Queyra's erythroplasia, Dubreuil's melanosis, congenital multiple polyposis of the colon), the presence of which requires both treatment and constant monitoring of the patient's health. To detect a tumor, all available diagnostic methods are used, which are available for early diagnosis of cancer, for example:

• Physical examination of the patient.
• X-ray, computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).
• General, biochemical blood tests, detection of tumor markers in the blood.
• Puncture, biopsy with morphological examination.
• Endoscopy (EGD, cystoscopy, bronchoscopy, etc.).
• For the final diagnosis of malignant tumors, a biopsy is used - taking a tissue sample for analysis

Unfortunately, some patients come to the doctor for the first time with a picture of relatively advanced cancer. Most often, they exhibit the following symptoms of colon cancer: abdominal pain, dysfunction of the intestine (in particular constipation), intestinal bleeding.

Symptoms of different stages of laryngeal cancer manifest themselves differently. At the initial stage of laryngeal cancer, there is a tumor or ulcer that is limited to the mucous membrane or submucosal layer and does not completely occupy one of the sections of the larynx.

When stage 2 of laryngeal cancer occurs, the tumor or ulcer already occupies any part of the larynx entirely, but does not extend beyond its boundaries. The mobility of the larynx is again preserved, and metastases are not detected.

The stages of breast cancer have important diagnostic significance in terms of prescribing the appropriate method of therapy. At different stages of breast cancer, the prognosis for a woman’s life can range from sharply negative to completely favorable.

Stages are also divided into degrees of breast cancer, which are indicated by the initial letters of the Latin alphabet.

The division is based on basic research, and includes the size of the tumor, the presence of metastases, and the general clinical picture:

• Stage 1 breast cancer is characterized by the minimum size of a nodular neoplasm, which does not exceed 20 mm in diameter, there are no metastases, the prognosis is favorable for complete recovery;
• Stage 2 breast cancer is diagnosed upon diagnosis of a tumor with dimensions from 20 to 50 mm, metastasis to regional axillary lymph nodes, the prognosis is favorable with early treatment;
• Stage 3 breast cancer has an unfavorable prognosis for life due to the large size of the tumor (more than 50 mm) and numerous metastases to internal organs and bones;
• Stage 4 of breast cancer is characterized by cachexia, general exhaustion, and a sharp decrease in immunity; due to these factors, total metastases are observed in all organs and systems, the prognosis is very unfavorable, survival rate is no more than 10% of the total number of patients.

The diagnosis of stage 3 breast cancer is automatically established for all patients with diffuse, pseudo-inflammatory and armored forms of oncology.

Currently, treatment for breast cancer always begins with surgery to remove the affected area of ​​tissue. This is due to the fact that such oncological tumors are very difficult to respond to radiation and radiological effects, as well as chemotherapy.

These methods do not provide adequate results in the treatment of breast cancer at any stage.

The stages of treatment for breast cancer include:

1. direct surgical intervention, during which both partial tissue resection and total removal of the gland along with axillary lymph nodes and subcutaneous fatty tissue can be performed;

2. subsequent use of combined methods of radiological, radiation or chemical exposure;

3. a long period of rehabilitation, during which it is necessary to restore immunity and carry out anti-relapse treatment;

4. breast prosthetics;

5. follow-up with an oncologist for 10 to 15 years with annual mammography of the remaining mammary gland.

Recently, hormonal therapy has been recognized as an effective additional method of treating breast cancer to replace insufficient levels of progesterone and estrogen. In such patients, cancer relapses are observed almost 4 times less often.

At the last stage, treatment of breast cancer can be reduced to pain management and providing appropriate care for the dying patient. In this case, surgical intervention is no longer advisable.

Stage III
Stage IVA
Stage IVB
Stage IVC

The differential diagnosis of squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity is carried out with leukoplasia, lichen planus and other tumors; the differential diagnosis of squamous cell carcinoma of the tongue is carried out with gumma, as well as with benign and malignant tumors of the tongue.

The main treatment method for squamous cell carcinoma of the tongue and oral mucosa is radiation therapy; less commonly, it is used in combination with surgery or in combination with surgery and chemotherapy.

Signs of cancer of the larynx and vocal cords

Smoking and alcohol abuse contribute to such a dangerous throat disease as laryngeal cancer. The causes of laryngeal cancer can also be various chronic inflammatory processes.

Malignant tumors of the larynx are predominantly found in middle-aged and primarily elderly men, but there are cases of the disease in young people. The etiology has not been definitively established. But the negative role of various irritating environmental factors is still undeniable.

A very vulnerable place in our body is the notorious “bag”, into which the remains of digested food are collected - the rectum.

Breast cancer can show symptoms only in late stages. The first signs of breast cancer can be detected only with constant self-monitoring of the condition of the breast.

Symptoms of breast cancer may vary depending on the type of cancer developing. The most commonly diagnosed:

1. nodular and fibromatous form with the formation of a limited tissue compaction with a diameter of the affected area of ​​no more than 50 mm;

2. diffuse form, which occurs most rapidly and has symptoms of a diffuse inflammatory process such as erysipelas, purulent mastitis or gangrene;

3. armored form of breast cancer with external manifestations in the form of a diffuse neoplasm covering the entire surface of the breast with a dense crust.

As strange as it may sound, the greatest difficulty in diagnosis is the diffuse pseudoinflammatory form of breast cancer. Her symptoms are very violent:

• a sharp increase in body temperature to extremely high numbers of 39 - 40 degrees Celsius;
• feeling unwell, weakness, muscle pain, dizziness;
• severe swelling and hyperemia in the area of ​​one breast (breasts can increase 2 or more times);
• discharge of pus from the nipples (may be mixed with blood).

All these symptoms of breast cancer in diffuse form enable the doctor to make an incorrect diagnosis and prescribe antibacterial treatment according to the treatment regimen for erysipelas or purulent mastitis. Unfortunately, this tactic can lead to the death of the patient.

The most reliable first signs of breast cancer are in the armored form. This is a fairly rapid process of formation of a dense crust that covers the entire surface of the mammary gland and tightens it with a decrease in volume.

Signs of breast cancer in the nodular form most often manifest themselves in the form of enlargement and pain in the regional group of lymph nodes. Usually this is the armpit, in which a dense, painful lump forms.

Upon examination by a doctor, a primary diagnosis of regional axillary lymphadenitis is established. This is a direct indication for the diagnosis of breast cancer, especially in women over forty years of age.

The first signs of breast cancer in the nodular form can be detected independently during a systematic examination of breast tissue using the palpation method.

A nodule with a dense surface may be detected. Its dimensions range from 5 to 150 mm.

The neoplasm is often immobile and tightly fused to the surrounding tissues. When you try to move or press, you feel a sharp, dull pain.

More obvious external symptoms of breast cancer in the latent nodular form appear in the later stages:

• change in the color of the outer skin over the affected gland;
• swelling and hyperemia with the formation of the “goose bumps” effect;
• the formation of retracted skin lesions, in the center of which the tumor may begin to grow outward;
• sharp asymmetrical enlargement of one breast.

Queyra's erythroplasia is a rather rare disease that is IN SITU cancer of the glans penis. It usually occurs in uncircumcised older men. HPV-8, 16, 18, 39, 51 are detected in tumor tissue.

Clinically and histologically it has much in common with Bowen's disease, but the tendency to malignancy is higher: up to 30% of cases transform into squamous cell carcinoma, which metastasizes in 20%.

Clinically, Queyr's disease is an asymptomatic, soft, slightly infiltrated, clearly demarcated, red plaque of irregular shape with a smooth or velvety surface, found on the mucous membranes, especially often on the glans penis, less often in the coronary groove or the inner layer of the foreskin.

Symptoms and diagnosis of liver cancer

Symptoms of basal cell carcinoma progress over time. The number of nodules on the surface of the dermis gradually increases. They merge with each other, forming peculiar plaques. In the area of ​​tumor formation, blood vessels begin to gradually collapse, which leads to the appearance of spider veins.

The earlier the tumor is detected, the more effective the treatment. Early detection of a tumor usually means that treatment will begin when the cancer is small, when it has not yet spread to other parts of the body. This usually means a greater chance of cure.

Often, the symptoms of early oncology are ignored by a person due to the fact that the person is frightened by the possible consequences and refuses to see a doctor or considers the symptom that appears to be insignificant.

Common symptoms of cancer, such as fatigue, are often not associated with cancer and therefore often go unnoticed, especially when there is an obvious cause or when they are temporary.

Likewise, the patient may think that a more specific symptom, such as a tumor formation in the mammary gland, is a simple cyst that will go away on its own.

However, such symptoms of cancer and oncology cannot be ignored, especially if they exist for a long period of time, for example, weeks, or there is a negative trend.

Specific symptoms of liver cancer, as a rule, are absent, since cancer develops against the background of chronic liver diseases.

Some signs overlap with others:

• stomach ache;
• heaviness in the right hypochondrium;
• prolonged causeless increase in body temperature (above 37.5°);
• the appearance of ascites;
• development of jaundice;
• also a sign of liver cancer is weight loss;
• severe weakness;
• lack of appetite.

Having identified the symptoms of liver cancer, diagnosis is carried out through the following studies:

• Determination of the level of alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) in the blood, which acts as a tumor marker. AFP is a substance that is produced by immature liver cells during fetal development.
• In liver cancer, liver cells lose their ability to mature and also produce large amounts of AFP.
• An ultrasound of the liver allows you to study its structure, density and detect the presence of a tumor.
• Liver cancer is also diagnosed using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), which allows you to obtain images of thin sections of the liver and study the structure of suspicious areas from different angles.
• Biopsy is the most reliable diagnostic method. If cancer cells are found during examination of the tumor area under a microscope, the diagnosis is considered confirmed.

Early signs of cancer of the vestibule of the larynx are a feeling of tickling, a foreign body, as well as coughing, a feeling of awkwardness when swallowing, which later turns into pain, sometimes radiating to the ear. As the disease spreads to the pharynx, pain and dysphagia increase.

Over the course of several months, the tumor grows into the deep parts of the skin and subcutaneous fatty tissue, forming a dome-shaped node with a diameter of 2-3 cm or more, dense (cartilaginous) consistency, inactive, bleeding easily with mild trauma, necrotizing and ulcerating.

The papillomatous variety is characterized by even more rapid growth.

Look at the photo - in squamous cell skin cancer, the tumor is characterized by individual brown-red mushroom-shaped elements on a broad base, which gives the tumor the shape of a cauliflower or tomato:

At 3-4 months of illness, the element may ulcerate.

The ulcerative type can be superficial or deep. The superficial variety grows not in depth, but along the periphery, and is characterized by a superficial ulcer of irregular shape with clear edges in the form of an epithelial shaft, covered with a brown crust.

The deep variety spreads along the periphery and into the underlying tissues and is characterized by an ulcer with steep, undermined edges in the form of an epithelial shaft, the bottom of which is greasy, lumpy, yellowish-red in color with a yellow-white coating.

Regional metastases in the ulcerative type are observed earlier, usually at the 3-4th month of the disease.

A symptom of squamous cell skin cancer of the ulcerative type is enlargement of the lymph nodes, they become dense (sometimes acquiring a cartilaginous consistency), their mobility is limited (up to complete fixation to the surrounding tissues).

Histologically, squamous cell skin cancer is characterized by branching cellular cords infiltrating the dermis. Tumor elements resemble cells of the spinous layer of the epidermis. Cellular arrays may contain almost normal and atypical (pleomorphic and anaplastic) elements, differing in the severity of squamous differentiation and the ability to produce keratin. Cellular atypia is also manifested by different size and shape of cells, enlargement and hyperchromatosis of their nuclei. There are many pathological mitoses. Tissue atypia consists of a violation of stratification and vertical anisomorphy of the multilayered flat epidermis, loss of intercellular bridges. There are dyskeratotic and parakeratotic cells, often spirally arranged, forming layered structures and surrounding extracellular accumulations of horny masses.

Based on the severity of keratinization in the tumor, keratinizing and non-keratinizing squamous cell carcinoma, as well as 3 degrees of its differentiation, are distinguished.

Highly differentiated tumors in the skin are more common and are characterized by a regular layer-by-layer arrangement of cells in the tumor layers, preservation of intercellular bridges and pronounced keratinization with the presence of both individual keratinized cells and a large number of structures called horny pearls.

Horny pearls consist of concentric layers of spinous cells, the keratinization of which gradually increases towards the center; in the center there is usually incomplete or, rarely, complete keratinization.

In poorly differentiated tumors, stratification in the layers is completely absent; the strands are formed by sharply polymorphic cells that lose the ability to keratinize.

Keratin and/or intercellular bridges are preserved only in certain small areas of the tumor; the bulk of the cells are undifferentiated. Cells have different shapes and sizes, cell boundaries are poorly distinguishable.

The nuclei are small, hyperchromatic, there are pale shadow nuclei and nuclei in a state of decay. A large number of pathological mitoses are detected.

Moderately differentiated squamous cell carcinoma, according to a set of histological and cytological features, occupies an intermediate position between highly and poorly differentiated tumors.

Lymphoplasmacytic infiltration is invariably detected in the tumor stroma, which is a manifestation of the severity of the antitumor immune reaction. Its degree is higher in the early stages of the disease and in highly differentiated squamous cell skin cancer.

Poorly differentiated squamous cell carcinoma does not show symptoms of keratinization and is represented by soft, fleshy, granulating formations.

Bowen's disease (syn.: bowenoid dysplasia, vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia stage III) is an intraepidermal squamous cell carcinoma of the skin IN SITU. It occurs predominantly in older people (average age 55 years). The ratio of Bowen's disease in men to women is 5:1.

Several etiological factors have been suggested to play a role in the development of this disease, including genetic defects and defects in DNA repair. Localization of lesions in open areas of the skin involves UVR (including PUVA and UV-B) and mechanical damage to the skin as one of the factors.

Cases of the development of Bowen's disease in women and men in closed areas of the skin are associated with chemical carcinogens - with exposure to inorganic arsenic compounds (medicines, industrial hazards).

In Bowen's cancer lesions, HPV-16 and HPV-18 are found, almost always associated with bowenoid papulosis, as well as HPV-31, 54, 61, 62, 73. Cofactors of carcinogenesis are immunosuppression and smoking.

The clinical picture is characterized by clearly demarcated scaly plaques - persistent, scattered, irregular in shape. Being erythematous, covered with scales or crusts, they resemble psoriasis.

As you can see in the photo, with Bowen's disease these plaques can be located on any part of the skin:

The main localization is on the torso (50% of cases), head and neck, upper extremities, including fingers (including periungual areas, nail bed), in the perineum, on mucous membranes (oral cavity, anogenital area, conjunctiva of the eye).

The dependence of the localization of lesions on gender was traced.

Pay attention to the photo - in men, the symptoms of Bowen's disease are more often associated with the scalp and ears, in women - with the lower extremities and cheeks:

The key clinical signs are: variegation (areas of atrophy, hyperkeratosis, warty growths) and uneven growth of the lesion along the periphery with elevation of the marginal zone.

Sometimes Bowen's disease is represented by several, including widespread, foci that are closely located and merge with each other as they increase in size.

The pigmented form of Bowen's disease occurs in 2% of cases. Bowen's disease of the nail bed manifests as peeling around the nail plate, onycholysis, or erosion with crusting and discoloration of the nail plate. Bowen's disease in skin folds is characterized by erythema with a strong, unpleasant odor or dark spots

Progression of Bowen's disease to invasive squamous cell carcinoma is accompanied by the appearance of a solid tumor with ulceration within its boundaries.

Histologically, Bowen's disease is characterized by acanthosis with elongation and thickening of the epidermal processes, focal parakeratosis. The basal layer is not changed.

The spinous cells are arranged randomly, many of them with pronounced atypia of large hyperchromic nuclei. Large multinucleated cells containing clusters of intensely stained nuclei are found, and mitotic figures are found.

Dyskeratosis of large round cells with homogeneous eosinophilic cytoplasm and a pyknotic nucleus is noted. Foci of incomplete keratinization can be detected in the form of concentric layers of keratinizing cells, reminiscent of “horny pearls.”

Some cells are intensely vacuolated and resemble Paget cells, but lack bridges. The boundary between the epidermis and dermis remains clear, and the basement membrane is intact.

The upper dermis usually has a mild chronic inflammatory infiltrate, which often extends into the infundibulum and causes replacement of the follicular epithelium with atypical cells down towards the entrance to the sebaceous gland duct.

When Bowen's disease transforms into squamous cell carcinoma in a limited area, acanthotic cords deeply immerse into the dermis with disruption of the basement membrane and pronounced polymorphism of cells in these cords. Detection of such a site is made by serial sections of the preparation.

Flow. Despite its steadily progressive course, the vast majority of cases of Bowen disease remain cancer in situ throughout life.

Transition to invasive squamous cell carcinoma occurs in 5-11% of cases, many years after the onset of the disease. Metastases (lymphogenous or hematogenous), developing during invasion of the dermis, are detected in approximately 18%, and death occurs in 10% of cases.

Warts caused by HPV are the most common type of keratosis in humans. Viral keratoses are relatively rarely precancerous.

Only certain, oncogenic types of HPV can lead to dysplastic and malignant changes. The most common are HPV-16 and 18, which are classified as “high oncogenic risk” HPV.

The risk of malignancy increases when exposed, along with HPV, to co-factors such as UVR, PUVA therapy, herpes infection, smoking, immunosuppression (associated with organ transplantation, HIV infection).

Dysplastic variants of viral keratoses include bowenoid papulosis, verruciform epidermodysplasia of the Lewandowski-Lutz epidermis, and giant Buschke-Levenshtein condyloma.

Diagnostic methods

Basalioma can be removed only after a correct diagnosis. For this purpose, cytological and histological analysis of scrapings is used.

It is also possible to make a diagnosis using a smear of the tumor. Most often, a combined method is used to make a diagnosis - diagnostic photos and test results.

Please note! Since the pathology may be similar in appearance to other dermatitis, it may be necessary to exclude similar pathologies to make an accurate diagnosis. This usually requires blood tests and, in rare cases, additional scrapings or smears.

To diagnose nasal basal cell carcinoma, it is necessary to undergo a comprehensive examination:

• examination by a specialist. The doctor visually examines the tumor. if facial skin cancer is suspected, prescribe other diagnostic methods;
• biochemical diagnostics. Tumor markers are designed specifically to detect cancer. But their increase will not always indicate the presence of a tumor in the body;
• biopsy. Using a scalpel, a small piece of material is taken and sent to the laboratory. After the biopsy, the biomaterial is sent for cytology and histology:

1. cytology - studies the structure of cells, their shape, determines the type of neoplasm and thanks to this the doctor begins earlier correct treatment;
2. histology - helps to identify malignant processes and determine how aggressive the tumor is. The resulting fabric is mixed with paraffin and cut very thin. After special staining, I place it under a microscope and examine it;

• radioisotope diagnostics. Positron emission tomography (PET) is a new diagnostic method that allows one to detect the presence of small cancer tumors and distant single metastases.

Diagnosis of colon cancer includes intracavitary examination using sigmoidoscopy. Colon cancer is also diagnosed using magnetic resonance imaging techniques.

The determining factor is the collection of homologous material (biopsy) for histology (determination of cellular composition). Next, let's look at how you can recognize the disease.

Another advantage of the prenosological approach to the prevention of colon cancer is the possibility of early diagnosis of the functional state of bradyentery using non-invasive chronoenterography in childhood, in contrast to the dangerous and invasive colonoscopy, which is recommended for screening for colon cancer at 45-50 years of age (when blood is already appearing in the stool and polyps in the intestine).

Laboratory diagnostic tests for pancreatic cancer and endocrine tumors:

Pancreatic tumors	Diagnostic tests
Pancreatic cancer (carcinoma)	General blood analysis
	Determination of pancreatic enzyme activity in blood serum
	Determination of bilirubin concentration, activity of AST, ALT, GGTP, ALP in blood serum
	Determination of carcinoembryonic antigen, CA 19-9 antigen in the blood
	Determination of the level of α-fetoprotein in the blood
	Cytological examination of pancreatic juice
Insulinoma	Determination of glucose convergence and insulin levels in the blood
Gastrinoma	Study of HC1 secretion in the stomach
	Determining the level of gastrin in the blood
Glucanoma	Determining the level of glucagon in the blood
	Determination of 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid in urine
	Determination of the level of vasointestinal polypeptide in the blood
Somatostatinoma	Determination of the level of somatostatin in the blood

Laboratory criteria for diagnosing focal formations of the duodenopancreatic region:

Laboratory indicators	Nosological form
	Pancreas cancer	Duodenal papilla cancer	Hyperplastic form of CP
Creatorea
Steatorrhea
	May be?	Maybe T	Not promoted
	Maybe T	Maybe T	Not promoted
Bilirubin			Maybe T
	Maybe T	Maybe T
		Maybe T	Not promoted	Not promoted
Carcinoembryonic antigen		Maybe T	Not promoted	Not promoted

An effective combination of biochemical tests in the diagnosis of pancreatic cancer:

Biochemical test	Direction of change
Amylase in the blood	Decline
Amylase in urine	Decline
Lipase in the blood	Decline
Lipase in urine	Decline
Trypsin in the blood	Decline
Trypsin in urine	Decline
Blood glucose
Glucose in urine	Promotion
Neutral fat in feces (triacylglycerols)
Bilirubin in the blood	Promotion
Antithrombin titer in blood	Promotion
Duodenal contents: enzyme activity	Decline
Duodenal contents: secretion volume	Decline
Secretin test: volume of duodenal secretion	Decline
Secretin test: concentration of bicarbonates in duodenal contents	Decline
Secretin test: amylase in duodenal contents	Decline

In conclusion, it should be noted that in recent years, along with a true increase in pancreatic diseases, there has been a tendency towards overdiagnosis of chronic pancreatitis.

There are often cases when unclear pain in the upper abdomen is attributed to non-existent pancreatitis without sufficient evidence. There are also frequent cases of underdiagnosis of pancreatic diseases, especially for mild forms of CP and pancreatic cancer.

Therefore, for the timely detection of chronic pancreatitis, a comprehensive examination is necessary, in which laboratory methods, characterizing the functional state of the pancreas, occupy key positions in the diagnostic process along with methods that study the morphological state of the organ.

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The initial diagnosis of breast cancer must be confirmed or refuted using various tissue examination methods. Breast cancer can be reliably determined only after a biopsy and histological examination of the obtained material. Metastases in regional lymph nodes are similarly detected.

Diagnosis of breast cancer begins with an examination by an oncologist. The specialist will then schedule a mammogram.

This is a method of high-precision radiographic examination of glandular tissue. If it is necessary to obtain additional data, ultrasound scanning of the breast is used.

If there are typical signs of malignancy of the neoplasm, a puncture is performed to collect cells for histological examination.

Diagnosis of breast cancer at an early stage can be carried out using tests for so-called tumor markers. Currently, the most productive analysis is for the presence of aggressiveness towards HER2NEU receptors.

This parameter provides insight into the presence of aggressively mutated genomes in breast tissue. The probability of breast cancer in this case is 90 - 95%.

Gene mutation and breast cancer testing

British scientists have created a fundamentally new device that can detect breast cancer within 8 seconds and acts as a mine detector. The operating principle of the device, unlike a mammograph, is based not on X-ray radiation, but on radio wave radiation.

The scientists used technology similar to that used in a mine detector designed to detect non-metallic explosive devices in the ground.

More interesting information. Using a blood test, scientists can now detect the presence of a specific breast cancer gene, which makes it possible to predict the development of breast cancer in women several years before the disease begins to develop.

Gene mutations cause breast cancer in approximately 90% of examined patients.

Blood tests were collected from 640 women with breast cancer and 741 women without the disease. The first group of women had their tests collected approximately 3 years before they were diagnosed with cancer.

Researchers have found that women with the highest levels of a special gene in their blood, called ATM, are 2 times more likely to develop cancer than patients with low levels of this gene.

Treatment

Therapy depends not only on the stage of the disease, but also on the patient’s health condition and the location of the lesion. Nasal basalioma is one of the fairly common, but at the same time very noticeable, tumors.

Its treatment requires the use of gentle methods that guarantee the formation of a minimum of scar tissue.

New technologies for treating this pathology are constantly discussed and proposed on medical forums. Basalioma of the eyelid, like basalioma of the skin of the nose, requires very careful intervention, since in these areas the skin is very thin and sensitive.

Cryodestruction

Cryodestruction of basal cell carcinoma is one of the most popular methods of therapy. Liquid nitrogen is used to carry out the procedure, which eliminates the possibility of relapse.

This measure is effective in the presence of superficial damage that does not affect the deeper layers of the skin. In complex cases, irradiation of basal cell carcinoma can be combined with surgical intervention.

Surgical intervention

Laser removal of basal cell carcinoma is performed in cases where conventional surgery can cause complications. This procedure is prescribed mainly to older people. It leaves few scars, and therefore can also be used to remove tumors on the face.

Direct surgical removal is carried out in areas that are located in relatively safe places. If radiation therapy does not show effectiveness, surgical removal is used. This type of treatment is considered one of the most effective treatment methods.

Alternative medicine

Treatment with folk remedies includes the use of agents that have a powerful antiseptic and drying effect. In any case, basal cell carcinoma is a malignant tumor, and therefore it must be treated under medical supervision.

The use of folk remedies is appropriate as an addition to the main treatment.

• Celandine juice. In its pure form, it is applied to the tumor twice a day. On the tenth day, the tumor should dry out.
• Golden mustache juice. Used as a compress of fresh leaves. The compress is fixed with a damp swab or rag.
• Burdock root. 100 g of dried root is mixed with 100 g of oil. The composition must be boiled for 1.5 hours. The ointment is very convenient for use in areas where it is difficult to use compresses.

Basalioma is one of those types of tumors that have a generally favorable prognosis. But in the absence of timely intervention, it can cause large-scale skin damage.

Despite significant advances achieved in the treatment of basal cell carcinoma, tumor relapses are quite common. According to various authors, the frequency of relapses of basal cell carcinoma after treatment varies from 1 to 39%. High risk factors for relapse are considered to be localization of the tumor in the nose and ears, large diameter of the tumor (more than 2 cm), aggressive histological type (morphea-like, infiltrative, metatypical).

Thus, in the presence of sclerosis and a tendency to infiltrative growth, basal cell carcinoma recurs after irradiation or other therapy in 12-30% of cases, whereas with a solid type of structure, relapse is observed only in 1-6% of cases.

Additional risk factors for relapse include non-compliance with sun protection, immune disorders, and non-radical treatment.

Treatment of basal cell carcinoma by cryodestruction is a method of freezing the tumor with liquid nitrogen used in outpatient practice. The most common application method is using copper disks.

In this case, tumor destruction is achieved by alternating at least two cycles of freezing and thawing.

Treatment of basalioma with cryodestruction is a “blind” method, carried out with the capture of 1-1.5 cm of visible healthy skin, but without determining the possible boundaries of tumor cell dispersion.

Exposure time, depending on the clinical form, size and depth of tumor invasion, is from 30 to 180 s. Treatment of basalioma with cryodestruction is carried out for superficial (area up to 3 cm2) and micronodular forms of the tumor.

The relapse rate after treating basal cell carcinoma with nitrogen is 4-7.5% for a primary tumor, and 13-22% for a recurrent tumor. Contraindications to cryodestruction with nitrogen (due to the high frequency of relapses) are: nodular, ulcerative and scleroderma-like forms, tumor diameter more than 3 cm, localization in the medial part of the face (at the corner of the eye, in the nasolabial fold, on the nose), cryoglobulinemia.

See how basal cell carcinoma is treated with nitrogen in these photos:

The advantages of photodynamic therapy (PDT) for basal cell carcinoma compared to other methods of treating this tumor are: selective effect on tumor tissue; the possibility of repeating the procedure many times in the case of a large tumor diameter and multiple tumor processes without the risk of complications; treatment for tumor localization in hard-to-reach places; good cosmetic effect.

External cytostatic therapy for basal cell carcinoma includes use for 2-4 weeks. ointments with 5-fluorouracil, 5-10% fluorofur, 30-50% prospidin.

Local use of cytostatics is possible for superficial tumors and for the treatment of elderly patients. Also, treatment of basal cell carcinoma with ointments is possible in case of relapse after close-focus radiotherapy.

Abroad, encouraging results (with recovery in 79-82% of cases) were obtained when treating the superficial form of basal cell carcinoma with 5% imiquimod cream.

Currently, the following main methods of cancer treatment are used in official medicine, which are:

Surgical treatment of cancer continues to occupy first place, since it is not only a therapeutic method, but also a diagnostic method. In the early stages of the development of malignant tumors, it provides a certain chance of cure.

Treatment with cytostatics is used everywhere, as it gives visible results in a short time. Modern methods of treating malignant tumors include the so-called cytostatic therapy, which includes the use of chemotherapy and antitumor antibiotics, as well as radiation therapy.

Despite all the differences in methods, in both cases, along with tumor tissues, normal tissues are affected to one degree or another, which is the main obstacle to a complete cure.

Therefore, treating cancer with cytostatics is a complex and dangerous process for the body.

Canadian scientists have proven that radiation chemotherapy for oncology causes irreversible changes in the brain. However, radiation treatment for cancer is the most effective and is used in the vast majority of patients.

Chemotherapy is considered one of the most effective methods of treating cancer, although the side effects of its use have long been known. However, Canadian scientists have discovered another factor worth thinking about.

These are new cancer treatments, not fully tested therapies that are at the stage of scientific, clinical research and experimentation that have not been included in the therapeutic standards adopted in WHO oncology.

The effectiveness and safety of any experimental technique requires further study, since there is no complete information about the effect of new cancer treatment methods on cancer cells and the body.

However, it is assumed that there is a scientific hypothesis that explains what effects are expected and why. Experimental treatments require sufficient scientific evidence and clinical trials.

Using alternative cancer treatments on patients is complex and requires special legalization compared to using standard therapy.

Innovative cancer treatments can be effective, but their implementation in health care depends on complex administrative procedures that are now standardized across all countries.

Dendritic cells against cancer are a kind of “command room” of immunity within the body. Dendritic cell vaccination is a cancer treatment that uses the remarkable ability of dendritic cells to label antigen (the hallmark of cancer).

Dendritic cells convey information about antigens to immune cells called T cells, which, with the provided identification marks (CTL: cytotoxic T lymphocytes), recognize and specifically attack cancer cells that have that antigen.

This is a treatment that specifically targets cancer cells by transmitting information about the cancer to dendritic cells.

Healthy cells are not attacked, so there are virtually no side effects. Since there is no heavy burden on the body, this type of treatment is suitable for patients with advanced stage cancer.

Cancer cells are recognized and attacked at the molecular level, as a result of which one can expect an effect in the treatment of small, unrecognizable lesions, as well as in the treatment of cancer with dendritic cells of the infiltrating type, which is difficult to remove surgically.

Outpatient treatment is possible. Once every 2 weeks, a small amount of blood is taken from a vein (25 ml).

Monocytes are isolated, after cell division, and a large number of dendritic cells are cultured. By culturing the cells with a cancer antigen obtained from the patient's tumor cell material or artificial antigens (long-chain peptides), a dendritic cell vaccine is obtained.

The cancer vaccine is given by subcutaneous injection into the area of ​​a nearby lymph node associated with the site of the disease. Killer T lymphocytes, supported by T helper cells, which transmit information about target cells, attack cancer cells.

The course of treatment with dendritic cells takes about 3 months, during which the patient donates blood every 2 weeks and receives an injection of the prepared vaccine.

Taking blood from a vein (each time) takes about 5 minutes. A new vaccine is prepared every 2 weeks; there is no need for refrigeration, which allows a fresh vaccine to be administered each time.

The Japanese are especially successful in this area. It must be said that cancer cells have many types of antigen (identification marks).

However, sometimes cancer cells hide these identifying marks to avoid immune system surveillance. Accordingly, the more information a vaccine has that indicates cancer cells (peptides), the higher the likelihood of identifying cancer cells and, as clinical studies show, the more effective the vaccine will be.

Many Japanese medical centers have had success in preparing highly effective dendritic cell vaccines with long-chain peptides WT1, NY-ESO-1 and others.

Due to the function of memory T cells, the therapeutic effect of the vaccine lasts for a long time, so this treatment meets the criteria for assessing the effectiveness of treatment according to the irRC system (immune response related criteria).

Cell division is carried out in a highly sterile culture center, completely isolated from contact with the outside world. The level of sterility of laboratory equipment in the production of vaccines can rival the so-called clean room - sterile rooms used in the pharmaceutical industry.

Impeccable control is carried out to prevent bacteria and viruses from infecting immune cells important to the patient. A system has been developed to prevent the human factor: the entire process of cell cultivation is carried out under the control of computer systems.

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How then to treat obstructive jaundice due to a tumor and all its manifestations? The first thing to say: despite all the successes of modern medicine, there is still no medicine that can neutralize bilirubin.

Currently, a whole series of similar experiments with drugs are being carried out, but their introduction into practical medicine, due to their heterogeneity of action, may not even take place in our lifetime.

Doctors put a lot of effort into preventing jaundice, and rightly so. But for liver cancer, this approach is simply not suitable - it is impossible to control the growth of a cancerous tumor, to direct it in one direction or another.

Therefore, to treat obstructive jaundice in oncology, so-called palliative operations are performed, aimed not at treating the disease (liver cancer), but at relieving various complications - in this case we are talking about jaundice.

Liver cancer is certainly a very serious disease, but this is by no means a death sentence. The key to successful treatment of the disease is its early detection.

How to treat liver cancer depending on the form of the disease and its stage? The most commonly used treatments are surgery, radiation and chemotherapy.

Numerous studies are currently underway to develop new treatment methods:

• Laser therapy (separation of small secondary tumors using a laser).
• Destruction of tumors using injections of ethyl alcohol.
• Cryotherapy is treatment with artificial cold (created by liquid nitrogen or argon): destruction of pathological tissues using low temperatures.
• The use of drugs created using nanotechnology: they make it possible to deliver substances - “cancer cell killers” directly to the tumor site.

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Here you will learn how to treat laryngeal cancer at all stages. Exclusively surgical treatment is indicated only for the first stage of vocal fold damage. In other cases, radiation therapy or combination treatment is prescribed for laryngeal cancer.

Depending on how much the tumor has spread, the larynx is either completely removed (laryngectomy), or various types of partial resections are performed (removal of the supraglottic part of the larynx, one vocal fold, its anterior or anterolateral parts).

In this case, natural breathing is immediately restored. The indication for this type of operation is mainly cancer of the middle part of the larynx.

Lasers are also currently being successfully used to treat laryngeal cancer.

When there are metastases to the cervical lymph nodes, a Crail-type operation is indicated, in which the cervical tissue, internal jugular vein, and all deep cervical lymph nodes are removed in one conglomerate, often involving the sternocleidomastoid muscle. After the operation, radiation is given.

Both radiation therapy and surgery must be combined with the prescription of antibiotics, which will prevent the development of infection, primarily radiation perichondritis, as well as vitamin therapy.

Now, together with the main type of treatment or in the fourth stage of the disease, chemotherapy (methotrexate, cyclophosphamide, thiophosphamide, etc.) is carried out.

If the disease recurs, laryngectomy and subsequent chemotherapy are indicated. Radiation therapy is contraindicated in this case, since it inhibits the immune cellular response around the tumor and can cause anaplasia or sarcomatous transformation with rapid dissemination.

Prevention of skin basal cell carcinoma

To reduce the risk of developing malignant skin tumors, you must follow simple rules:

• try to avoid exposure to direct sunlight and avoid visiting solariums;
• use nourishing creams if the skin is constantly dry;
• prevent injury to existing scars on the body;
• try to cure ulcers and fistulas that do not heal for a long time as soon as possible;
• change your diet, enriching it with fruits and vegetables rich in vitamins;
• change the climate or change place of work (to eliminate contact with harmful factors);

Remember. Despite the fact that basal cell carcinoma is not as dangerous as other cancers, its occurrence should not be ignored.

This is an insidious pathology that destroys tissue, including cartilage and bone. Therefore, when you detect its first signs, you must immediately contact a dermatologist-oncologist in order to begin proper treatment as soon as possible.

Primary prevention consists of active detection of basal cell carcinoma in risk groups with recommendations for limiting insolation and the use of photoprotectors, as well as mandatory treatment of precancerous dermatoses.

Secondary prevention measures are limited to radical treatment of the primary tumor, prevention of relapses of multiple and recurrent basal cell carcinomas. For this purpose, immunocorrection techniques can also be used: oral administration of the aromatic retinoid neotigazone 10 mg/day 2 times a week.

3-month courses. The use of external retinoids (0.25-0.5%) after removal of basal cell carcinoma also helps to reduce the frequency of relapses.

After treatment of patients with solid basal cell carcinomas, it is advisable to undergo lifelong clinical observation with quarterly examinations during the first year, and then once a year.

For primary multiple basal cell carcinoma, lifelong follow-up is recommended with quarterly examinations during the first 5 years, and then twice a year, not only with dermato-ocological examination, but also with general oncological examination due to the high frequency of concomitant oncological pathology.

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Prevention of breast cancer in women includes regular self-examination and emergency medical care in some cases.

The reason for an urgent visit to a mammologist is the appearance of nodules and lumps, changes in the shape of the breast, redness of the skin, enlargement of one of the mammary glands due to swelling, retraction of the nipple, brown or bloody discharge.

What is the most effective and simple cancer prevention suitable for every person? Of course, preventing cancer by normalizing your diet and diet. The following are products for cancer prevention that significantly inhibit cancer processes in the body.

What can you do to prevent cancer besides normalizing your diet? Do not smoke. The cause of 30% of tumors is smoking.

Cancer prevention at work: Wear protective clothing at work. The cause of 4% of tumors is industrial harmful substances.

Don't worry. 16% of tumors are the result of stress and negative emotions. The immune system is at great risk in people who are depressed and do not have mental support.

Cancer prevention measures advise: keep alcohol consumption to a minimum. The cause of 3% of tumors is alcohol consumption.

The best prevention for skin cancer: do not sunbathe after 11 am, 3% of tumors are the result of prolonged exposure to the sun.

Use hormonal medications only when absolutely necessary. The cause of 1% of tumors is painkillers and medical procedures.

Avoid:

All of you, of course, are well aware of the statement that any disease is easier to prevent than to treat. And therefore, any modern person should be well aware, first of all, about the consumption of which products is a kind of prevention of the development of colorectal cancer.

How to prolong life with cancer: proper nutrition for cancer patients

Proper nutrition during oncology is one of the important points for a speedy recovery. Stick to separate meals. Eliminate from food smoked, fried, fatty, salty, highly ground flour products (white bread and the like), confectionery, sugar, strong coffee, tea, tobacco.

Eat lean meats (boiled, stewed), lard, unrefined vegetable oil, butter, cereals, skim milk, fermented milk products, curdled milk, koumiss, buttermilk, matsoni, homemade cheese, egg yolks, soy products.

Porridge with water, oatmeal and buckwheat are best. Use onions in any form, do not forget about garlic.

The diet of patients with oncology should contain as much plant food as possible - fiber, vitamins, macro- and microelements, which are found in sprouted grains, cereals, salads, green vegetables, citrus fruits, apricots, any natural juices, especially beetroot, carrot, apple, cucumber, citrus fruits or combinations thereof.

If there are no citrus fruits, you can use cranberries or 1 tbsp. spoon of apple cider vinegar in a glass of water before meals.

Pay attention to the lack of iodine, which causes the body to lack oxygen, causing excessive fermentation and hypoxia, which cancer cells love (so-called anaerobic conditions).

A particularly correct diet is good as a preventative measure, because due to the excess of organic acids, vitamins, and microelements entering the body, the acid-base reaction of the body shifts to the alkaline side, which is detrimental for patients and a favorable environment for healthy cells.

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Content

Basal cell carcinoma is considered one of the dangerous malignant diseases of the skin, which in terms of prevalence prevails in third place after stomach and lung cancer. This pathogenic tumor of epithelial nature is distinguished by its non-aggressive properties and slowly progresses in the body without signs of metastasis. Skin basal cell carcinoma must be diagnosed promptly, since without effective therapy it penetrates into all layers of the skin and is difficult to successfully treat conservatively.

What is basalioma

This cancer disease corresponds to ICD-10 code C44.3. At first, the pathological process is asymptomatic, so diagnosis at an early stage is significantly complicated. Basalioma is a slow-growing basal cell carcinoma without metastases that matures in the epidermis or hair follicles; characterized by a cell structure similar to the basic elements of the epidermis. The danger is that a malignant neoplasm over time disrupts the function of muscle tissue, damages innervation and even the integrity of bones.

What does it look like

The main sign of a characteristic disease is skin defects in the area where the pathology is located. More often these are pink protrusions of different sizes, which gradually grow and become denser, and can even reach bone structures. The appearance of basal cell carcinoma is determined by the shape and type of the pathological process. Alternatively, the following specific features occur:

1. Nodular-ulcerative basalioma is represented by focal compactions of the upper layer of the epidermis, which externally resemble nodules and may predominate in the plural.
2. The large nodular form of the disease is characterized by a single protrusion above the skin. On the surface of such a pathogenic node, “spider veins” are clearly visible.
3. The scar-atrophic form starts with a compaction, in place of which a fresh ulcer appears over time with a potential risk of secondary infection.

Causes

The disease is not aggressive, but in the absence of timely treatment measures it gradually progresses. To stop a pathological process, the first step is to establish and eliminate its cause. It is problematic to reliably determine the etiology of the pathology, but competent specialists identify a number of provoking factors that significantly increase the risk of morbidity. Among them:

• ionizing radiation;
• exposure to ultraviolet radiation;
• long-term viral infections;
• exposure to toxic and carcinogenic substances on the epidermis;
• mechanical and thermal damage to the skin;
• hereditary factor;
• age-related changes in the structure of the epidermis (old age);
• immunodeficiency states of the body;
• scar tissue changes.

It is also important to note that the risk group includes people who regularly visit a solarium or remain under prolonged exposure to sunlight to obtain a bronze tan. For such categories of citizens, the risk of developing skin cancer is especially high. Adults are more likely to get sick; this disease is not typical for young children. With increased activity of provoking factors, basal cell carcinoma is diagnosed at stages 2–4.

Forms

If a benign skin tumor is suspected, the patient first consults a dermatologist. Having learned about a malignant disease, he must undergo detailed diagnostics to reliably determine the form and type of basal cell carcinoma. The classification of the characteristic disease is presented below:

1. Solid basal cell carcinoma (nodular, large nodular). The most common diagnosis is characterized by the presence of basaloid cells on the surface of the dermis with unclear boundaries, resembling a syncytium. The focus of the pathology is similar to melanoma, differing in the vascular network in the center of the visual tumor on the skin.
2. Nodular-ulcerative. It is characterized by a large nodule-shaped lump, which at an early stage is not painful. Later, purulent contents appear in the center with the formation of necrotic crusts. The risk to the patient's life increases.
3. Perforating. The foci of pathology are those skin areas that are more often injured than others, for example, limbs, interdigital space, visible skin areas. The tumor grows rapidly and causes neighboring tissues to die.
4. Warty (papillary, exophytic). Externally, basalioma resembles a wart, differs from the surface of the skin by the characteristic protrusion and hyperemia of the pathological focus, and does not cause destruction of the underlying tissues. The pathogenic growth has the shape of a “cauliflower”, a mobile structure.
5. Pigmented. The pathogenic growth differs in color from the general tone of the upper layer of the epidermis (contains melanin in a high concentration). Over time, the structure of the tissue changes, and the visible affected areas increase in size.
6. Sclerodermiformis. The pathogenic growth is initially distinguished by a pale, bluish color, but as it grows it turns into a flat and dense plaque with a clear contour and a swollen surface. It can be localized on the face, neck, and other visible areas of the skin.
7. Scar-atrophic. In the central part of the tumor, destruction predominates with the formation of an ulcer. The edges are ulcerated, and a visible scar is concentrated in the center of the basal cell carcinoma. There is hyperemia of the skin and involvement of soft tissues in the pathological process.
8. Flat superficial basalioma (pagetoid epithelioma). There are several neoplasms, but they all have a diameter of up to 4 cm. Basalioma grows upward, but not inward (changes along the layers of the skin are not observed).
9. Spiegler's tumor (“turban” tumor, cylindroma). Telangiectasias of pink-violet nodes with a diameter of 1–10 cm are concentrated on the surface of the dermis, which must be immediately excised.

Stages

Basal cell carcinoma on the face, neck or other part of the body predominates in one of four stages, where each subsequent stage only aggravates the disease and delays the healing process, even with the participation of medicinal and surgical methods. Doctors highlight:

1. The first stage. Basalioma has the appearance of a classic “pimple” and does not cause any inconvenience, only an aesthetic defect.
2. Second stage. The tumor reaches 5 cm, overcomes several layers of skin, does not affect the subcutaneous tissue.
3. Third stage. The subcutaneous fatty tissue is destroyed, and the neoplasm itself reaches more than 5 cm in diameter.
4. Fourth stage. The pathological process involves not only subcutaneous tissue, but also cartilage and bones.

Complications

A typical tumor has a benign course in the body because it does not metastasize. But the lack of timely treatment only complicates the clinical picture, since the pathological process involves not only once healthy soft tissue, but also cartilage, bone structures, and the lining of the brain. A person without surgery may even die. The most common complications are presented in the following list:

• damage to the nasal mucosa;
• spread of the pathological process to the oral cavity;
• damage to the bones of the skull;
• location of the tumor in the orbit of the eyes;
• progressive blindness and hearing loss.

Diagnostics

At the initial stage, such an anomaly is painless and is accompanied by an exclusively visible cosmetic defect. Therefore, the patient does not contact the attending physician in a timely manner, and the diagnosis is noticeably delayed indefinitely. If symptoms are visible, a series of clinical examinations and laboratory tests should be immediately carried out to clarify the final diagnosis. Differential diagnosis is as follows:

• cytological examination (a smear or scraping is taken from the surface of the neoplasia);
• histological examination (a fragment of the pathological focus is used to establish the type of neoplasia);
• Ultrasound, CT, radiography (to identify the depth and extent of basal cell carcinoma).

Differential diagnosis is very important, since basal cell carcinoma in appearance resembles many skin diseases that are prone to recurrence. Alternatively, a flat superficial tumor is important to distinguish from lupus erythematosus, seborrheic keratosis, lichen planus, and Bowen's disease. The sclerodermiform form resembles eczema, psoriasis and scleroderma.

Treatment of basal cell carcinoma

A malignant disease is rarely congenital; more often it has a form acquired with age. Effective and timely treatment should be characterized by an integrated approach, which includes drug therapy, surgery and a long rehabilitation period. Self-medication of a suspicious mole is strictly contraindicated. Here are valuable recommendations from experts:

1. It is better not to use folk remedies in an advanced clinical picture; at the initial stage, it is advisable to use them in combination with the methods of official medicine.
2. The choice of surgical intervention depends on the location of the pathology, so that it is easier for the surgeon to get to it.
3. During the entire treatment phase, it is important to avoid visiting a solarium and exposure to direct sunlight.
4. When ulcers appear, it is necessary to use medicinal methods of treatment to exclude the addition of a secondary infection.
5. With adequately selected therapy, the clinical outcome is favorable, positive dynamics prevail in 90% of all clinical pictures.

Treatment with ointment

Conservative therapy is the main method of removing basal cell carcinoma at the initial stage. Doctors recommend the use of ointments externally under occlusive dressings; the course of treatment varies between 2 - 3 weeks without interruption. The following pharmacological positions have proven themselves well:

1. Metvix. A photosensitizing drug with the active component methyl aminolevulinate, which should be used externally. It is necessary to carry out 2 procedures with a week break between them. Among the advantages are high efficiency with good tolerance, short-term use. Disadvantages – contraindications, side effects.
2. Curaderm. It is a glycoalkoloid with the active component solasodin glycoside, which has anticancer effects. The cream must be applied to the site of pathology and healthy tissue by 1 cm. A bandage should be applied on top, and treatment in this way will take up to 3 to 4 weeks. Advantages - sustainable therapeutic effect, affordable price. Disadvantages - side effects, risk of overdose.
3. Solcoseryl. This is a natural drug with the active component hemodialysate from calves up to 3 months. The medicinal composition is not recommended to be applied to weeping ulcers, but otherwise it is necessary to rub the gel into the foci of pathology three times a day for 3 to 4 weeks. Among the shortcomings, doctors highlight a selective, weak therapeutic effect in certain clinical situations.

Cryodestruction

The procedure can act as the main surgical treatment, is progressive and has a minimum of medical contraindications. Cryodestruction is carried out using liquid nitrogen, is quick and painless, and does not exclude the possibility of repeated relapses. At the initial stage of the disease, it is carried out by close-focus X-ray therapy of the pathological focus, often combined with remote gamma therapy. In advanced clinical situations, it is combined with radical surgery. The main advantages of cryodestruction:

• sustainable cosmetic effect;
• carrying out the procedure under local anesthesia;
• short rehabilitation period;
• Possibility of carrying out during pregnancy, in old age;
• gentle surgical method.

Among the main disadvantages of cryodestruction, it is necessary to highlight the selective therapeutic effect and the risk of repeated relapses after excision of basal cell carcinoma. This procedure is not carried out free of charge, and its final cost is not available to all patients. It is necessary to consult individually with a specialist.

Photodynamic therapy

The essence of this surgical method of treating basal cell carcinoma is the removal of cancer cells with photosensitizers under the influence of a targeted flow of light. Photodynamic therapy is carried out in several successive stages, here is their summary for the hospital:

1. The medical drug Photoditazine is injected into a vein to accumulate the active component in the blood (photosensitization stage).
2. Basalioma is examined under ultraviolet light to clearly determine its boundaries (fluorescence effect).
3. Then the neoplasm is illuminated with a red laser with a wavelength of maximum absorption of the photosensitizer (photoexposure stage).
4. This is how the affected cells are excised, and a rehabilitation period is required to restore soft tissue.
5. Additionally, drug therapy with local drugs is prescribed, which promotes the appearance of crusts and healing of the affected dermis.

Cancer cells exposed to irradiation are productively restored, returning to their usual functions and integrity. Other advantages of such minimally invasive treatment are a short rehabilitation period, a minimum of side effects and contraindications. The disadvantage is the high cost of the procedure, the possibility of repeated relapse and an acute attack of pain.

Removal

If the malignant tumor is located in places accessible to surgeons, it undergoes productive excision under local anesthesia or general anesthesia. The operation is the most common, provides stable positive dynamics for a long period of time, but is characterized by long-term rehabilitation. In case of sclerodermiform basalioma or repeated exacerbations, it is necessary to perform an operation with the direct participation of a surgical microscope.

In case of excessive contraindications, basal cell carcinoma is removed using minimally invasive techniques, which do not always guarantee a complete recovery of the patient. If the tumor begins to come into contact with internal organs or systems, the operation is also dangerous to health. Therefore, if you suspect cancer, you should not hesitate to diagnose and begin an intensive course of treatment. Additionally, radiation therapy may be required to destroy cancer cells that were not completely excised during surgery.

Folk remedies

Basalioma on the nose or in the nasolabial space can disfigure the face, and surgery is not always appropriate. Some areas are difficult to access, and the surgical instrument is not able to reach them without risking the health and life of the patient. Therefore, at the initial stage of the disease, surgeons choose alternative medicine methods in the absence of medical contraindications. These folk recipes are especially effective in a full course lasting several weeks:

1. Decoction of celandine leaves. You need 1 tsp. dried raw materials pour 1 tbsp. boiling water, leave and strain. Take a third of a glass in concentrated form three times a day. It is recommended to prepare a fresh portion of the medicine every day. As an alternative, it is recommended to rub the pathological lesions with concentrated celandine juice several times a day and not rinse off until completely dry. The course of treatment is several weeks; it is important to additionally consult with a specialist.
2. Healing ointment. The main ingredients are burdock leaves, celandine, pork fat. To prepare the medicine, you need to mix pre-dried and crushed medicinal plants in a glass container, then combine them with melted pork fat and simmer in the oven for a couple of hours. Cool the homogeneous composition, then store it in the refrigerator, and use it externally - lubricate visible foci of pathology for 3 to 4 weeks. Additionally, use official methods recommended by your doctor.
3. Anticancer ointment. The first step is to grind 100 g of dried burdock root, then boil and cool, squeeze out the liquid. Combine the prepared pulp with 100 ml of vegetable oil and keep on fire for 1.5 hours. Can be used as lotions, compresses or gently rubbed into visible affected areas. A course of intensive therapy - several weeks in combination with the methods of official medicine.
4. Golden mustache juice. A fresh medicinal plant, or rather its leaves, needs to be washed and minced, then crushed through several layers of gauze. You need to moisten a swab with the finished concentrate and apply it to the affected surface for a day. Positive dynamics are observed almost immediately – after the first procedure. The course of intensive therapy is determined purely individually.
5. Medicinal collection. Combine 20 g of birch buds, spotted hemlock, meadow clover, celandine, and burdock root. After 3 tbsp. l. pour 150 ml of vegetable oil, in which the onions were previously fried. The finished composition must be infused in a warm place for 24 hours, used as compresses and lotions to lubricate tumors. The course of treatment is 3 - 4 weeks, first you need to make sure that there is no allergic reaction to the plant components.

ICD 10 is the international classification of diseases 10th revision. Necessary for easier writing of long illnesses on sick leave certificates. Firstly, it reduces the doctor's time. Secondly, it reduces the size of what is written character by character.

Encoding

Class: neoplasms C00 - D48

Subclass: malignant skin tumors C44

List of oncological diseases on the skin by localization:

• C44.0 — Lips
• C1— Eyelids
• C44.2 — Auditory canal and ear
• C3— Other areas of the face: nose, forehead, cheeks, etc.
• C44.4 — Scalp skin
• S44.5— Torso
• C44.6 — Upper limbs, shoulders
• S44.7 — Lower limbs and pelvis
• S44.8 — Skin extending beyond the described localizations
• S44.9 — unrefined localization

Diseases excluded from the list:

• C46- melanoma
• C43- skin of the genital organs
• C51-52, C60, C63
• C00 — basal cell carcinoma of the lips

Application

According to the international tumor classification, skin cancer is designated by the coding C44. But the fact is that this is a whole class that simply indicates malignant neoplasms in a certain area of ​​the body, but does not indicate the type of neoplasm.

Therefore, there is no exact code according to ICD 10. The only thing that can be specified is the area of ​​the affected body. For example, in the medical history, basal cell skin cancer is indicated once and the localization is specified. For example, C44.3 (on the face) and it seems that you can only use one cipher so as not to constantly write a complex and long name.

Definition

Basalioma or basal cell skin cancer is a malignant neoplasm that develops from the follicles of the upper layer of the skin or epidermis.

Varieties

1. Adenoid
2. Pigmentary
3. Cylinder
4. Ulcerative
5. Scleroderma-like
6. Pagetoid
7. Scleroderma-like
8. Large nodular nodular
9. Exophytic or warty
10. Perforating

• 0 Stage— there is a small neoplasm of atypical cells.
• Stage 1- the tumor is located within the tissues and has a size of up to 20 mm.
• Stage 2- affects nearby tissues, but does not affect the fat layer. Has a size of more than 22mm.
• Stage 3- grows further and affects adipose tissue.
• Stage 4- has a size of more than 5 mm, can affect muscles, bones, cartilage, lymphatic and circulatory systems.

Diagnostics

• Initial examination by a dermatologist and oncologist
• Biopsy of carcinoma.
• Biochemical blood test - the rate of lactate dehydrogenesis increases.
• MRI, CT for large formations.
• Ultrasound of the abdominal cavity to exclude metastases to organs.
• X-ray

Treatment

1. Surgical removal of the tumor— surgeons try to remove both the tumor itself and the nearby affected tissue. If the lymph nodes become infected, they are also removed.
2. Chemotherapy— special chemicals are introduced into the formation or nearby tissues that destroy malignant tissue.
3. Radiation therapy - carried out in combination with chemotherapy and surgery. Before surgery, radiotherapy reduces the tumor and then destroys the remains of the lesion.
4. Photodynamic treatment
5. Cryogenic method- freezing and exposure to negative temperatures on malignant tumors.

Prevention

• Use sunscreen
• Try not to get sunburned and spend less time in the sun if you have very white skin.
• Quit smoking and alcohol
• Eat right and watch your weight
• Move more and play sports.