Conversation on the topic “Poisonous mushrooms and berries of Crimea”

Target: introduce students to poisonous berries, mushrooms, first aid for poisoning

Plan

1. Poisonous mushrooms of Crimea

Panther fly agaric

Death cap

Amanita toadstool

Amanita stinking (white, white toadstool)

2. Poisonous berries

Nightshade bittersweet (red)

Belladonna

Calla lily (calla lily) marsh

Euonymus

Privet (Wolf Berries)

Elderberry herbal (smelly)

Wolfberry, daphne

Black Voronets or Actea spicata

Red-fruited crow (red; spiky red)

Crow's eye

Lily of the valley

3. First aid for poisoning with berries and mushrooms

1. Poisonous mushrooms of Crimea

There are about 45 poisonous, inedible, and hazardous to health types of mushrooms on the Crimean peninsula. Among them, different groups of mushrooms are distinguished according to their toxicity.

Fifth, group- this includes gray poisonous entoloma, tiger row, flat-capped champignon - symptoms of poisoning appear 0.5-5 hours after eating. Gastrointestinal disorders, mild poisoning are detected, and malaise persists for up to 7 days.

TO 4 group include shaggy and inky dung beetles . Poisoning will occur if you consume these mushrooms with alcohol. To avoid unpleasant consequences, you should not drink alcoholic beverages for 3 days after eating mushroom food.

3 group- signs of poisoning appear 15-60 minutes after eating. In the worst case, isolated deaths are possible. These mushrooms include reddish, waxy, pale and orange-red talkers .

To the second group turned on panther and red fly agaric . Poisoning can result in death.

Panther fly agaric

The mushroom can be confused with the red fly agaric. They are distinguished by the color of their flesh. In the panther fly agaric it is white and does not change at the break, but in the reddened fly agaric it turns pink in this place

First group - extremely deadly poisonous mushrooms. Green, white spring fly agaric (pale toadstool), brown cherry silverfish . Symptoms appear within 8 to 40 hours. Several methods for identifying poisonous mushrooms at home have come from folklore. First of all, it is believed that poisonous mushrooms smell unpleasant. In fact, a young toadstool, for example, smells like a champignon, or has no smell at all.

Death cap

The hat is greenish-olive in color. Diameter - 12 cm. Leg is fawn. The mycelium contains up to 3-4 mushrooms. The pulp and plates are white. It can be confused with the common champignon, but it should be taken into account that the latter has pink plates. False champignon has a characteristic smell of carbolic acid, and when cut, the flesh has a specific yellow color.

Amanita toadstool

The hat has a diameter of up to 10 cm, hemispherical shape and white color. Gradually it acquires a flat-convex shape of a yellow-green color with white-gray flakes. Slightly sticky to the touch. The pulp is thick, white, soft. Under the skin it has a yellowish tint. The smell is unpleasant, reminiscent of stale potatoes. The mushroom stalk has a diameter of about 2 cm and a length of 10 cm. At its base there is a tuberous thickening. The mushroom is often found in coniferous and deciduous forest zones from July to October. Unlike the pale toadstool and the stinking fly agaric, the mushroom has white flakes on its cap.

Amanita stinking (white, white toadstool)

Hat with a diameter of up to 12 cm. Color white. Slightly sticky to the touch. When dry it is shiny. The pulp is white. The smell is unpleasant. The cap plates grow to the stem of the mushroom. The color is also white. The leg is up to 7 cm long and about 1.5 cm thick. It thickens towards the base.

There is also an opinion that insects are not interested in poisonous mushrooms. This statement is also not true; naked slugs and some insects happily feast on any type of mushroom that they encounter along the way. Testing mushrooms during cooking, by adding an onion or silver to a vessel, a priori cannot give the correct answer about the toxicity of mushrooms. The bulb may turn brown from a reaction with the enzyme tyranosinase, which is found in varying quantities in both poisonous and edible mushrooms. Silver darkens when it reacts with amino acids, which are also present in all mushrooms.

ATTENTION !

It is prohibited to use taste testing for mushrooms, since this does not allow one to determine the degree of danger of a particular species. The toxins contained in them have no antidote. If you are not sure that the green dish is completely harmless, do not eat it under any circumstances. In the old days they wrote: “Some lips, whoever accepts them without knowing them, dies in vain.” Therefore, you should adhere to the main commandment of a mushroom picker: if you don’t know a mushroom, if you’re not sure, don’t take it!

When selecting mushrooms for food consumption, you should not use “folk methods” to determine their safety: dipping a silver spoon or lunette, as well as heads of onion and garlic into the broth. In both cases, their color may change when preparing safe mushrooms.

A dangerous misconception is that allegedly insect larvae and snails do not infect only poisonous mushrooms.

You shouldn't be guided by smells either. For example, the aroma of the deadly poisonous toadstool is no different from the smell of edible champignon.

Using milk to determine the quality of mushrooms can also lead to serious errors. It may turn sour when edible mushroom is placed in it.

1. Poisonous berries

Poisonous berries can not only cause poisoning, but also lead to death. Therefore, it is extremely important to know what poisonous berries in Russia look like. Before going into the forest, look at pictures of poisonous berries so as not to make a mistake. You can take a photo with you, then the poisonous berries will be definitely identified. Be sure to tell your children about poisonous wild berries, explain what they shouldn’t eat in the forest, and what poisonous plants to be careful of. Show them pictures or photos of poisonous berries. Poisoning from poisonous berries can be very serious; it is important not to eat unfamiliar fruits, no matter how tempting they may look. Very often it is the red berries and black berries that are poisonous. Our short guide to poisonous berries will help you avoid trouble.

Nightshade bittersweet (red)

Bittersweet nightshade is a subshrub with a long curly stem (up to 2 m, and in favorable conditions more), with a woody base.
The leaves are ovate-pointed.
The flowers are purple, in drooping racemes.
Blooms from late May to September.
The fruits are red, bittersweet, poisonous berries that ripen in June - October.

Distribution of Red Nightshade

Red nightshade is widespread in the European part of Russia, the Caucasus, Siberia and the Far East along the banks of reservoirs, damp places, and among bushes. Often found in populated areas, on the outskirts of villages, between vegetable gardens, and on garbage heaps. Bittersweet nightshade is often grown in garden plots as an ornamental vine.

Poisonous parts of Red Nightshade
The leaves, stem and fruits of nightshade are poisonous. As they ripen, the toxic properties of the berries of bittersweet nightshade, unlike black nightshade, do not disappear, since in addition to the poisonous glycoalkaloid solanine, which disappears when the berries ripen, there are also other toxic substances, in particular solidulcine and dulcamarin.

Symptoms of poisoning
Symptoms of poisoning with bittersweet nightshade are the same as for poisoning with other plants containing solanine and similar glycoalkaloids - abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, depression of motor and mental activity, difficulty breathing, cardiovascular failure. First aid is gastric lavage.

Poisonous berries picture, photo - red nightshade

Belladonna

Also known under the names belladonna, belladonna, sleepy stupor, crazy berry, crazy cherry (Atropa belladonna) - a plant of the nightshade family. A perennial herbaceous plant 1-2 m high with an erect, thick green or violet-colored stem, forked-branched at the top. The leaves are petiolate, broadly lanceolate, alternate, but close in pairs, and one is always much larger than the others. Belladonna flowers are solitary, drooping, emerging from the axils of the upper leaves, bell-shaped, dirty purple (sometimes yellow) in color. Blooms from June to late autumn. Fruit - a shiny black-blue poisonous berry, flattened-spherical, juicy, sweet and sour, the size of a cherry.

Spread of Belladonna

Belladonna is widespread in the Crimea, the Caucasus, and the Carpathians. Found in clearings, forest edges, and shady meadows.

Poisonous parts of Belladonna

All parts of the plant are poisonous. Poisoning more often occurs in children who are attracted to the poisonous belladonna berries that resemble cherries or grapes (even 2-3 berries can cause severe poisoning in a child). They, as well as other parts of the plant, contain very poisonous alkaloids such as atropine, hyoscyamine, scopolamine, etc.

Symptoms of poisoning

Signs of poisoning appear within 10-20 minutes. In case of mild poisoning, dryness and burning in the mouth and throat, difficulty swallowing and speaking, rapid heartbeat. The voice becomes hoarse. The pupils are dilated and do not react to light. Near vision is impaired. Photophobia, flickering of spots before the eyes. Dryness and redness of the skin. Excitement, sometimes delusions and hallucinations. In severe poisoning, complete loss of orientation, sudden motor and mental agitation, and sometimes convulsions.

Poisonous berries picture, photo - belladonna

Calla lily (calla lily) marsh

Swamp whitewing is a succulent, thick-rhizomatous, creeping hydrophyte (a plant that grows half in water) 20-40 cm high with large shiny round-heart-shaped leaves (15-20 cm) on long petioles. The cob-shaped inflorescence is surrounded by a white (green on the reverse side) leaf-shaped blanket.

The fruits are juicy red poisonous berries collected in clusters.

It blooms in May and June, the fruits ripen from the end of June.

Distribution of Whitefly

The marsh whitewing is widespread throughout Russia in swamps and marshy banks of reservoirs.

Poisonous parts of the Whitefly

The entire plant is poisonous, especially the poisonous berries and rhizomes. Calla contains pungent saponin-like compounds, as well as volatile substances such as aroin with irritating properties.

Symptoms of Whitefly Poisoning

Nausea, vomiting, salivation, diarrhea, shortness of breath, tachycardia, convulsions. First aid is gastric lavage and laxatives.

Poisonous berries picture, photo - marsh whitewing

Euonymus

Euonymus is a deciduous shrub (sometimes a small tree) 3-4 meters tall, with “classic” elongated leaves, greenish small inconspicuous flowers.
Euonymus blooms in May-June. The fruits fully ripen in September-October.
The fruits are beautiful bright pink four-part capsules containing usually black seeds inside, covered (sometimes not completely) with fleshy orange or red pulp. As they ripen, the boxes open up.

Spread of Euonymus

Euonymus is found in the European part of Russia, in the Caucasus, some species grow in the Far East (up to Eastern Siberia), Sakhalin, and the Kuril Islands.

Poisonous parts of Euonymus

Everything about the euonymus is poisonous - roots, bark, leaves, but the greatest danger is posed by the poisonous berries, which attract with their bright appearance.

Symptoms of Euonymus poisoning

Eating poisonous euonymus berries causes vomiting and diarrhea; large doses of berries can cause intestinal bleeding.

Poisonous berries picture, photo - euonymus

Privet (Wolf Berries)

Privet is a genus of rather heat-loving shrubs of the olive family. Common privet is a deciduous shrub up to 5 meters high.

The leaves are simple, opposite. The inflorescences are white, similar to lilac flowers, also collected in panicles.

The fruit is a black berry. Privet blooms in May-July, after the leaves appear on it. Privet

The berries are poisonous, ripen in September–October and do not fall off for a long time.

Distribution of Privet
On the territory of the former USSR, common privet occurs naturally. Its distribution area is the southwestern part of Russia, the Caucasus, Ukraine and Moldova.

Poisonous parts of Privet

The leaves and berries of the plant are poisonous. It is unlikely that anyone will eat the leaves, but the berries are quite similar to bird cherries.

Symptoms of Privet poisoning

After eating poisonous privet berries, diarrhea, colic, weakness, loss of coordination, convulsions occur within 1-2 hours, and in severe cases, death is possible.

Poisonous berries picture, photo - privet

Elderberry herbal (smelly)

Elderberry is a herbaceous perennial of the honeysuckle family with an unpleasant odor, with a thick creeping rhizome, a thick grooved (sometimes sparsely pubescent) stem 60-170 cm high. Leaves with stipules, large (17-25 cm), pinnate from 7-11 pointed leaflets, pubescent along the veins. The inflorescence of the grass elder is an umbrella-shaped panicle. The flowers are small, inconspicuous, white or reddish. Elderberry blooms in May - June.

The fruits of the grass elder are small black berry-shaped drupes with 3-4 seeds and red juice. The herbaceous elderberry bears fruit in August - September.

Distribution of Elderberry herbal

Elderberry is widespread in the southern part of Russia in the foothills and mountains, along the edges of forests and subalpine meadows. Often found as a weed.

Poisonous parts of Elderberry herbal

Elderberry leaves and flowers are poisonous. Unripe elderberry berries are especially poisonous.

Symptoms of Elderberry poisoning

The main symptoms of poisoning by poisonous elderberry berries are dizziness, headache, weakness, sore throat, abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting. Typically, the mucous membranes are stained blue as a result of the accumulation of oxyhemoglobin in the venous blood. Tachycardia gives way to bradycardia in the later stages. There is shortness of breath with a delay in exhalation, convulsions are possible. Death occurs from respiratory arrest due to acute heart failure.

Poisonous berries picture, photo - herbal elderberry

Wolfberry, daphne

Daphne - a low shrub is popularly called wolf's bast or wolfberry. In April, daphne branches are a meter and a half high, almost completely covered with bunches of bright pink flowers, very similar to the color of lilac. A delicate, unique aroma spreads from flowering plants. Daphne leaves are narrow and dark green. The poisonous berries are oval, first green, then red, ripen in late July-August.

Distribution of Wolfberry

Wolfberry grows in the north of the European part of Russia, Western and Eastern Siberia, and the Caucasus. Prefers coniferous and mixed forests. It is also found in deciduous forests.

Poisonous parts of Wolfberry

Wolfberry flowers are poisonous. When inhaling daphne pollen, irritation of the mucous membranes of the nose and respiratory tract is observed. Not only the flowers are poisonous, but the entire plant. It is not for nothing that one of the names of daphne is deadly wolfberry.

Wolf bark has an unusually bitter taste and, when ingested, causes a burning and scratching sensation. Subsequently, blisters and ulcers form on the mucous membranes. Touching the wet bark of daphne or wolfberry to the skin can lead to the formation of ulcers.

The juice of the leaves and poisonous berries of wolf bast is no less pungent. Getting wolfberry juice into your eyes is extremely dangerous. This threatens the formation of difficult-to-heal corneal lesions.

Symptoms of Wolf Bast poisoning

After eating poisonous berries, you experience a burning sensation in the mouth, pain in the stomach, nausea, vomiting, weakness, and possible convulsions. But wolf bast contains not only meserein, which is highly irritating to the skin and mucous membranes, but also other toxic substances, in particular several types of coumarins, which cause increased bleeding.

Poisonous berries picture, photo - wolfberry

Black Voronets or Actea spicata

Voronets spica is a perennial poisonous herbaceous plant up to 80 cm high, with a thin branched stem, with large, long-stalked, double and triple pinnate leaves. The edges of the leaves are coarsely toothed.

The flowers are white or cream, small, collected in a fluffy panicle.

The berries are initially green, when ripe they are black, glossy, large, oval-cylindrical with a clearly visible trace of the perianth. The berries are collected in a brush.

Distribution of Black Voronets

Black spicate crow grows in the European part of Russia, the Caucasus, Western Siberia, and Altai, but is quite rare. Prefers shady, damp places in deciduous, coniferous and mixed forests. Usually grows in thickets of bushes and trees. The black raven does not like open spaces. It blooms in May-June, the berries ripen in July-August.

Poisonous parts of Voronets spica

The entire plant is very poisonous. The berries of the black crow are especially poisonous.

Symptoms of Voronets spica poisoning
The sap of the plant is irritating to human skin, leading to the formation of blisters. And even a small amount of poisonous berry pulp is enough to cause severe gastrointestinal upset.

Poisonous berries, photo - black crow

Red-fruited crow (red; spiky red)

Red-fruited crowberry is a perennial herbaceous plant. The stems are thin, up to 70 cm high.

The leaves are usually triply pinnate and serrated along the edges. In appearance, the red-fruited crow is very similar to the spicate crow, but differs from it, first of all, in the color of the fruits, slightly smaller berries, and also in the lighter color of the leaves.

The flowers are small, white, collected in a vertical panicle.

The berries of the red crow are elongated-oval, medium in size, green at first, turning white as they ripen and then turning red. Located on a vertical brush.

Distribution of Red-fruited Voronets

The red-fruited crow grows in coniferous and mixed forests in the Far East, Siberia and the north of the European part of Russia.

Poisonous parts of Voronets redfruit

All parts of the plant are poisonous. The most toxic are the berries of the red crow. Eating just two poisonous berries for a child can end tragically. But accidental poisoning from the berries of the red crow is hardly possible, since the plant has an unpleasant odor and the berries are very bitter.

Symptoms of poisoning

Signs of poisoning by red crow berries are nausea, dizziness, increased heart rate, severe gastrointestinal upset.

Poisonous berries, photo - Red Voronets

Crow's eye

Crow's eye is a perennial plant with a very characteristic appearance. A low stem framed by spreading, usually four (less often, as in the photo, five) wide leaves ends in one single inconspicuous greenish flower that blooms in July-June. Then the raven's eye turns the flower into one berry, which turns black by autumn. The raven's eye is also known as cross-grass.

Spread of Crow's Eye

Crow's eye grows in shady, damp places of coniferous, deciduous and mixed forests throughout the temperate zone of Russia from Europe to the Far East. Crow's eye is considered a medicinal plant, but it is better not to collect or use it yourself, since raven's eye is a poisonous plant.

Poisonous parts of the Crow's Eye

The crow's eye berry, like other parts of the plant, is poisonous. The plant contains saponins and cardiac glycosides.

Symptoms of Crow's Eye Poisoning

Poisoning with poisonous berries or other parts of the crow's eye causes irritation of the gastrointestinal tract, diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, a sharp drop in heart rate to 60-40 or less beats per minute, cardiac arrhythmia, ventricular flutter and cardiac arrest.

Poisonous berries, photo - Crow's eye

Lily of the valley

Distribution of Lily of the Valley
Lily of the valley grows mainly in damp shady places, in forest areas, in oak groves, and in floodplain forests.

Poisonous parts of Lily of the Valley
The entire lily of the valley plant is poisonous. Lily of the valley berries are especially poisonous. The beautiful red berries are poisonous and should not be picked, much less eaten.

Symptoms of Lily of the Valley poisoning
The most characteristic signs of poisoning by poisonous lily of the valley berries are headache, tinnitus, rare pulse, and constriction of the pupils. Convulsions are possible.

Poisonous berries, photo – Lily of the Valley

3. First aid for poisoning with berries and mushrooms

If symptoms of poisoning occur, such as fever, diarrhea, vomiting, convulsions, etc., seek medical help immediately. While the doctor is on his way to you, do not sit idly by.

The most first aid for poisoning with poisonous mushrooms and berries consists of stimulating vomiting - this procedure will free the stomach from toxic contents. To do this, the victim needs to be given 2-4 glasses of water (you can add activated carbon to it - 2 tablespoons per 500 ml, salt - 1 teaspoon per 500 ml or potassium permanganate). In case of poisoning by poisonous berries, the procedure will have to be carried out several times. Among the medications, it is recommended to give the patient activated carbon, tannin, as well as any laxative and cardiac medicine. If you have seizures, you will have to use chloral hydrate. If there is no first aid kit, you can give the patient black crackers, starch solution or milk. It would also not hurt to do an enema (if possible). A victim of poisoning from poisonous berries should be wrapped warmly and taken to a doctor.

ATTENTION!

Never pick or taste berries that you do not know.

If you come to the forest with a child, then do not leave him unattended for a minute. Keep an eye on what berries he eats.

If you come to an area unknown to you and the nature there is not entirely familiar to you, be sure to make inquiries with local residents, study the literature, look at websites on the Internet and find out what poisonous plants are typical for this area.

Poisonous berries are actually dangerous only for those who do not know them by sight.

Summer has come, every day it becomes warmer and warmer. This is the most favorable time for the appearance of poisonous mushrooms and plants. The problem of acute poisoning in children is one of the most pressing in the summer. Poisoning often occurs between the ages of 1 and 5 years.

Unlike adults, poisoning from poisonous mushrooms and plants in children is more severe because:

1.All organ systems are still immature

2.Low resistance of the body to poison.

3. Characterized by faster penetration of poison into the body.

4. The tendency of the child’s body to toxicosis and exicosis (dehydration).

Prevention of poisoning from poisonous plants and mushrooms consists of precautions.

Download:

Preview:

"Caution: poisonous mushrooms and plants"

Goal: to form a child’s understanding of the existence of poisonous plants and mushrooms;

introduce the plants of our site;

To teach to distinguish between poisonous plants and mushrooms, to give knowledge that a person can be poisoned by the poisons of these plants;

cultivate a caring attitude towards all mushrooms and plants.

Material: Game “Unravel the Tangle”, “Herbarium”.

Progress of the conversation:

Game "Unravel the confusion"

There are pictures on the table with individual parts of plants drawn on them, and children are asked to connect them.

You can show the children a picture of a child who is in the hospital. Ask to discuss what could have happened to him. Lead to the idea that touching and putting into your mouth unfamiliar plants and mushrooms is dangerous.

Conversation

Ask the children which plants on our garden plot are familiar to them.

Discuss with children what parts plants have, what they look like, their names, read poems or ask riddles. Discuss with children how a plant or mushroom can be dangerous.

Some children have the habit of biting or chewing any blade of grass. This is a very bad habit. Children should remember that the stems, leaves, flowers and berries of many plants are poisonous and can cause irreparable harm to health

But any mushrooms, like plants and animals, need human care and protection.

Examination of herbarium, posters and encyclopedias

Playing out a problem situation

I found a big, beautiful mushroom, what to do with it?

Remember the RULES:

The best way to protect yourself from poisonous plants is not to touch a single flower or shrub if they are not familiar to you, because even touching poisonous plants can be dangerous: it can cause skin burns with blisters and difficult-to-heal wounds.

Mushroom picking is a fun activity. But it also happens that mushrooms grow not only in the forest, but also in the city, in the park and in the garden area.

Remember, mushrooms in the city, even if they are edible, are dangerous. They contain a lot of nitrates and absorb exhaust gases and radiation. Therefore, if you encounter a mushroom in a kindergarten plot, do not touch it, but show it to your teacher or parents.

If you do touch a plant or mushroom, be sure to wash your hands with soap.

Thematic conversation

“Prevention of poisoning by poisonous mushrooms”

Edible mushrooms have a taste value in human nutrition and are used mainly as a seasoning for dishes.

Mushrooms , that grow in our area,are divided into edible, conditionally edible and poisonous.

TO edible mushrooms include: porcini mushroom, boletus, boletus, chanterelles, champignons, etc.

It is recommended to cook fresh mushrooms immediately after picking them, as they quickly spoil. They can be stored for no more than 1 day. Salted and pickled mushrooms can be stored for no more than a year. Only young, non-wormy and immature mushrooms can be eaten.

To the group conditionally edible mushrooms include: morels, strings, milk mushrooms, pig mushrooms, etc. These mushrooms, especially the skin of the caps, contain toxic substances that pass into the water during boiling. After boiling these mushrooms in salt water for 15 minutes, you need to remove the outer skin from the caps, rinse in cold water and boil and fry again.

TO poisonous mushrooms include: pale grebe, false mushrooms, red and spotted fly agarics. The toxic substances contained in mushrooms of this group do not pass into the decoction and are not destroyed even with prolonged heat treatment.

Eating poisonous mushrooms leads to single or group poisonings, which in most cases, especially in children, result in death.

The reason for mushrooms getting into food is, on the one hand, externalsimilarity with some edible mushrooms, and on the other hand, the population’s frivolous attitude towards collecting and preparing mushrooms.

Mushrooms are often collected by children or people who do not know the difference between edible mushrooms and poisonous ones.

The first signs of poisoning after eating mushrooms appear after 2-6 hours, in some cases even later. All mushroom poisonings cause damage to the gastrointestinal tract with the following symptoms: abdominal pain, sometimes colic, nausea, salivation, vomiting, diarrhea, weakness, and sometimes cramps. The temperature usually rises.

In cases of mushroom poisoning, it is necessary to call a doctor or send the victim to the hospital. Before the doctor arrives, the patient should immediately rinse the stomach and intestines. For this purpose, give the victim 2-3 glasses of salted water to drink, and then, mechanically irritating the root of the tongue and pharynx with your fingers, induce vomiting. Repeat this procedure several times, after which the patient is put to bed (on his stomach) and a heating pad is placed at his feet. It is recommended to drink cold sweet tea, coffee, milk or curdled milk.

The patient should not eat until the doctor arrives. It must be remembered that the toxic effect of mushrooms on the human body does not decrease when drinking alcohol; on the contrary, it promotes the absorption of toxic substances and enhances their effect.

To avoid mushroom poisoning, you need to learn to distinguishedible mushrooms from poisonous ones, carefully learn the rules for collecting, storing andpreparing dishes from them.

Remember that drying, salting, pickling, and heat treatment do not destroy the poison in mushrooms. Therefore, poisoning can occur at any time when consuming prepared inedible mushrooms for future use.

Prevent mushroom poisoning!!!

Target: provide colleagues with one of the options for providing instruction on poisonous plants before going out into nature.

1. Give an idea of ​​the most likely poisonous plants in central Russia.

2. Rules of conduct in the natural environment.

3. Consider first aid in case of poisoning by poisonous plants.

All people, some more often, some less often, plan to spend their holidays in nature, especially in the warm season. This could be walks in the forest or in the park, trips to pick mushrooms or berries, hiking, excursions, and other trips. You will rarely meet a person indifferent to flowers and beautiful herbs growing in a forest or park. Despite the increased interest in wild food and medicinal plants, most people are completely unfamiliar with the plant world. The use of unknown or incorrectly identified plants often leads to poisoning, including severe, even fatal. Most often, children suffer because they do not know about the existence of poisonous plants, cannot identify them, or do not understand the consequences of careless handling of them. Adults not only cannot always warn a child, but they themselves are not careful enough with plants. This especially applies to city dwellers.

Therefore, students should be periodically reminded of the rules of behavior in nature. Caution does not hurt if we go to the country, to the park or for a walk in our yard or on the boulevard where there is a lot of greenery.

Guidelines

Some of the plants are unsafe for humans. Some are poisonous, others can cause serious burns. Acute poisonings are caused by fruits, roots, stems and flowers of plants. Poisonous plants make up approximately 2% of the total number of known species; there are about 400 species in our country. Poisonous plants include some medicinal, food and ornamental plants.

The best way to protect yourself from poisonous plants is not to touch a single flower or shrub if they are not familiar to you.

There are many plants that look and even taste similar to food plants, for example, radish, parsley, horseradish. The bright fruits of forest and some ornamental plants found in the city are especially attractive. Children are often victims of poisoning from such fruits. For a child, even the amount of a toxic substance that causes only mild discomfort in an adult is lethal. There are plants (for example, vekh, also known as hemlock) that cause severe poisoning even if you take a piece of such a plant in your mouth and immediately spit it out. Among the umbelliferous family (to which vekh belongs) there are many poisonous plants. Some plants, such as hogweed, cause severe skin irritation. The plant is large, up to 3 m tall. During the heat of the sun, people sometimes hide from the sun in the shade of this plant. These people develop burns, which in severe cases are fatal. Children love to make pipes from plants of the umbrella family; this is deadly if the plant is poisonous.

You can also be poisoned by volatile substances released by aromatic plants (ledum). Large bouquets of lilies, bird cherry, lupine, and other strong-smelling plants in a poorly ventilated room cause weakness, headache, dizziness, and sometimes loss of consciousness.

BLACK HEBRAIN

Picture of poisoning: psychosis with hallucinations, severe thirst, fever, dilated pupils, photophobia.

Meaning: medicinal.

Datura STINKING

Poisonous organs: whole plant and seeds.

Picture of poisoning: dry mouth, difficulty swallowing, orientation, memory loss, bloody diarrhea, dilated pupils.

Meaning: medicinal.

LILY OF THE MAY

Poisonous organs: the entire plant and fruits.

Picture of poisoning: nausea, vomiting, cardiac arrest.

Meaning: medicinal, decorative.

BOUGHT MEDICINAL

Poisonous organs: all parts of the plant.

Picture of poisoning: nausea, vomiting, cardiac dysfunction, skin irritation

Meaning: decorative.

RAVEN'S EYE

Poisonous organs: the entire plant is poisonous.

Picture of poisoning: headache, dizziness, dilated pupils, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, diarrhea.

Meaning: growing wild.

Poisonous organs: grass and unripe fruits of nightshades.

Picture of poisoning: abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, depression of motor and mental activity.

Meaning: black nightshade is edible, bittersweet nightshade is decorative.

SOSNOVSKY'S CORPSENIUM

Picture of poisoning: skin inflammation similar to a burn, chills, dizziness, headache, fever.

Meaning: fodder.

VEKH POISONOUS (CHICUTA)

Poisonous organs: the whole plant, especially the rhizome.

Picture of poisoning: headache, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, feeling of cold throughout the body, imbalance, decreased skin sensitivity, release of thick saliva, death from respiratory arrest.

Meaning: honey plant, in folk medicine.

SPOTTED HEMMILE

Poisonous organs: whole plant

WOLF'S BASH

Poisonous organs: the whole plant.

Picture of poisoning: nausea, drooling, dizziness, difficulty swallowing, speech, pale skin.

Meaning: weed, in folk medicine.

Ledum SWAMP

Poisonous organs: aerial part.

Picture of poisoning: weakness, drowsiness, nausea, vomiting, increased sweating, difficulty breathing, suffocation.

Value: medicinal, insecticidal, tanning.

Poisonous organs: bark, roots, leaves, fruits.

Picture of poisoning: vomiting, diarrhea, intestinal bleeding.

Meaning: decorative.

Poisonous organs: leaves and fruits.

Picture of poisoning: vomiting, diarrhea, circulatory disorders, and in severe poisoning - death.

Meaning: decorative.

Poisonous organs: berries.

Picture of poisoning: pain in the pancreas, vomiting, diarrhea.

Meaning: decorative.

Poisonous organs: leaves, flowers, unripe fruits,

Picture of poisoning: dizziness, headache, weakness, sore throat, abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting.

Meaning: food, in folk medicine, honey plant..

Poisonous organs: one of the most poisonous plants, juice and fruits are poisonous.

Picture of poisoning: vomiting, diarrhea, severe inflammation of the intestines, blisters may appear on the skin when touched.

Meaning: growing wild.

ACONITES (FIGHTERS)

Poisonous organs: the whole plant.

Picture of poisoning: burning in the mouth, salivation, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, shortness of breath, general weakness, chills, loss of consciousness, cardiac paralysis or respiratory arrest. The poison is absorbed even through intact skin.

Meaning: growing wild.

HONEBELLE LOBEL

Meaning: medicinal.

CORYDA HOLLOW

Poisonous organs: the entire plant, especially the roots.

Picture of poisoning: sore throat, scratching in the nose, eyes. Swallowing is difficult. Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, severe thirst.

Meaning: medicinal.

Poisonous organs: grass, berries, tubers that have turned green in the light or overwintered.

Picture of poisoning: irritation of the mucous membrane of the digestive tract, depression of the central nervous system.

Meaning: food, feed, technical.

First aid for poisoning by poisonous plants

If you suspect accidental consumption of a poisonous plant with food, you must immediately, without waiting for signs of poisoning to appear, begin to provide first aid to the victim. Its effectiveness depends on the speed of removal of poison from the body. Even if there was spontaneous vomiting, the victim is recommended to drink four to five glasses of warm water, for children - half a glass for each year of life. This usually causes vomiting. If this does not happen, you need to press on the root of the tongue with a teaspoon or finger (if the person is unconscious, vomiting cannot be caused).

Then you need to take substances that prevent the absorption of poison into the blood: several tablets of activated carbon or its substitutes - starch paste, two or three egg whites mixed in a glass of water, milk or black crackers. Since these drugs do not act for long, vomiting must be induced again 15–20 minutes after taking them. Instead of water, it is good to use a light pink one percent solution of potassium permanganate (potassium permanganate). In case of poisoning by aromatic plants, it is recommended to take the patient to an open, ventilated place, if breathing weakens, let him inhale ammonia, then put him to bed, warm him, and give him strong tea.

After contact with plants that cause burns, the affected areas of the skin should be washed with soap and water, the resulting blisters should be wiped with cologne or alcohol, and a clean bandage should be applied.

After providing first aid, be sure to consult a doctor.

Description of promising results

People of all ages show interest in nature. The material is intended primarily for teachers, parents, and all nature lovers. Students who have mastered knowledge about poisonous plants will be able to protect themselves and their younger sisters and brothers from troubles in nature.

Bibliography

1. Averkiev D.S., Averkiev V.D. Identifier of plants of the Gorky region. - 2nd ed., rev. and additional - Gorky: Volgo-Vyatka book. publishing house 1985. - 320 p.

2. Gubanov I.A. and others. Key to higher plants of the central zone of the European part of the USSR; Manual for teachers / I.A. Gubanov, V.S. Novikov, V.N. Tikhomirov. - M.: Education, 1981. - 287 p.

3. Children's encyclopedia. Help yourself and others or safety in emergency situations. Subscription index 34182 in the Russian Press catalogue.

4. Novikov V.S., Gubanov I.A. School atlas-identifier of higher plants: Book. for students. - M.: Education, 1985. - 239 p.

5. Fundamentals of life safety: 6th grade. Textbook for general-arr. institution/Litvinov E.N., Smirnov A.T., Frolov M.P., Petrov S.V., Vikhoreva T.S., 1st ed. – M.: AST Publishing House, 1998. – 160 p.: ill.