Therapeutic fasting changes gene expression, suppresses inflammation, protects the heart, brain and blood vessels, prevents cancer, prolongs life from 35 to 83%.

Therapeutic fasting prolongs life by 35-83%

Humans have had to periodically starve throughout evolution. Sometimes food was simply not available, and sometimes as part of a religious fast, for example, in Islam, Christianity, Buddhism.

Previously, there was no place to store food. There were no supermarkets or refrigerators. Food was not equally available all year round. In winter, the problem of food became especially acute.

This is how our body evolved, getting used to periodically going without food.

How can we now mimic this evolutionary diet?

• You can, for example, skip breakfast. Eat for the first time only at 12.00, and the second time at 20.00. Then for the remaining 16 hours our body will technically fast daily. This scheme is the most popular and is called 16/8.
• The second option is to fast 1 or 2 times a week for 24 hours (from dinner one day to dinner the next day)

If you want to practice , then first you need to make sure that you do not have the following problems:

• underweight
• ulcers, gastritis or other diseases of the digestive system
• problems with fertility (ability to have children) and/or trying to conceive a child
• pregnancy
• breastfeeding a baby
• diabetes
• blood sugar imbalance
• low blood pressure
• you are taking medications that are incompatible with fasting

Studies on rats have shown that reducing IGF-1 to optimal levels using short fasting cycles can make female rats temporarily infertile and cause them to skip cycles

• http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0004146

Therapeutic fasting changes gene activity

During the period of fasting, due to deficiency and carbohydrates, the activity of mTOR kinase is inhibited, and this triggers important cellular repair processes. For example, removal of intracellular debris - .

• www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3106288/

The expression of sirt1, sirt2 and sirt3 is activated, which helps prevent cancer.

The activity of neurotrophic factors such as bdnf and the glial cell line neurotrophic factor gdnf is enhanced. The activity of these factors helps prevent brain stroke and Alzheimer's disease. The activity of IGF-1 and is reduced, which also helps prevent cancer. Many other beneficial changes in gene expression occur:

• www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24048020
• www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2622429/

Therapeutic fasting changes the way hormones work

During fasting, insulin levels in the blood sharply decrease, which makes it easier to burn fat.

• www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15640462

During fasting, the level of growth hormone in the blood can increase as much as 5 times

• www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC329619/
• www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1548337

Higher levels of this hormone promote fat burning and muscle gain, and have many other benefits.

• www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12425705
• www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2355952

The nervous system sends norepinephrine (norepinephrine) to fat cells to break down free fatty acids for energy.

• www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12107252

Therapeutic fasting helps you lose weight

Therapeutic fasting allows you to lose weight

• www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25540982

Lower insulin levels, higher growth hormone levels, and increased norepinephrine (noradrenaline) all increase the breakdown of fat in the body and make it easier to use for energy. For this reason, short-term reducing IGF-1 to optimal levels using short fasting cycles actually increases your body's metabolic rate by 3.6-14%, helping you burn even more calories than you would in normal life.

• www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2405717
• www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10837292

Therapeutic fasting preserves muscles

One of the worst side effects of calorie-optimal nutrition is that the body tends to burn both fat and muscle.

• www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17075583/

One study commentary showed that reducing IGF-1 to optimal levels using short fasting cycles causes muscle loss less than permanent. And this is very important, since optimal calorie nutrition, although it prolongs life, makes a person thin. This is a big advantage of fasting over low-calorie eating. But it is worth remembering that this effect occurs only with a short fast.

• www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/ 21410865

In one study, participants ate the same number of calories as before, except for only one large meal in the evening. And they lose more fat but have gains in muscle mass—along with a host of other beneficial effects in health markers

• http://ajcn.nutrition.org/content/85/4/981.short

Therapeutic fasting prevents diabetes

• http://geronj.oxfordjournals.org/content/38/1/36.short
• http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0047637400001093

And in some of these studies, the results were quite impressive. Rats that fasted for a day lived 83% longer the next day!!! than rats that were not hungry at all.

• www.karger.com/Article/Abstract/212538

What can you drink while fasting?

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Rule one. Fasting is an art and a science. The benefits of fasting are obvious, the danger is small, and the inconvenience is small. Nevertheless, to obtain good results, it must be carried out under the supervision of a specialist. Disease is the result of many years of wrong life and great skill is required in order to carry out a long fast and achieve results. Thus, chronic diseases require stricter monitoring during fasting than acute ones.

Fasting is not a cessation of vital activity, but a significant decrease in activity, and some processes, on the contrary, are accelerated. The body's normal needs for food, air, water, warmth, sunlight, activity, rest, sleep, maintaining cleanliness, and mental balance remain basic requirements during food deprivation. The functioning of body tissues does not come from food, but from the body’s reserves. Water is taken according to need (thirst). You need enough heat so that it doesn't feel cold. Sunlight is necessary to maintain a somewhat weakened metabolism. Cleanliness remains a need, sleep remains a necessity. Mental and emotional stabilization are especially important.

Rule two. If you have been able to understand the wisdom and rationality of fasting and have rid your mind of all fear of this completely normal process, you can easily fast. It is very useful to be among such people: you will see that the hungry do not die, but, on the contrary, gain a lot, fear dissipates before reality.

When fasting, it is recommended to reduce mental, sensory, nervous and physical activity in order to save energy to enhance regenerative and cleansing processes. Physical rest is achieved by relaxation, cessation of physical activity, rest in bed, mental rest is ensured by maintaining mental activity and emotional stress. It is important to protect yourself from negative emotions. This is one of the main conditions of fasting, although sometimes it is difficult to avoid it.

During fasting, it is advisable not to read, not to sit in front of the TV, not to go to the movies, that is, to avoid any strain on the eyes. Noise especially disrupts balance and increases energy consumption. The main conditions for success are peace, tranquility and inaction.

Rule three. Some mental exercises are possible with short-term fasting, in other cases they are a waste of energy. Activity should be kept to a minimum in the absence of food.

Rule four. A starving person does not tolerate cold well; he freezes easily. Chills reduce cleansing processes and cause an acceleration in the consumption of reserves. Therefore, it is important to maintain the necessary warmth, this is true even in summer.

Rule five. A hungry person needs only the purest water; mineral waters and water with an unpleasant taste are undesirable. You can use soft spring, rain, distilled, filtered or any other water that does not contain impurities. You should drink no more than you want. Very cold water slows down the recovery process. It is unwise to drink iced water, but you can use hot water.

Rule six. You can take a bath or shower during fasting, but bathing should be short, as it is undesirable to lose a lot of energy. The water temperature should be close to body temperature. If the fasting person is weak, he should wipe his body with a sponge in bed.

Rule seven. Sunbathing is very useful during fasting; sunlight promotes calcium metabolism and plays an important role in the absorption of phosphorus and maintaining muscle strength. The sun is vital, but it should be done in moderation, not in too hot sun, for short periods of time. In summer, sunbathe early in the morning or late afternoon. If it is not hot at noon, you can sunbathe at any time of the day. Start with a 5-minute exposure to the front half of your body, then turn your back to the sun for 5 minutes. On the second day you can increase the duration to 6 minutes. By adding 1 minute per day, bring the duration of sunbathing to 30 minutes.

Rule eight. Your body does not need enemas or laxative salts during fasting. Nothing so gently and so definitely increases the activity of the kidneys as fasting itself. The intestines cleanse themselves as often as necessary during a long vacation. The skin is not an excretory organ. Sweating sessions are a scam. This remedy weakens the hungry. All this is very harmful.

Rule nine. Severe suffering is a reason to stop fasting. This is possible with some common health problems. The same applies to cases where the capabilities of digestion and assimilation are extremely weakened. The greater the suffering, the less a person’s ability to take and digest food, and fasting is gradually stopped under the guidance of a specialist.

Oxygen starvation of the brain or hypoxia occurs due to a disruption in the supply of oxygen to its tissues. The brain is the organ with the greatest need for oxygen. A quarter of all inhaled air goes to serving the brain’s need for it, and 4 minutes without it becomes critical for life. Oxygen enters the brain through a complex blood supply system and is then utilized by its cells. Any disturbances in this system lead to oxygen starvation.

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ICD-10 code

G93 Other brain lesions

I67.3 Progressive vascular leukoencephalopathy

Epidemiology

Due to the variety of forms of pathological conditions inherent in oxygen starvation, it is difficult to determine its prevalence. Based on the reasons that give rise to it, the number of people who have experienced this condition is very large. But the statistics of oxygen starvation in newborns are more definite and disappointing: fetal hypoxia is observed in 10 cases out of 100.

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Causes of oxygen starvation of the brain

There are various reasons for the occurrence of oxygen starvation of the brain. These include:

• decrease in oxygen in the environment (when climbing mountains, indoors, in spacesuits or submarines);
• disruption of the respiratory organs (asthma, pneumonia, chest injuries, tumors);
• disruption of blood circulation in the brain (arterial atherosclerosis, thrombosis, embolism);
• impaired oxygen transport (lack of red blood cells or hemoglobin);
• blockade of enzyme systems involved in tissue respiration.

Pathogenesis

The pathogenesis of oxygen starvation is a change in the structure of the vascular walls, disruption of their permeability, which leads to cerebral edema. Depending on the reasons that caused hypoxia, pathogenesis develops according to a different algorithm. So, with exogenous factors, this process begins with arterial hypoxemia - a decrease in the oxygen content in the blood, which entails hypocapnia - a lack of carbon dioxide, which disrupts the biochemical balance in it. The next chain of negative processes is alkalosis - a failure of the acid-base balance in the body. At the same time, blood flow in the brain and coronary arteries is disrupted, and blood pressure drops.

Endogenous causes caused by pathological conditions of the body cause arterial hypoxemia along with hypercapnia (increased carbon dioxide content) and acidosis (increased oxidation products of organic acids). Different types of hypoxia have their own scenarios of pathological changes.

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Symptoms of oxygen starvation of the brain

The first signs of oxygen deficiency appear in the excitation of the nervous system: breathing and heartbeat quicken, euphoria sets in, cold sweat appears on the face and limbs, and motor restlessness. Then the condition changes dramatically: lethargy, drowsiness, headache, darkening of the eyes, and depression of consciousness appear. A person experiences dizziness, develops constipation, possible muscle cramps and fainting, and the onset of coma. The most severe degree of coma is deep disturbances of the central nervous system: lack of brain activity, muscle hypotension, respiratory arrest with a beating heart.

Oxygen starvation of the brain in adults

Oxygen starvation of the brain in adults can develop as a result of stroke, when the blood supply to the brain is disrupted, hypovolemic shock - a significant decrease in the volume of circulating blood that occurs with large blood loss, uncompensated loss of plasma in burns, peritonitis, pancreatitis, accumulation of a large volume of blood in injuries, dehydration in diarrhea. This condition is characterized by decreased blood pressure, tachycardia, nausea and dizziness, and loss of consciousness.

Oxygen starvation of the brain in children and newborns

Analyzing the various factors causing oxygen starvation and the fact that it can accompany many diseases, it becomes clear that children are also affected in the affected area. Anemia, burns from fire and chemicals, gas poisoning, heart failure, various injuries, swelling of the larynx due to an allergic reaction, etc. can lead to a state of oxygen starvation of the brain in children. But most often this diagnosis is given to children at birth.

Diagnosis of oxygen starvation of the brain

Diagnosis of oxygen starvation of the brain is carried out on the basis of patient complaints, if possible, data from the words of relatives, laboratory and instrumental studies are carried out.

The patient's condition is assessed based on the results of a general blood test. Indicators such as red blood cells, ESR, hematocrit, leukocytes, platelets, reticulocytes are analyzed. An analysis of the blood composition will also determine the acid-base balance of the body, the gas composition of venous and arterial blood, and therefore indicate a diseased organ.

The most accessible methods of instrumental diagnostics include pulse oximetry - a special device worn on a finger measures the level of oxygen saturation in the blood (the optimal content is 95-98%). Other means are an electroencephalogram, computer and magnetic resonance imaging of the brain, an electrocardiogram, and rheovasography, which determines the volume of blood flow and its intensity in the arterial vessels.

Differential diagnosis

Treatment of oxygen starvation of the brain

Treatment of oxygen starvation of the brain consists of etiotropic therapy (treatment of the cause). Thus, exogenous hypoxia requires the use of oxygen masks and pillows. To treat respiratory hypoxia, drugs that dilate the bronchi, analgesics, and antihypoxanes that improve oxygen utilization are used. In case of hemic (reduced oxygen in the blood), a blood transfusion is performed, histoxic or tissue, antidote drugs are prescribed, circulatory (heart attacks, strokes) - cardiotropic. If such therapy is not possible, actions are aimed at eliminating the symptoms: regulating vascular tone, normalizing blood circulation, prescribing medications for dizziness, headaches, blood thinners, restoratives, nootropic drugs and those that reduce bad cholesterol.

Medicines

Metered aerosols are used as bronchodilators: Truvent, Atrovent, Berodual, Salbutamol.

Truvent is an aerosol can; when using, you need to remove the protective cap, shake it several times, lower the spray head down, take it with your lips and press the bottom, inhaling deeply and holding the breath for a few moments. One press corresponds to a portion. The effect occurs within 15-30 minutes. Every 4-6 hours the procedure is repeated, making 1-2 presses, this is how long the effect of the drug lasts. Not prescribed during pregnancy, angle-closure glaucoma, allergies. The use of the drug can reduce visual acuity and increase intraocular pressure.

Analgesics include a large list of drugs, from the well-known analgin to completely unfamiliar names, each of which has its own pharmacological action. The doctor will determine what is necessary in a particular situation. Here is a list of some of them: acamol, anopyrine, bupranal, pentalgin, cefekon, etc.

Bupranal is a solution in ampoules for intramuscular and intravenous injections, in syringe tubes for intramuscular injection. The maximum daily dose is 2.4 mg. The frequency of administration is every 6-8 hours. Possible side effects such as nausea, weakness, lethargy, dry mouth. Contraindicated in children under 16 years of age, during pregnancy and breastfeeding, increased intracranial pressure, and alcoholism.

The list of antidote drugs includes atropine, diazepam (mushroom poisoning), aminophylline, glucose (carbon monoxide), magnesium sulfate, almagel (organic acids), unithiol, cuprenil (heavy metal salts), naloxone, flumazenil (drug poisoning), etc. .

Naloxone is available in ampoules; there is a special form for newborns. The recommended dose is 0.4-0.8 mg, sometimes it is necessary to increase it to 15 mg. With increased sensitivity to the drug, an allergy occurs; in drug addicts, taking the drug causes a specific attack.

For strokes, Cerebrolysin, Actovegin, encephabol, papaverine, and no-spa are used.

Actovegin - exists in various forms: dragees, solutions for injections and infusions, gels, ointments, creams. Doses and method of administration are prescribed by the doctor depending on the severity of the disease. Burn wounds and bedsores are treated with external remedies. The use of the drug may cause hives, fever, and sweating. It has contraindications for pregnant women, during breastfeeding, and allergies.

Vitamins

A number of vitamins during tissue oxygen starvation are antidotes to toxic substances. Thus, vitamin K1 blocks the effect of warfarin - an antithrombosis agent, vitamin B6 - poisoning with anti-tuberculosis drugs, vitamin C is used for damage by carbon monoxide, anilines used in dyes, medicines, and chemicals. To maintain the body, it is also necessary to saturate it with vitamins.

Physiotherapeutic treatment

For general or local hypoxia of various natures, a method of physiotherapeutic treatment such as oxygen therapy is used. The most common indications for its use are respiratory failure, circulatory disorders, and cardiovascular diseases. There are various methods of oxygen saturation: cocktails, inhalations, baths, cutaneous, subcutaneous, intraband methods, etc. Oxygen barotherapy - breathing compressed oxygen in a pressure chamber relieves hypoxia. Depending on the diagnosis that led to hypoxia, UHF, magnetic therapy, laser therapy, massage, acupuncture, etc. are used.

Traditional treatment

One of the recipes for folk treatment is breathing exercises using the following method. Inhale air slowly and deeply, hold for a few seconds and exhale slowly. Do this several times in a row, increasing the duration of the procedure. Bring the count to 4 while inhaling, to 7 while holding your breath, and to 8 while exhaling.

Garlic tincture will help strengthen blood vessels and reduce their spasms: fill a third of the jar with chopped garlic, fill it to the brim with water. After 2 weeks of infusion, start taking 5 drops per spoon of water before meals.

A prepared mixture of buckwheat, honey and walnuts, taken in equal proportions, can raise hemoglobin: grind the cereal and nuts to flour, add honey, mix. Take a tablespoon on an empty stomach half an hour before meals. Fresh beet juice is also effective; it must be allowed to stand for some time before drinking so that the volatile substances are released.

Ginger will help cope with asthma attacks. Combine its juice with honey and pomegranate juice and drink a spoonful 3 times a day.

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Herbal treatment

It is effective to take decoctions, infusions, and herbal teas that have an antispasmodic effect during oxygen deprivation: chamomile, valerian, St. John's wort, motherwort, hawthorn. For problems with the respiratory system, take decoctions of medicinal mixtures from coltsfoot, pine buds, plantain, licorice root, and elderberry flowers. Hemoglobin levels can be raised with the help of herbs such as nettle, yarrow, dandelion, and wormwood.

Homeopathy

Homeopathic remedies are increasingly being used in combination with basic treatment. Here are some of the remedies that can be prescribed for oxygen starvation and are aimed at the causes of its occurrence.

• Accardium - granules containing metallic gold, arnica montana, anamyrtha coculus-like. Aimed at treating angina pectoris and cardiovascular disorders caused by heavy physical exertion. Twice a day, 10 granules half an hour before meals or an hour after, keep under the tongue until completely absorbed. The average course of treatment lasts 3 weeks. The drug has no contraindications or side effects. For use during pregnancy and children, consultation with a doctor is required.
• Atma® - drops, a complex drug for the treatment of bronchial asthma. Dose for children under one year of age: 1 drop per teaspoon of water or milk. For children under 12 years of age, 2 to 7 drops per tablespoon. After 12 years - 10 drops in pure form or in water. Continue treatment for up to 3 months. No side effects were observed.
• Vertigoheel - oral drops, used for dizziness, cerebral atherosclerosis, strokes. The drops are dissolved in water and, when swallowed, remain in the mouth for some time. Recommended from a child's age onwards. Up to 3 years - 3 drops, at the age of 3-6 years - 5, for the rest - 10 drops 3-4 times a day for a month. Hypersensitivity reactions are possible. Contraindicated for children under one year of age, during pregnancy and breastfeeding - with the permission of a doctor.
• Hawthorn compositum is a homeopathic cardiac remedy, liquid. Adults are prescribed 15-20 drops three times a day, children - 5-7 drops. The drug has contraindications in case of allergy to the components.
• Aesculus-compositum - drops, used for post-embolic circulatory disorders, post-infarction and post-stroke conditions. Single dose - 10 drops in water, holding in mouth. Frequency - 3 times a day. Duration of treatment is up to 6 weeks. Side effects are unknown. Contraindicated in pregnant women and those hypersensitive to the components of the drug.

Surgery

Surgical treatment of the heart or blood vessels may be necessary in the case of a circulatory form of oxygen starvation, the development of which occurs rapidly and is associated with disturbances in their functions.

Prevention

Prevention of oxygen starvation primarily consists of organizing a healthy daily life, which includes normal nutrition, moderate physical activity, adequate sleep, absence of stressful situations, quitting smoking and alcohol, and spending enough time in the fresh air. It is necessary to monitor blood pressure and undergo timely preventive courses for existing diseases.

Vitamins, acting as catalysts in metabolic processes, are necessary components for maintaining the normal functioning of the body. Vitamin starvation occurs either as a consequence of a deficiency of vitamins or their precursors in the diet, or as a result of disturbances in their synthesis and absorption in the gastrointestinal tract. Hypo- and vitamin deficiencies can also be caused by the inhibitory effect of antivitamins. A lack of vitamins, and sometimes an excess of them in the body, leads to disruption of many functions and to a decrease in animal productivity.

Retinol(vitamin A). The first change recorded with retinol deficiency in the animal’s body is an increase in cerebrospinal fluid pressure, which leads to swelling of the nipple, optic nerve, delayed rhodopsin synthesis, clouding of the cornea, protrusion of the eyes with dilated pupils, and loss of the ability to see in the dark. Subsequently, atrophy of the optic nerve is observed and complete blindness occurs.

In addition to eye damage, sick animals develop hyperkeratinization. Damage to the intestinal mucosa in young animals is often accompanied by dyspepsia, decreased digestion, absorption and use of feed energy. A - vitamin deficiency can be accompanied by respiratory diseases (rhinitis, laryngitis, bronchitis, bronchopneumonia), and a decrease in reproductive capacity. In animals of all species, growth and development are delayed, natural resistance is reduced, and productivity decreases. Horses and fur-bearing animals with vitamin A deficiency often suffer from urolithiasis.

Calciferol(vitamin D) is especially necessary for young poultry, piglets, calves, lambs and other growing animals. Calciferol deficiency in young farm animals is one of the main causes of rickets. With rickets, the processes of absorption of phosphoric acid salts from the intestines into the blood are disrupted, and the processes of salt deposition in the bones are disrupted and delayed. They are deformed, scrap-

ki, painful. At the same time, appetite decreases, digestive disorders and anemia occur. Hypocalcemia sometimes leads to tetany.

Impaired bone development in newborns may be a consequence of vitamin deficiency in mothers.

Adult animals, especially lactating cows, with vitamin D deficiency suffer from osteodystrophy. This disease is characterized by thinning and deformation of skeletal bones, lordosis, lameness, loose teeth, resorption of the caudal vertebrae, and delayed molting. At the same time, a decrease and perversion of appetite and a weakening of rumination are noted. There is also blockage of the book, catarrhal inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract, dystrophic processes in the liver, cachexia, frequent retention of the placenta, endometritis, barrenness.

Tocopherol(vitamin E) is necessary for animals to perform the reproductive function. The deficiency of this vitamin is accompanied by early resorption of embryos and infertility of females. In males, degeneration of the testes occurs, sperm are destroyed and lose the ability to fertilize the egg. Severe cases are characterized by aspermia, loss of sexual instinct.

Phylloquinone(vitamin K). Partial or complete absence of it in the feed leads to the phenomenon of hemorrhagic diathesis (the content of prothrombin in the blood is sharply reduced, the strength of capillaries is reduced, multiple hemorrhages occur under the skin, into the abdominal cavity, under the serous membranes of parenchymal organs, into the muscles). The content of hemoglobin and red blood cells decreases, anemia develops, with all its consequences.

Thiamine(vitamin B,). T-hypovitaminosis occurs when there is a deficiency of the vitamin in feed, difficulty in its synthesis in the proventriculus of ruminants, or when an excess amount of thiamyase, an enzyme that destroys the vitamin, is received. Particularly sensitive to vitamin B deficiency | calves, caged fur-bearing animals, birds.

In calves, vitamin B deficiency is mainly associated with the appearance of bacterial or fungal thiaminase in the rumen. Thiamine deficiency leads to cerebrocortical necrosis or polyencephalomalacia. Clinical signs of damage to the brain tissue of calves are weakness, general twitching of the muscles of the ears and eyelids, swaying of the head and neck, grinding of teeth, groaning, staggering gait, tetanic spasms, anorexia, cardiac arrhythmia, respiratory distress, excessive tearing, apparent blindness. Diarrhea may occur. Death occurs within 3-6 days.

In fur-bearing animals, especially minks, vitamin B deficiency occurs when feeding a large amount of fish containing the enzyme thiaminase, which destroys the vitamin, and is most often manifested by loss of appetite, hypothermia, cardiac weakness, hepatosis, ataxia, and paralysis. In females, death and resorption of fetuses and a large number of stillborn and underdeveloped puppies are noted.

Thiamine deficiency in birds is accompanied by the development of degenerative changes in the fibers of peripheral nerves and the posterior columns of the spinal column.

th brain. There is trembling, paresis, muscle paralysis, throwing the head back. There is a high mortality rate.

Riboflavin(vitamin B 2). Participates in the synthesis of the most important enzymes of biological oxidation, which ensure the removal of hydrogen from the molecules of oxidizing substances and its subsequent combination with oxygen. Consequently, the intensity of oxidative processes in tissues decreases and interstitial metabolism is disrupted. Animals develop anorexia, combined with profuse lacrimation. Calves experience sore lips, hair loss, dermatitis, and diarrhea.

Nicotine acid (vitamin PP). The use of animal feed containing a small amount of tryptophan, a precursor to vitamin PP, leads to pellagra. The disease is observed in dogs, pigs, and birds. It occurs with primary damage to the skin and mucous membranes. Inflammation develops in the mucous membrane of the tongue (“black tongue”), oral cavity, stomach and intestines. Secretory elements undergo atrophy, appetite is lost, diarrhea appears, and exhaustion occurs. Dermatitis and hyperkeratosis are observed. Severe damage to the nervous system appears.

Pyridoxine(vitamin B 6). Lack of pyridoxine in feed leads to the development of a specific disease in pigs, dogs, chickens, calves, characterized by growth retardation, anemia, dermatitis, damage to the nervous system with symptoms of seizures. Pyridoxine is considered an essential vitamin for dairy calves. Vitamin deficiency is manifested in them by loss of appetite, weak growth, diarrhea, seizures, and death of animals.

Pantothenic acid (vitamin B3). With a lack of this vitamin, growth stops in animals, debilitating diarrhea and dermatitis occur. Degenerative changes are observed in the dorsal roots of the spinal cord and sciatic nerve, and coordination of movements is impaired. There is a decrease in the ability of the adrenal glands to produce steroid hormones. In sick animals, antibody genesis is limited and they become more susceptible to infectious diseases.

Cyanocobalamin(vitamin B]2). Pigs, dogs, and poultry are sensitive to a lack of cyanide-balamin. In ruminants, hypovitaminosis B|2 can occur as a result of low cobalt content in the diet. It has also been established that any conditions that inhibit the activity of the microflora of the rumen and other parts of the digestive tract of animals contribute to B| 2 -vitamin deficiency. It can occur when the stomach wall is damaged if the secretion of mucopolysaccharide, necessary for the absorption of vitamin B12, stops. Cyanocobalamin deficiency in animals leads to the development of pernicious hyperchromic anemia with megaloblastic hematopoiesis. In this case, tissue respiration is disturbed, signs of nervous regulation disorder appear, liver function is impaired, and the ability to synthesize methyl groups decreases. The resulting deficiency of methionine and choline contributes to the development of hepatosis.

Ascorbic acid (vitamin C). It is believed that farm animals are capable of synthesizing ascorbic acid from carbohydrates. Guinea pigs and monkeys are not capable of its synthesis. However, it is known that administering vitamin C to newborn calves prevents infection from penetrating through the umbilical cord and reduces the incidence of pneumonia.

Ascorbic deficiency leads to increased permeability and fragility of blood vessels, loss of their elastic properties. Hemorrhages occur on the skin and gums, teeth become loose, and chewing becomes painful. Long-term deficiency of vitamin C leads to a decrease in the body's immunobiological resistance and contributes to the development of dysbiosis of the gastrointestinal tract.

4.6. Water fasting

Water is the most important component of the body of animals. As part of protein colloids, water is directly involved in the construction of the structures of living cells and tissues. Thanks to the action of enzymes, water is included in numerous biochemical reactions (hydrolysis and hydration, redox processes, synthesis of organic substances, cellular respiration processes). Water metabolism is closely related to electrolyte metabolism, since distilled water is toxic to cells, and minerals can only fulfill their role in maintaining ionic and osmotic balance when dissolved. Making up the bulk of the body's liquid tissues - blood and lymph, water performs a transport function. With water, nutrients, metabolites, enzymes and hormones are transferred from one organ to another. With the help of water, end products of metabolism are removed from tissues and excreted from the body. Due to its high heat capacity and thermal conductivity, water participates in heat regulation processes (prevents the body from overheating during

muscle work).

Water starvation occurs when the body loses a large amount of water with severe vomiting, diarrhea, and profuse sweating. Lack of water in the body leads to a sharp decrease in the secretion of all digestive glands. Due to the lack of water, little gastric juice is released, which is characterized by a low content of hydrochloric acid. This creates favorable conditions for the activation of bacterial processes in the digestive tract and increased intoxication. Thickening occurs blood, a decrease in the water content in the intercellular fluid and inside the cells, since endogenously formed water cannot fully satisfy the body's need for it. When the body is dehydrated, the content of both free and colloid-bound water decreases. As a result of dehydration of colloids, the amount of bound water and free water is replenished. The latter is lost during the formation of urine, sweat, with exhaled air, feces and evaporates through the skin. This leads to disruption of metabolic processes and accumulation of products

life activity. Typically, death of animals from dehydration occurs with signs of heart failure.

The quantitative content of hyaluronic acid in the connective tissue is of great importance for life expectancy during water fasting. With its deficiency, the connective tissue contains less bound water and with water starvation, dehydration of the body occurs more quickly. Hyaluronic acid has a great ability to bind water.

Water is excreted from the body of animals through urine, exhaled air and through the intestines.

Dehydration from lack of electrolytes. The body's electrolytes, among other important properties, have the ability to bind and retain water. The ions of sodium, potassium, chlorine, etc. are especially active in this regard. Therefore, when the body loses and insufficiently replenishes electrolytes, dehydration develops. Dehydration continues to develop even with free intake of water and cannot be eliminated by the introduction of water alone without restoring the normal electrolyte composition. With this type of dehydration, the body loses water mainly due to extracellular fluid (up to 90% of its volume), which has an extremely adverse effect on hemodynamics due to the rapid thickening of the blood. Open extensive wounds, burns, weeping eczema and other pathological conditions can lead to a significant loss of salts by the body.

Loss of electrolytes and water through the gastrointestinal tract. As a result of increased secretion of digestive secretions, the body loses a large amount of electrolytes. Large losses of salts and water occur during repeated gastric lavages with liquids that do not contain electrolytes, as well as with gastric, biliary and pancreatic fistulas.

Loss of electrolytes and water through the kidneys. Experimentally, large losses of salts and water through the kidneys can be achieved by removing the adrenal glands, repeated administration of diuretics, “osmotic” diuresis (administration of urea, hypertonic solutions of glucose, sucrose, etc.) and other methods. A large amount of salts and water can be lost in some forms of nephritis, in Addison's disease.

Loss of electrolytes and water through the skin. The electrolyte content of sweat is relatively low. However, with profuse sweating, their loss can reach significant amounts. The daily amount of sweat, depending on environmental temperature factors and muscle load, ranges from 800 ml to 10 liters. With profuse sweating without adequate intake of salt and water, dehydration is as severe and rapid as with severe gastroenteritis and prolonged vomiting. If you try to replace lost water with salt-free liquid, extracellular hypoosmia occurs and water moves into the cells, followed by cellular edema. Symptoms of intracellular edema develop.

Dehydration in the body causes a number of disturbances in the activity of the cardiovascular and central nervous systems, the activity of the kidneys is disrupted, and the activity of the gastrointestinal tract is disrupted. Thus, significant dehydration of the body leads to thickening of the blood - anhydremia. This condition is accompanied by a disorder of a number of hemodynamic parameters. At the same time, the volume of circulating blood and plasma decreases. During experimental dehydration of animals, a loss of water amounting to 10% of body weight causes a decrease in circulating blood volume by 24% with a decrease in the amount of plasma by 36%. Blood redistribution occurs. Vital organs (heart, brain, liver), due to a significant reduction in blood supply to the kidneys and skeletal muscles, are relatively better supplied with blood than others. In severe forms of dehydration, systolic blood pressure drops to 60-70 mmHg. Art. and below. Venous pressure also decreases. The minute volume of the heart in severe cases of dehydration is reduced to 1/3 of the normal value.

Disruption of the central nervous system. Disorders of the central nervous system (convulsions, hallucinations, coma, etc.) are based on impaired circulation of the nervous tissue and intoxication of its metabolic products. This leads to the following phenomena: insufficient supply of nutrients to the nervous tissue, insufficient oxygen supply to the nervous tissue, disruption of enzymatic processes in nerve cells. Disorders of the central nervous system are also promoted by a decrease in blood pressure in the systemic circulation, an imbalance in the osmotic balance of body fluids, acidosis and azotemia, which develop with dehydration.

Impaired kidney function. The main reason for decreased excretory capacity of the kidneys is insufficient blood supply to the renal parenchyma. This may lead to azotemia followed by uremia. The load on the kidneys, as an excretory organ, is increased during dehydration. Renal failure is a decisive factor in the mechanism of non-gas acidosis (accumulation of acidic products of protein metabolism, ketone bodies, lactic, pyruvic, citric acids).

Disorder of the gastrointestinal tract. Due to inhibition of enzymatic processes, as well as due to inhibition of gastric and intestinal motility during dehydration, gastric distension, paresis of intestinal muscles, decreased absorption and other disorders leading to digestive disorders occur. The leading factor in this case is severe anhydremic circulatory disorder of the gastrointestinal tract.

During water starvation, animals eat less food, their live weight and productivity (milk, egg production) decrease, and digging is impaired in young animals.